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Piping System and Fittings PDF
Piping System and Fittings PDF
2) Medium conveyed: Steam, hot water, chilled water, refrigerant, oil, gas, condensate,
chemicals, etc.
Forced system:
Most piping systems use pumps or compressors to main the flow of the fluid.
Gravity system:
Depends on gravity to maintain the flow of the fluid.
In a closed system, fluid is not in contact with the atmosphere. The flow must be by
pumping. Most HVAC piping systems are closed systems.
8.1.3 Series or Parallel Pumping
Series pumping: For equal-sized pumps, a series arrangement doubles the head (m).
Parallel pumping: For equal-sized pumps, a parallel arrangement doubles the flow (L/m)
8.1.4 Direct-return or Reverse-return System
In a direct-return piping arrangement, equipment closest to the pump has the least pressure
loss, and thus may have more water flow.
In a reverse-return system, the water flows through multiple units of HVAC equipment at
the same rate.
8.1.5 Piping Arrangement for Heating by Boiler
Special applications requiring corrosion resistance may require nonmetallic materials, such
as fiberglass, plastic, or glass, or more expensive metallic materials, such as stainless steel or
aluminum.
Fiberglass and plastic are require extra design attention to prevent damage from water
hammer.
Thermal expansion needs to be considered carefully; plastics expand at a much higher rate
than metals.
Uncoated steel pipe, called “black” because of the dark-colored iron-oxide scale formed
on its surface
These pipes are usually used for low-pressure hot-water heating pipes.
2) Galvanized Steel Pipes
Galvanized steel pipe is a steel pipe that has been coated with zinc. This coating protects
the steel from corrosion.
It is most commonly used for outdoor construction like fences and handrails, or for some
interior plumbing.
Pipe for residential plumbing, or “plumbing tube,” is sold in nominal sizes which are 1/8
inch less than the actual outside diameter. There are four types (K, L, M, and DWV):
- K: tubes with the thickest walls, typically used for underground burial.
- L: used for most purposes.
- M: tubes with thinner walls than L types, used for drainage and other low-pressure
applications.
-DWV: tubes with the thinnest walls used for drain, waste and vent.
Temper:
Types K and L are available in two tempers: “drawn temper (often called hard),” and “anne
aled temper (often called soft).
Drawing
Drawing simply involves pulling the hollow tube through a series of hardened steel dies to
reduce its diameter.
Annealing
Tube that is to be sold in the soft condition, generally as coils, is next passed through a
continuous annealing furnace operating at 700°C.
4) PVC Pipes
A polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe is made from a plastic and vinyl combination material.
The pipes are durable, hard to damage, and long lasting.
A PVC pipe does not rust, rot, or wear over time. For that reason, PVC piping is most
commonly used in water systems, underground wiring, and sewer lines at the lowest cost.
It is joined by solvent cementing, threading, or flanging. Gasketed push-on joints are also
used for larger sizes.
5) CPVC Pipes
Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride has the same properties as PVC but can withstand a
higher temperature (typically 40°C to 50°C ) before losing strength.
This is a popular material for water piping systems in residential as well as commercial
buildings.
Polybutylene, developed in 1970’s, is a gray plastic used for both hot and cold plumbing
water piping.
It is joined by heat fusion or mechanical means, can be bent to a 10 diameter radius, and is
provided in coils.
However, in the 1980’s, buildings with PB piping started reporting leaks. And when PB
pipes were replaced, it was noticed that the interior walls of the pipes and fittings were
breaking down and flaking apart. Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by
United States or Canadian building codes and have been the subject of class action
lawsuits in both countries.
7) PE Pipes
A broad variety of drainage fittings are available. For pressure uses, regular fittings are
made. It is joined by heat fusion.
8.2.2 Methods for Joining Pipes
Centrifugal pumps make use of centrifugal force to work. The liquid to be pumped is
usually water.
The construction of the housing is such that water is piped in at the centre of the
impeller. The impeller is then rotated at a high speed so that the water is thrown
outwards with high velocity.
The housing of the impeller is usually constructed in the shape of a volute such that the
volume is gradually expanded until the placed the water is led out as the discharge.
The gradual expansion of the volume has the effect of converting the velocity of the
water into pressure
Multistage Centrifugal Pumps
If a higher pressure at the outlet is needed, the impellers are connected in series on the
same shaft.
If a higher flow output is needed, the impellers are connected in parallel on different shafts.
8.3.2 Positive Displacement Pumps
Positive displacement pumps make use of a mechanical object to displace the liquid.
The liquid to be pumped can be water, oil, or other thick liquid.
One characteristic of these pumps is the fact that the pressure can build up in time if it
is not released. Usually a pressure relief valve is fitted at the discharge side of the pump
to prevent over pressure.
8.3.3 Distributed Pumping
In a variable-speed distributed pumping arrangement, constant flow pump(s) re-circulate
the chiller or boiler source in a primary source loop, and a variable-speed zone or building
pump draws flow from the source loop and distributes to the zone load terminals.
Two-way control valves in the load terminal return branch vary the flow required in the
load.
8.4 Valves
8.4.1 Functions of Valves
Shutoff valves are installed to isolate components and portions of systems.
Drain valves are installed at equipment and at the low points of piping system. Hose and
fittings are normally used, and fluid is transferred to the nearest floor drain.
Balance valves are installed to adjust the flow through the system in proper amounts to
serve loads. They can also be used as shutoff valves.
Control valves are installed to modulate the flow of fluids through heat transfer devices in
response to fluctuating loads. Unlike shutoff and balance valves, control valves are in
continuous operation.
- A two-way control valve is installed in series with the load device and simply throttles
the flow in response to the load. This control method results in a variation of flow.
- A three-way control valve is arranged to force fluid through the load device or to
bypass fluid around the load device, resulting in a constant system flow.
Back-pressure regulators can be used to avoid unacceptably high system pressure at light
load conditions.
Check valves allow flow to occur in only one direction. They are installed in multiple
pump applications to prevent backflow through pumps that are not running.
Pressure-reducing valves (PRVs) are installed to reduce the pressure of supply water or
steam.
8.4.2 Types of Valves
1) Gate Valves
Gate valves are used to isolate flow.
These valves have a low resistance to flow when they are wide open.
These valves are used for shutoff duty and are not intended to regulate flow.
2) Globe Valves
Globe valves are used to isolate (on/off) as well as control flow rate (L/s).
These valves have a high resistance to flow even when wide open.
3) Ball and Butterfly Valves
- Pressure and temperature taps: installed to allow the insertion of gauges to check
the performance of systems and components.
Air management:
- A primary concern in hydronic system design is dissolved air in water.
- The solubility of air in water decreases as the water temperature rises.
- Air migrates to high points of the piping system and may curtail the water flow.
- Air in heat transfer equipment also reduce the effective heat transmission.
- Therefore, un-dissolved air must be eliminated from the system.