“HOW TO CONTROL SPEED OF 2

WHEELER USING OF
ELECTRONIC CERCUITS”

How Does an Electric Bike Speed

Controller Work?
The mechanism of an electric speed
controller varies depending on whether you
own an adaptive or purpose-build electric
bike. An adaptive bike includes an electric
drive system installed on an ordinary
bicycle. A purpose-built bike, more
expensive than an adaptive bike, provides
easier acceleration and affords more
features. The mechanism of electric bike
speed controller varies in these two types.

Speed Control Basics

The speed controller of an electric bike is an

electronic circuit that not only controls the
speed of an electric motor but also serves as a
dynamic brake. This controller unit uses power
from the battery pack and drives it to the hub
motor. Different types of controllers are used for
brushed and brushless motors. For adaptive e-
bikes, a conversion kit is used and the
controller is the main component of that kit.

Control speed of 2 wheeler using of PWM

(pulse width modulation)
Pulse Width Modulation

There are many different ways to control the speed of DC motors but one very
simple and easy way is to use Pulse Width Modulation.

But before we start looking at the in’s and out’s of pulse width
modulation we need to understand a little more about how a DC
motor works.
Next to stepper motors, the Permanent Magnet DC Motor
(PMDC) is the most commonly used type of small direct current
motor available producing a continuous rotational speed that can
be easily controlled. Small DC motors ideal for use in applications
were speed control is required such as in small toys, models,
robots and other such electronics circuits.
A DC motor consist basically of two parts, the stationary body of
the motor called the “Stator” and the inner part which rotates
producing the movement called the “Rotor”. For D.C. machines
the rotor is commonly termed the “Armature”.
Generally in small light duty DC motors the stator consists of a
pair of fixed permanent magnets producing a uniform and
stationary magnetic flux inside the motor giving these types of
motors their name of “permanent-magnet direct-current” (PMDC)
motors.
The motors armature consists of individual electrical coils
connected together in a circular configuration around its metallic
body producing a North-Pole then a South-Pole then a North-Pole
etc, type of field system configuration.
The current flowing within these rotor coils producing the
necessary electromagnetic field. The circular magnetic field
produced by the armatures windings produces both north and
south poles around the armature which are repelled or attracted
by the stator’s permanent magnets producing a rotational
movement around the motors central axis as shown.

2-Pole Permanent Magnet Motor

As the armature rotates electrical current is passed from the

motors terminals to the next set of armature windings via carbon
brushes located around the commutator producing another
magnetic field and each time the armature rotates a new set of
armature windings are energised forcing the armature to rotate
more and more and so on.
So the rotational speed of a DC motor depends upon the
interaction between two magnetic fields, one set up by the stator’s
stationary permanent magnets and the other by the armatures
rotating electromagnets and by controlling this interaction we can
control the speed of rotation.
The magnetic field produced by the stator’s permanent magnets
is fixed and therefore can not be changed but if we change the
strength of the armatures electromagnetic field by controlling the
current flowing through the windings more or less magnetic flux
will be produced resulting in a stronger or weaker interaction and
therefore a faster or slower speed.
Then the rotational speed of a DC motor (N) is proportional to the
back emf (Vb) of the motor divided by the magnetic flux (which for
a permanent magnet is a constant) times an electromechanical
constant depending upon the nature of the armatures windings
(Ke) giving us the equation of: N ∝ V/KeΦ.

So how do we control the flow of current through the motor. Well

many people attempt to control the speed of a DC motor using a
large variable resistor (Rheostat) in series with the motor as
shown.
While this may work, as it does with Scalextric slot car racing, it
generates a lot of heat and wasted power in the resistance. One
simple and easy way to control the speed of a motor is to regulate
the amount of voltage across its terminals and this can be
achieved using “Pulse Width Modulation” or PWM.
As its name suggests, pulse width modulation speed control
works by driving the motor with a series of “ON-OFF” pulses and
varying the duty cycle, the fraction of time that the output voltage
is “ON” compared to when it is “OFF”, of the pulses while keeping
the frequency constant.
The power applied to the motor can be controlled by varying the
width of these applied pulses and thereby varying the average DC
voltage applied to the motors terminals. By changing or
modulating the timing of these pulses the speed of the motor can
be controlled, ie, the longer the pulse is “ON”, the faster the motor
will rotate and likewise, the shorter the pulse is “ON” the slower
the motor will rotate.
In other words, the wider the pulse width, the more average
voltage applied to the motor terminals, the stronger the magnetic
flux inside the armature windings and the faster the motor will
rotate and this is shown below.

Pulse Width Modulated Waveform

The use of pulse width modulation to control a small motor has

the advantage in that the power loss in the switching transistor is
small because the transistor is either fully “ON” or fully “OFF”. As
a result the switching transistor has a much reduced power
dissipation giving it a linear type of control which results in better
speed stability.
Also the amplitude of the motor voltage remains constant so the
motor is always at full strength. The result is that the motor can be
rotated much more slowly without it stalling. So how can we
produce a pulse width modulation signal to control the motor.
Easy, use an Astable 555 Oscillator circuit as shown below.
This simple circuit based around the familiar NE555 or 7555 timer
chip is used to produced the required pulse width modulation
signal at a fixed frequency output. The timing capacitor C is
charged and discharged by current flowing through the timing
networks RA and RB as we looked at in the 555 Timer tutorial.
The output signal at pin 3 of the 555 is equal to the supply voltage
switching the transistors fully “ON”. The time taken for C to charge
or discharge depends upon the values of RA, RB.
The capacitor charges up through the network RA but is diverted
around the resistive network RB and through diode D1. As soon as
the capacitor is charged, it is immediately discharged through
diode D2 and network RB into pin 7. During the discharging
process the output at pin 3 is at 0 V and the transistor is switched
“OFF”.
Then the time taken for capacitor, C to go through one complete
charge-discharge cycle depends on the values
of RA, RB and C with the time T for one complete cycle being
given as:
The time, TH, for which the output is “ON” is: TH = 0.693(RA).C
The time, TL, for which the output is “OFF” is: TL = 0.693(RB).C
Total “ON”-“OFF” cycle time given as: T = TH + TL with the output
frequency being ƒ = 1/T
With the component values shown, the duty cycle of the
waveform can be adjusted from about 8.3% (0.5V) to about
91.7% (5.5V) using a 6.0V power supply. The Astable frequency
is constant at about 256 Hz and the motor is switched “ON” and
“OFF” at this rate.
Resistor R1 plus the “top” part of the potentiometer, VR1 represent
the resistive network of RA. While the “bottom” part of the
potentiometer plus R2 represent the resistive network
of RB above.
These values can be changed to suite different applications and
DC motors but providing that the 555 Astable circuit runs fast
enough at a few hundred Hertz minimum, there should be no
jerkiness in the rotation of the motor.
Diode D3 is our old favourite the flywheel diode used to protect
the electronic circuit from the inductive loading of the motor. Also
if the motor load is high put a heatsink on the switching transistor
or MOSFET.
Pulse width modulation is a great method of controlling the
amount of power delivered to a load without dissipating any
wasted power. The above circuit can also be used to control the
speed of a fan or to dim the brightness of DC lamps or LED’s. If
you need to control it, then use Pulse Width Modulation to do it.