HSE353E

HISTORY OF MODERN EUROPE SINCE

THE 18TH CENTURY

WEEK 10
[13 November 2019]

Peace of Paris and the Versailles

International System
[Perdamaian Paris dan Sistem Antarabangsa
Versailles]
 Paris Peace Conference, 1919
• The Paris Peace Conference, also known as the Versailles Peace Conference, was the meeting
in 1919 of the victorious Allied Powers following the end of World War I to set the peace
terms for the defeated Central Powers. The conference began on 18 January 1919.
• [Persidangan Perdamaian Paris, juga dikenali sebagai Persidangan Keamanan Versailles,
adalah merupakan mesyuarat pihak yang menang iaitu Kuasa Berikat pada 1919
berikutan tamatnya Perang Dunia Pertama bagi membincangkan terma-terma
perdamaian untuk pihak yang kalah iaitu Kuasa Paksi. Persidangan itu bermula pada 18
Januari 1919.]

• The conference involved diplomats from 32 countries and nationalities, and its major
decisions were the creation of the League of Nations, as well as the five peace treaties with
the defeated states; the awarding of German and Ottoman overseas possessions as
"mandates", chiefly to Britain and France; the imposition of reparations upon Germany; and
the drawing of new national boundaries (sometimes with plebiscites) to better reflect ethnic
boundaries.
• [Persidangan itu dihadiri oleh diplomat daripada 32 buah negara dan kewarganegaraan,
dan keputusan-keputusan utamanya ialah penubuhan Liga Bangsa-bangsa, dan juga
termeterainya lima perjanjian damai dengan pihak yang kalah yang merangkumi
pemberian “mandat” iaitu negara-negara koloni milik Jerman dan Uthmaniyyah
diserahkan kepada Britain dan Perancis; ganti rugi perang dikenakan ke atas Jerman; dan
persempadanan semula (kadang kala melalui pungutan suara) bagi memperjelaskan
sempadan etnik.]
Paris Peace Conference, 1919

Perdamaian Paris

Lima Perjanjian Damai

Liga Bangsa-
1. Treaty of Versailles, 28 June 1919 (Germany)
bangsa 2. Treaty of Saint-Germain, 10 September 1919 (Austria)
3. Treaty of Neuilly, 27 November 1919 (Bulgaria)
4. Treaty of Trianon, 4 June 1920 (Hungary)
5. Treaty of Sèvres, 10 August 1920 → Treaty of Lausanne,
24 July 1923 (Ottoman Empire/Republic of Turkey)

➢ “Mandat” koloni Jerman dan Turki → Britain dan

Perancis
➢ Ganti rugi perang → Jerman
➢ Persempadanan semula berdasarkan etnik
Paris Peace Conference, 1919

The League of Nations mandates

Paris Peace Conference, 1919

Map of the world with the participants in World War I. The Allies and their colonial
possessions are depicted in green, the Central Powers and their colonial possessions in
orange, and neutral countries in grey.
Paris Peace Conference, 1919

• The main result was the Treaty of Versailles with Germany, which in section 231 laid the
guilt for the war on "the aggression of Germany and her allies".
• [Keputusan paling utama ialah Perjanjian Versailles dengan Jerman, iaitu seksyen 231
dengan jelas meletakkan kesalahan mencetuskan perang ke atas tindakan
“pencerobohan oleh Jerman dan sekutunya”.]

• This provision proved humiliating for Germany and set the stage for the expensive
reparations Germany was intended to pay (it paid only a small portion before reparations
ended in 1931).
• [Peruntukan tersebut dibuat semata-mata untuk memalukan Jerman dan juga untuk
memastikan Jerman membayar jumlah ganti rugi perang yang mahal (walau
bagaimanapun Jerman hanya membayar sedikit sahaja sebelum peruntukan ganti rugi
itu tamat pada 1931).] → Amerika Syarikat tolong bayar baki selebihnya bagi pihak Jerman.

• The five major powers (France, Britain, Italy, Japan and the United States) controlled the
Conference. The "Big Four" were French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau, British
Prime Minister David Lloyd George, US President Woodrow Wilson, and Italian Prime
Minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando.
• [Lima kuasa utama (Perancis, Britain, Itali, Jepun dan Amerika Syarikat) mengawal
persidangan tersebut. Tokoh “Besar Berempat” ialah Perdana Menteri Perancis Georges
Clemenceau, Perdana Menteri Britain David Lloyd George, Presiden Amerika Syarikat
Woodrow Wilson dan Perdana Menteri Itali Vittorio Emanuele Orlando.]
Paris Peace Conference, 1919

BIG FOUR

Britain Amerika Syarikat Perancis Itali

David Lloyd Woodrow Georges Vittorio Emanuele

George Clemenceau Orlando
Wilson
Paris Peace Conference, 1919

The signing of the peace treaties on 28 June 1919 in The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors
Paris Peace Conference, 1919

"The Big Four" made all the major decisions at the Paris Peace Conference (from left
to right, David Lloyd George of Britain, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy, Georges
Clemenceau of France, Woodrow Wilson of the U.S.).
Paris Peace Conference, 1919

Japanese delegation at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919

 Treaty of Versailles
• The Treaty of Versailles was the most important of
the peace treaties that brought World War I to an
end. The Treaty ended the state of war between
Germany and the Allied Powers.
• [Perjanjian Versailles adalah merupakan
perjanjian damai yang paling penting dalam
membawa Perang Dunia Pertama ke
pengakhirannya. Perjanjian ini menamatkan
situasi berperang antara Jerman dengan Kuasa
Berikat .]

• It was signed on 28 June 1919 in Versailles, exactly

five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand, which had directly led to the war.
• [Perjanjian Versailles ditandatangani pada 28 Jun
1919 di Versailles, secara tepatnya lima tahun
selepas pembunuhan Archduke Franz Ferdinand,
iaitu satu peristiwa hitam yang secara
langsungnya membawa kepada pengisytiharaan
perang antara Perikatan Bertiga dengan Entente
Treaty of Versailles
Bertiga.]
(Cover of the English version)
Treaty of Versailles

• The other Central Powers on the German side signed separate treaties.
• [Kuasa Paksi lain yang turut kalah di samping Jerman menandatangani perjanjian
damai yang berasingan.]

• Although the armistice, signed on 11 November 1918, ended the actual fighting, it took six
months of Allied negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty.
• [Walaupun perjanjian genjatan senjata ditandatangani pada 11 November 1918 bagi
menamatkan perang, namun Pihak Berikat mengambil masa lagi enam bulan untuk
berunding di Persidangan Damai Paris bagi melengkapkan isi kandungan perjanjian-
perjanjian damai tersebut.]

• Of the many provisions in the treaty, one of the most important and controversial
required "Germany [to] accept the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all
the loss and damage" during the war (the other members of the Central Powers signed
treaties containing similar articles).
• [Dalam syarat-syarat perjanjian damai itu, syarat yang terpenting dan penuh
kontroversi adalah apabila dinyatakan bahawa “Jerman [akan] dipertanggungjawabkan
dalam memikul kesalahan Jerman dan rakan-rakan sekutunya kerana menyebabkan
kehilangan dan kerosakan dalam perang (negara-negara sekutu Kuasa Paksi yang lain
menandatangani perjanjian yang mempunyai artikel-artikel yang hampir sama).]
Treaty of Versailles

• This article, Article 231, later became known as the War Guilt clause.
• [Artikel tersebut, iaitu Artikel 231, kemudiannya dikenali sebagai klausa
Kesalahan Perang.]

• The treaty required Germany to disarm, make ample territorial concessions, and
pay reparations to certain countries that had formed the Entente powers.
• [Perjanjian damai itu menuntut Jerman untuk melucutkan senjata, mengubah
konsesi wilayahnya secara besar-besaran, dan membayar ganti rugi perang
kepada negara-negara tertentu khususnya Entente Bertiga (Rusia, Perancis dan
Britain).]

• In 1921 the total cost of these reparations was assessed at 132 billion marks
(then $31.4 billion or £6.6 billion, roughly equivalent to US$442 billion or UK£284
billion in 2019).
• [Pada 1921, jumlah keseluruhan ganti rugi perang dianggarkan sebanyak $132
bilion (kemudian $31.4 billion atau GBP 6.6 billion, iaitu kira-kira bersamaan
USD$442 biilion atau UK GBP 284 billion dalam 2019).]
 Treaty Content and Signing
• In June 1919, the Allies declared that war would resume if the German government did not sign the
treaty they had agreed to among themselves.
• [Dalam Jun 1919, Pihak Berikat mengisytiharkan bahawa perang akan diteruskan sekiranya
kerajaan Jerman enggan menandatangani erjanjian damai (Versailles) yang telah diusahakan oleh
mereka.]

• The Jerman government headed by Philipp Scheidemann was unable to agree on a common position,
and Scheidemann himself resigned rather than agree to sign the treaty. Gustav Bauer, the head of the
new government, sent a telegram stating his intention to sign the treaty if certain articles were
withdrawn, including Articles 227, 230 and 231.
• [Kerajaan Jerman pada waktu itu diketuai oleh Philip Scheidemann tidak dapat bersetuju dengan
beberapa syarat perjanjian yang telah dipersetujui oleh Pihak Berikat itu, dan beliau lebih rela
meletakkan jawatan daripada menandatangani perjanjian tersebut. Gustav Bauer, sebagai ketua
baharu, menghantar telegram kepada Pihak Berikat dan menyatakan Jerman akan bersetuju
menandatangani perjanjian itu sekiranya beberapa artikel ditarik balik, antaranya ialah Artikel
227, 230 dan 231 (berkaitan dengan isu denda dan ganti rugi perang).]

• In response, the Allies issued an ultimatum stating that Germany would have to accept the treaty or
face an invasion of Allied forces across the Rhine within 24 hours.
• [Namun, reaksi Pihak Berikat adalah dengan mengusulkan dokumen kata dua yang menegaskan
Jerman mesti menerima perjanjian tersebut atau akan berdepan dengan serangan tentera Berikat
yang berada di seberang Sungai Rhine dalam tempoh 24 jam.]
Treaty Content and Signing

• On 23 June, Bauer capitulated and sent a second telegram with a confirmation that a
German delegation would arrive shortly to sign the treaty.
• [Pada 23 Jun, Bauer bertolak ansur dan mengutuskan telegram kedua yang
mengesahkan bahawa delegasi Jerman akan tiba ke Versailles tiba lama lagi bagi
menandatangani perjanjian damai itu.]

• On 28 June 1919, the fifth anniversary of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
(the immediate impetus for the war), the peace treaty was signed.
• [Pada 28 Jun 1919, lima tahun selepas pembunuhan Archduke Franz Ferdinand (faktor
semerta tercetusnya perang), perjanjian damai itu ditandatangani.]

• The treaty had clauses ranging from war crimes, the prohibition on the merging of the
Republic of Austria with Germany without the consent of the League of Nations, freedom
of navigation on major European rivers, to the returning of a Koran to the king of Hedjaz.
• [Perjanjian damai itu mengandungi klausa yang merangkumi dari jenayah perang,
larangan penggabungan Republik Austria dengan Jerman tanpa keizinan Liga Bangsa-
bangsa, kebebasan meneroka sungai-sungai utama di Eropah, sehinggalah ke
pemulangan Al-Quran kepada Raja Hijjaz.]
Treaty Content and Signing

Treaty of Versailles
the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany

• Preamble
• Part I. The Covenant of the League of Nations (Arts. 1–26)
• Part II. Boundaries of Germany (Arts. 27–30)
• Part III. Political Clauses for Europe (Arts. 31–117)
• Part IV. German Rights and Interests outside Germany (Arts. 118–158)
• Part V. Military, Naval and Air Clauses (Arts. 159–213)
• Part VI. Prisoners of War and Graves (Arts. 214–226)
• Part VII. Penalties (Arts. 227–230)
• Part VIII. Reparation (Arts. 231–247)
• Part IX. Financial Clauses (Arts. 248–263)
• Part X. Economic Clauses (Arts. 264–312)
• Part XI. Aerial Navigation (Arts. 313–320)
• Part XII. Ports, Waterways and Railways (Arts. 321–386)
• Part XIII. Labour (Arts. 387–427)
• Part XIV. Guarantees (Arts. 428–433)
• Part XV. Miscellaneous Provisions (Arts. 434–440)
• Signatures
• Maps (Nos. 1–4)
• Protocol (Versailles, 28 June 1919)
Treaty Content and Signing

Treaty Content and Signing

Territorial changes

Mandates

Military restrictions

Reparations

Guarantees
 Territorial Changes
• The treaty stripped Germany of 25,000 square miles (65,000 km2) of territory and 7 million people. It
also required Germany to give up the gains made via the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and grant
independence to the protectorates that had been established.
• [Perjanjian tersebut melucutkan 25,000 kilo meter persegi (65,000 km2) wilayah dan 7 million
penduduk yang dimiliki oleh Jerman sebelum ini. Perjanjian itu juga mendesak Jerman untuk
melepaskan keuntungan yang diperoleh melalui Perjanjian Brest-Litovsk dan menganugerahkan
kemerdekaan kepada wilayah-wilayah naungan Jerman yang muncul atau ditubuhkan selepas
kekalahan Jerman.]

• In Western Europe Germany was required to recognize Belgian sovereignty over Moresnet and cede
control of the Eupen-Malmedy area.
• [Manakala di bahagian Eropah Barat, Jerman diminta untuk mengiktiraf kedaulatan Belgium ke
atas Moresnet dan menyerahkan kawalan terhadap kawasan Eupen-Malmady itu kepada
Belgium.]

• Within six months of the transfer, Belgium was required to conduct a plebiscite on whether the
citizens of the region wanted to remain under Belgian sovereignty or return to German control,
communicate the results to the League of Nations and abide by the League's decision.
• [Dalam tempoh enam bulan selepas penyerahan tersebut, Belgium diminta untuk mengendalikan
pungutan suara bagi mengetahui sama ada penduduk rantau tersebut mahu kekal di bawah
kedaulatan Belgium atau kembali kepada kawalan Jerman, kemudiannya memaklumkan
keputusan tersebut kepada Liga Bangsa-bangsa dan mesti patuh kepada keputusan Liga tersebut.]
Territorial Changes

• To compensate for the destruction of French coal mines, Germany was to cede the output of
the Saar coalmines to France and control of the Saar to the League of Nations for 15 years; a
plebiscite would then be held to decide sovereignty.
• [Bagi membayar pampasan kepada kemusnahan lombong arang Perancis, Jermana
diarahkan untuk menyerahkan hasil lombong arang batu dari Saar kepada Perancis dan
kawalan ke atas Saar kepada Liba Bangsa-bangsa selama 15 tahun. Malah, satu pungutan
suara juga akan diadakan bagi menentukan kedaulatan wilayah Saar itu.]

• The treaty "restored" the provinces of Alsace-Lorraine to France by rescinding the treaties of
Versailles and Frankfurt of 1871 as they pertained to this issue. The sovereignty of Schleswig-
Holstein was to be resolved by a plebiscite to be held at a future time (see Schleswig
Plebiscites).
• [Perjanjian itu juga “memulangkan” wilayah Alsace-Lorraine kepada Perancis iaitu dengan
membatalkan perjanjian-perjanjian Versailles dan Frankfurt 1871 kerana perjanjian-
perjanjian tersebut berkait secara langsung dengan wilayah tersebut dalam Perjanjian
Versailles yang baharu itu.]

• In Central Europe Germany was to recognize the independence of Czechoslovakia (which had
actually been controlled by Austria) and cede parts of the province of Upper Silesia.
• [Di Eropah Tengah, Jerman mesti mengiktiraf kemerdekaan Czechoslovakia (yang sebenarnya
dikawal oleh Austria) dan menyerahkan sebahagian daripada provinsi Upper Silesia.]
Territorial Changes

• Germany had to recognize the independence of Poland and renounce "all rights and title
over the territory".
• [Jerman mesti mengiktiraf kemerdekaan Poland dan membatalkan “semua hak dan
gelaran terhadap kawasan” tersebut.]

• Portions of Upper Silesia were to be ceded to Poland, with the future of the rest of the
province to be decided by plebiscite.
• [Sebahagian daripada Upper Silesia akan diserahkan kepada Poland, dan masa depan
kawasan selebihnya wilayah din provinsio tersebut akan ditentukan melalui pungutan
suara.]

• The border would be fixed with regard to the vote of the League and to the geographical
and economic conditions of each locality.
• [Kawasan sempadan akan ditetapkan berdasarkan undian Liga Bangsa-bangsa dan juga
kedudukan geografi dan keadaan ekonomi bagi setiap lokasi.]

• The province of Posen (now Poznań), which had come under Polish control during the
Greater Poland Uprising, was also to be ceded to Poland.
• [Manakala provinsi Posen (kini Poznań), yang diletakkan di bawah kawalan Poland
ketika Pemberontakan Greater Poland, akan juga diserahkan kepada Poland secara
kekal.]
Territorial Changes
• Pomerelia (Eastern Pomerania), on historical and ethnic grounds, was transferred to Poland so that
the new state could have access to the sea and became known as the Polish Corridor.
• [Pomerelia (Timur Pomerania), berdasarkan latar belakang sejarah dan etnik, telah dipindahkan
kepada Poland supaya negeri baharu itu mempunyai akses ke laut dan menjadi Koridor Poland.]

• The sovereignty of part of southern East Prussia was to be decided via plebiscite while the East
Prussian Soldau area, which was astride the rail line between Warsaw and Danzig, was transferred to
Poland outright without plebiscite.
• [Kedaulatan sebahagian daripada selatan timur Prussia juga akan ditentukan melalui pungutan
suara manakala kawasan Soldau di Timur Prussia, yang menghubungkan laluan keretapi di antara
Warsaw dan Danziq, akan diserahkan kepada Poland sepenuhnya tanpa melalui pungutan suara.]

• An area of 51,800 square kilometers (20,000 square miles) was granted to Poland at the expense of
Germany.
• [Kawasan seluas 51,800 kilometer persegi (20,000 batu persegi) milik Jerman dianugerahkan
kepada Poland.]

• Memel was to be ceded to the Allied and Associated powers. Germany was to cede the city of Danzig
and its hinterland, including the delta of the Vistula River on the Baltic Sea, for the League of Nations
to establish the Free City of Danzig.
• [Memel akan diserahkan kepada Pihak Berikat dan kuasa-kuasa sekutunya. Malah Jerman juga
akan menyerahkan bandar Danzig dan beberapa kawasan pedalamannya termasuklah delta
Sungai Vistula di Laut Baltik kepada Liga Bangsa-bangsa untuk dibangunkan sebagai sebuah
Bandar Bebas Danzig.]
Territorial Changes

Germany after Versailles

Territorial Changes

A map with the post-war borders in red over the pre-war map of Europe
Territorial Changes
Territorial Changes

Before World War 1 After World War 1

 Mandates
• Article 119 of the treaty required Germany to renounce sovereignty over former colonies and Article 22
converted the territories into League of Nations mandates under the control of Allied states.
• [Artikel 119 Perjanjian Versailles mengarahkan Jerman untuk melepaskan kedaulatannya terhadap
negara-negara koloninya di seberang laut dan Artikel 22 telah mengubah wilayah-wilayah tersebut
menjadi mandat Liga Bangsa-bangsa di bawah kawalan negara-negara Berikat.]

• Togoland and German Kamerun (Cameroon) were transferred to France. Ruanda and Urundi were allocated
to Belgium, whereas German South-West Africa went to South Africa and the United Kingdom obtained
German East Africa.
• [Togoland dan Kamerun (Cameroon) Jerman diserahkan kepada Perancis. Ruanda dan Urundi diberikan
kepada Belgium, manakala Selatan-Barat Afrika Jerman diserahkan kepada Afrika Selatan dan United
Kingdom mendapat Timur Afrika Jerman.]

• As compensation for the German invasion of Portuguese Africa, Portugal was granted the Kionga Triangle, a
sliver of German East Africa in northern Mozambique.
• [Sebagai pampasan ekoran tindakan Jerman menyerang Portugis Afrika, Portugal dianugerahkan
Segitiga Kionga, iaitu sebahagian Afrika Timur Jerman di utara Mozambique.]

• Article 156 of the treaty transferred German concessions in Shandong, China, to Japan, not to China.
• [Artikel 156 Perjanjian Versailles itu juga telah memindahkan konsesi Jerman di Shandong, China kepada
Jepun bukan kepada China.]

• Japan was granted all German possessions in the Pacific north of the equator and those south of the
equator went to Australia, except for German Samoa, which was taken by New Zealand.
• [Japan diberikan kesemua milik Jerman di utara Pasifik equator dan kawasan selatan equator diberikan
kepada Australia, kecuali Samoa Jerman yang diambil oleh New Zealand.]
Mandates

German colonies (light blue) made into League of Nations mandates.

 Military Restrictions
• The treaty was comprehensive and complex in the restrictions imposed upon the post-war German
armed forces (the Reichswehr).
• [Perjanjian Versailles adalah sangat mendalam, lengkap dan kompleks dalam mengenakan
sekatan kepada tentera bersenjata Jerman (Reichswehr) dalam era pasca-Perang Dunia Pertama.]

• The provisions were intended to make the Reichswehr incapable of offensive action and to
encourage international disarmament.
• [Syarat-syarat perjanjian adalah dengan sengaja digubal bagi memastikan Reichswehr tidak
berupaya untuk membuat sebarang tindakan bersifat ofensif dan perkara ini akan menggalakkan
kepada perlucutan senjata antarabangsa.]

• Germany was to demobilize sufficient soldiers by 31 March 1920 to leave an army of no more than
100,000 men in a maximum of seven infantry and three cavalry divisions.
• [Jerman juga dipaksa untuk mengurangkan jumlah tenteranya dalam skala yang sangat besar
menjelang 31 Mac 1920. Justeru, tentera Jerman akan tidak melebihi lebih daripada 100,000
orang. Jumlah ini sejajar dengan syarat perjanjian yang hanya membenarkan Jerman mempunyai
tujuh pasukan infantri dan tiga divisyen tentera berkuda.]

• The treaty laid down the organization of the divisions and support units, and the General Staff was
to be dissolved.
• [Perjanjian Versailles juga memaksa Jerman menutup beberapa organisasi, divisyen dan unit-unit
sokongan tentera, serta unit komander iaitu Staf General juga akan dibubarkan.]
Military Restrictions

• Military schools for officer training were limited to three, one school per arm, and conscription was
abolished.
• [Sekolah tentera untuk melatih para pegawai tentera akan dihadkan kepada tiga, satu sekolah
satu senjata, dan draf panggilan untuk khidmat tentera dimansuhkan.]

• Private soldiers and non-commissioned officers were to be retained for at least twelve years and
officers for a minimum of 25 years, with former officers being forbidden to attend military exercises.
• [Tentera prebet dan para pegawai tidak berpangkat dikekalkan selama dua belas tahun
sekurang-kurangnya, dan para pegawai atasan pula minima 25 tahun, serta pegawai yang telah
bersara tidak dibenarkan untuk menyertai latihan ketenteraan.]

• To prevent Germany from building up a large cadre of trained men, the number of men allowed to
leave early was limited.
• [Bagi mengelakkan Jerman daripada membina semula kadet yang terlatih dalam skala yang
besar, bilangan orang yang dibenarkan untuk keluar awal dari sekokah tentera telah dihadkan.]

• The number of civilian staff supporting the army was reduced and the police force was reduced to its
pre-war size; and paramilitary forces were forbidden.
• [Bilangan staf awam yang menyokong operasi ketenteraan dikurangkan dan pasukan polis
dikurangkan ke skala seperti era sebelum perang, serta pasukan pegawai taktikal juga
diharamkan.]
Military Restrictions
• The Rhineland was to be demilitarized, all fortifications in the Rhineland and 50 kilometers (31 miles)
east of the river were to be demolished and new construction was forbidden.
• [Rhineland akan dijadikan zon bebas, semua kubu di Rhineland dan 50 kilometer (31 batu) ke timur
sungai juga akan dimusnahkan dan pembinaan baharu kubu-kubu adalah dilarang.]

• Military structures and fortifications on the islands of Heligoland and Düne were to be destroyed.
• [Struktur dan kubu ketenteraan di kepulauan Heligoland dan Düne akan dimusnahkan.]

• Germany was prohibited from the arms trade, limits were imposed on the type and quantity of
weapons and prohibited from the manufacture or stockpile of chemical weapons, armored cars, tanks
and military aircraft.
• [Jerman dilarang daripada terlibat dalam perdagangan senjata. Malah, pemilikan senjata juga
dihadkan berdasarkan jenis dan kuantiti senjata. Jerman juga dilarang daripada menghasilkan atau
menyimpan stok senjata kimia, kereta berperisai, kereta kebal dan juga pesawat tentera.]

• The German navy was allowed six pre-dreadnought battleships and was limited to a maximum of six
light cruisers (not exceeding 6,000 long tons), twelve destroyers (not exceeding 800 long tons) and
twelve torpedo boats (not exceeding 200 long tons) and was forbidden submarines.
• [Tentera laut Jerman hanya dibenarkan mempunyai sebanyak enam kapal perang pra-dreadnought
sahaja dan terhad kepada maksimum enam kapal penjelajah ringan (tidak melebihi 6,000 tan
panjang), dua belas kapal pemusnah (tidak melebihi 800 tan panjang) dan dua belas kapal torpedo
(tidak melebihi 200 tan panjang), serta dilarang untuk memiliki kapal selam.]
Military Restrictions

• The manpower of the navy was not to exceed 15,000 men, including manning for the fleet, coast
defences, signal stations, administration, etc. The number of officers and warrant officers was not
allowed to exceed 1,500 men.
• [Tenaga kerja tentera laut tidak boleh melebihi 15,000 orang, termasuk kakitangan yang akan
mengendalikan armada, pegawai pengawal pantai, penjaga stesen isyarat, pegawai pentadbiran
dan lain-lain lagi. Bilangan pegawai dan pegawai waran tidak dibenarkan melebihi 1,500 orang.]

• Germany surrendered eight battleships, eight light cruisers, forty-two destroyers, and fifty torpedo
boats for decommissioning. Thirty-two auxiliary ships were to be disarmed and converted to
merchant use.
• [Jerman mesti menyerahkan lapan kapal perang, lapan kapal layar ringan, empat puluh dua
kapal pemusnah, dan lima puluh kapal torpedo untuk dihentikan penggunaannya. Tiga puluh dua
kapal tambahan hendaklah dilucutkan senjata dan ditukarkan menjadi kapal perdagangan untuk
kegunaan para pedagang.]

• Article 198 prohibited Germany from having an air force, including naval air forces, and required
Germany to hand over all aerial related materials. Germany was forbidden to manufacture or import
aircraft or related material for a period of six months following the signing of the treaty.
• [Artikel 198 melarang Jerman daripada mempunyai angkatan tentera udara, termasuk angkatan
tentera laut, dan meminta Jerman untuk menyerahkan semua bahan berkaitan udara. Malah,
Jerman juga dilarang untuk menghasilkan atau mengimport pesawat atau bahan yang berkaitan
untuk tempoh enam bulan selepas menandatangani Perjanjian Versailles itu.]
Military Restrictions

Location of the Rhineland

Military Restrictions

Workmen decommission a heavy gun, to comply with the treaty.

 Reparations
• In Article 231 Germany accepted responsibility for the losses and damages caused by the war “as a
consequence of the ... aggression of Germany and her allies”.
• [Dalam Artikel 231 Jerman bersetuju untuk bertanggungjawab untuk kerugian dan kerosakan yang
disebabkan oleh perang "sebagai akibat dari ... serangan Jerman dan para sekutunya".]

• The treaty required Germany to compensate the Allied powers, and it also established an Allied "Reparation
Commission" to determine the exact amount which Germany would pay and the form that such payment
would take.
• [Perjanjian Versailles menuntut Jerman untuk membayar pampasan kepada Kuasa Berikat. Perjanjian itu
turut menubuhkan "Suruhanjaya Pampasan" Bersekutu untuk menentukan jumlah sebenar yang akan
dibayar oleh Jerman dan bagaimana bentuk pembayaran tersebut akan dilakukan.]

• The commission was required to "give to the German Government a just opportunity to be heard", and to
submit its conclusions by 1 May 1921.
• [Suruhanjaya tersebut diminta untuk memberi peluang kepada Jerman untuk “membuat rayuan", dan
kemudiannya menyerahkan keputusannya pada 1 Mei 1921.]

• The treaty required Germany to pay an equivalent of 20 billion gold marks ($5 billion) in gold, commodities,
ships, securities or other forms. The money would help to pay for Allied occupation costs and buy food and
raw materials for Germany.
• [Selain itu, Perjanjian Versailles juga menuntut Jerman untuk membayar pampasan berjumlah sama dengan
20 bilion plat emas ($5 bilion) dalam bentuk emas, komoditi-komoditi pertanian, kapal-kapal, maklumat
sekuriti atau bentuk lain yang dianggap bersesuaian. Wang itu akan membantu menampung kos
pendudukan Kuasa Berikat di wilayah-wilayah Jerman dan juga membeli makanan serta bahan mentah
untuk Jerman.]
Reparations

American contemporary view of German World War I reparations. Political cartoon 1921.
 Guarantees
• To ensure compliance, the Rhineland and bridgeheads east of the Rhine were to be occupied by Allied
troops for fifteen years.
• [Bagi memastikan Jerman mematuhi syarat-syarat Perjanjian Versailles itu, Rhineland dan markas
tentera di timur Rhine akan diduduki oleh tentera Berikat selama lima belas tahun.]

• If Germany had not committed aggression, a staged withdrawal would take place; after five years, the
Cologne bridgehead and the territory north of a line along the Ruhr would be evacuated.
• [Sekiranya Jerman tidak menyerang balas sepanjang tempoh tersebut, maka proses pengunduran
tentera Berikat secara berperingkat akan dilaksanakan; dan selepas lima tahun, markas tentera di
Cologne dan juga wilayah di utara sepanjang Ruhr akan dikosongkan daripada kehadiran tentera
Berikat.]

• After ten years, the bridgehead at Coblenz and the territories to the north would be evacuated and
after fifteen years remaining Allied forces would be withdrawn.
• [Selepas sepuluh tahun, markas tentera di Coblenz dan wilayah-wilayah di utara akan dikosongkan
dan selepas lima belas tahun lagi, semua tentera Berikat akan berundur keluar.]

• If Germany reneged on the treaty obligations, the bridgeheads would be reoccupied immediately.
• [Sekiranya Jerman gagal untuk mematuhi syarat-syarat Perjanjian Versailles itu, maka dengan
segera tentera Berikat akan menduduki semula markas-markas tentera itu.]
Demonstration against the treaty in front of the Reichstag.
Thank you.