Lab Manual
CS301 – Data Structures
Department of Computer Science, Virtual University of Pakistan
Page
Week No. Lab Topic
No.
1 Lab 1: Learn to implement linked list data structure 2
2 Lab 2: Learn to implement stack data structure using array 3
3 Lab 3: Learn to implement queue data structure using link list 4
4 Lab 4: Learn to draw binary search tree and implement in-order traversal 5
5 Lab 5: Learn to implement binary search tree for string type data 7
6 Lab 6: Learn to understand and implement function call by value, reference 14
and pointer
7 Lab 7: Learn to understand and implement function call by value, reference 16
and pointer
8 Lab 8: Learn to delete nodes from BST 19
Midterm Exams
9 Learn to delete nodes from AVL tree 20
10 Learn to build frequency table and Huffman encoding tree 22
11 Lab 11: Learn to implement min heap using insert( ) method 24
12 Lab 12: Learn to implement min heap using buildHeap( ) method 29
13 Lab 13: Learn to build union tree 30
14 Lab 14: Learn to implement binary search algorithm 31
15 Lab 15: Build Hash table using linear probing collision resolution 33
technique
16 Lab 16: Learn to sort array using bubble sort algorithm 34
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Lab 1
Lab Title: Learn to implement linked list data structure
Objectives: Get the knowledge of implementing linked list data structure using C++
programming language.
Tool: Dev C++
Description:
Write the C++ code to implement the List class. You need to write only add( ). remove( ), and
find( ) functions of the list class.
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Lab 2
Lab Title: Learn to implement stack data structure using array
Objectives: Get the knowledge of implementing stack list data structure using array in C++
programming language
Tool: Dev C++
Description:
Write a C++ program to implement data structure Stack. You have to write all the stack
functions and using those functions insert the numbers 1 to 10 into the stack. The stack should be
able to show the error messages if the push( ) operation is initiated but the stack is full or the
pop( ) operation is initiated but the stack is empty.
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Lab 3
Lab Title: Learn to implement queue data structure using link list
Objectives: Get the knowledge of implementing queue data structure using link list in C++
programming language.
Tool: Dev C++
Description:
Write the C++ Code for the enqueue( ), dequeue( ), front( ) and the rear( ) functions of the class
queue.
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Lab 4
Lab Title: Learn to draw binary search tree and implement in-order traversal
Objectives: Learn to draw binary search tree and perform in-order traversal using C++
programming language.
Tool: Dev C++, MS Word, MS Visio
Description:
Task 1:
Draw BST from the given Data:
14, 15, 4, 9, 7, 18, 3, 5, 16, 4, 20, 17, 9, 14, 5
Task 2:
Write C++ code that will perform inOrder traversal on the above given BST.
#include <iostream>
#include "TreeNode.cpp"
#include <queue>
using namespace std;
void inOrder(TreeNode<int>* );
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int main()
int Array[]={14, 15, 4, 9, 7, 18, 3, 5, 16, 4, 20, 17, 9, 14, 5,-1};
TreeNode <int> * root = new TreeNode<int>();
root->set(&Array[0]);
for (int i = 1; Array[i] > 0; i++)
insert(root, &Array[i]);
cout << "\ninorder: ";
inOrder( root );
} // end of main
void inOrder(TreeNode<int>* treeNode)
if( treeNode != NULL )
inOrder(treeNode->getLeft());
cout << *(treeNode->get())<<" ";
inOrder(treeNode->getRight());
} //End of inOrder.
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Lab 5
Lab Title: Learn to implement binary search tree for string type data
Objectives: Get the knowledge of implementing binary search tree for string data type using
C++ programming language.
Tool: Dev C++
Description:
Write C++ code that will draw BST using string type of data:
"babble", "fable", "jacket","backup", "eagle","daily","gain","bandit","abandon",
"abash","accuse","economy","adhere","advise","cease","debunk","feeder","genius","fetch","chai
n", NULL
Note: Template_BSTNode.cpp Template_Node_SLL.cpp and Template_Queue_LinkedList.cpp
files will students search from CS301 handouts or may be provided by the tutor/Instructor.
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
#include "Template_BSTNode.cpp"
#include "Template_Queue_LinkedList.cpp"
using namespace std;
template <typename T>
void insert(BSTNode<T> * , T);
template <typename T>
void insertChar(BSTNode<T> * , T);
template <typename T>
void inOrderTraverse(BSTNode<T> * );
template <typename T>
void preOrderTraverse(BSTNode<T> * );
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template <typename T>
void postOrderTraverse(BSTNode<T> * );
template <typename T>
void levelOrderTraverse(BSTNode<T> * );
int main()
static char * x[] = {"babble", "fable", "jacket","backup",
"eagle","daily","gain","bandit","abandon",
"abash","accuse","economy","adhere","advise","cease","debunk","feeder","genius","fetch","chai
n", NULL};
BSTNode<char *> * Root = new BSTNode<char *>(x[0]);
for(int i = 0; x[i]; i++)
insertChar(Root, x[i]);
cout<< endl << endl<< "the inOrder BST is ... " << endl;
inOrderTraverse(Root);
cout<< endl << endl<< "the preOrder BST is ... " << endl;
preOrderTraverse(Root);
cout<< endl<< endl << "the postOrder BST is ... " << endl;
postOrderTraverse(Root);
cout<< endl << endl<< "the levelOrder BST is ... " << endl;
levelOrderTraverse(Root);
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} // end of main.
template <typename T>
void insert(BSTNode<T> * node, T x)
BSTNode<T> * newNode = new BSTNode<T>(x);
BSTNode<T> * tempRoot, * tempLeaf;
tempRoot = tempLeaf = node;
while(x !=tempRoot->getData() && tempLeaf != NULL)
tempRoot = tempLeaf;
if(x< tempRoot->getData())
tempLeaf = tempRoot->getLeft();
else
tempLeaf = tempRoot->getRight();
} // end of while , this loops only break when x = data hold by current node or it is leaf;
if(x == tempRoot->getData())
cout << "\nDuplicate element entry !!! "<< x << endl;
delete newNode;
else if(x< tempRoot->getData())
tempRoot->setLeft(newNode);
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else
tempRoot->setRight(newNode);
template <typename T>
void insertChar(BSTNode<T> * node, T x) // OverLoaded Insert Funciton
BSTNode<T> * newNode = new BSTNode<T>(x);
BSTNode<T> * tempRoot, * tempLeaf;
tempRoot = tempLeaf = node;
while(strcmp(x, tempRoot->getData())!=0 && tempLeaf != NULL)
tempRoot = tempLeaf;
if(strcmp(x, tempRoot->getData())<0 )
tempLeaf = tempRoot->getLeft();
else
tempLeaf = tempRoot->getRight();
} // end of while , this loops only break when x = data hold by current node or it is leaf;
if(strcmp(x, tempRoot->getData())==0 )
cout << "\nDuplicate element entry !!! "<< x << endl;
delete newNode;
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}
else if(strcmp(x, tempRoot->getData())< 0 )
tempRoot->setLeft(newNode);
else
tempRoot->setRight(newNode);
template <typename T>
void inOrderTraverse(BSTNode<T> * node )
if(node!=NULL)
inOrderTraverse(node->getLeft() ); // it will keep caling function till reaches node
reach end
cout << endl<< node->getData();
inOrderTraverse(node->getRight() );
template <typename T>
void preOrderTraverse(BSTNode<T> * node )
if(node!=NULL)
cout << endl<< node->getData();
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preOrderTraverse(node->getLeft() ); // it will keep caling function till reaches
node reach end
preOrderTraverse(node->getRight() );
template <typename T>
void postOrderTraverse(BSTNode<T> * node )
if(node!=NULL)
postOrderTraverse(node->getLeft() ); // it will keep caling function till reaches
node reach end
postOrderTraverse(node->getRight() );
cout << endl<<node->getData();
template <typename T>
void levelOrderTraverse(BSTNode<T> * node )
{ queue <BSTNode<T> *> myQueue;
if (node == NULL) return;
myQueue.push(node);
while (!myQueue.isEmpty())
node = myQueue.peak();
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myQueue.pop();
cout << endl<< node->getData();
if(node->getLeft() != NULL)
myQueue.push(node->getLeft());
if(node->getRight() != NULL)
myQueue.push(node->getRight());
system("pause");
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Lab 6
Lab Title: Learn to implement function call by value, reference and pointer
Objectives: Get the knowledge of implementing function calls for call by value, call by
reference and call by pointer.
Tool: Dev C++
Description:
Write C++ program that will demonstrate how the value in a caller function is affected when it is
passed to a function by using call by value, by using pointers and by using call by reference
methods.
#include <iostream.h>
//Function 1, call by value
int intMinus1( int oldVal)
{
oldVal = oldVal – 1;
return oldVal;
}
// Function 2, call by using pointers
int intMinus2( int* oldVal)
{
*oldVal = *oldVal – 2;
return *oldVal;
}
// Function 3, call by reference
int intMinus3( int& oldVal)
{
oldVal = oldVal – 3;
return oldVal;
}
void main ()
{
int myInt = 31;
int retVal;
retVal = intMinus1( myInt ); //call by value
cout << “After returning from the called function intMinus1” << endl ;
cout << ”The value returned by the called function (retVal) is : ” << retVal ;
cout << endl ;
cout << ”The value of the calling function’s variable (myInt) is : ” << myInt ;
cout << endl << endl;
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// now pass the argument by using pointer, also initialize the value of myInt
myInt = 31 ;
retVal = intMinus2( &myInt ); //call by passing a pointer
cout << “After returning from the called function intMinus2” << endl;
cout << ”The value returned by the called function (retVal) is : ” << retVal ;
cout << endl;
cout << ”The value of the calling function’s variable (myInt) is : ” << myInt ;
cout << endl << endl;
// now pass the argument by as reference, also initialize the value of myInt
myInt = 31 ;
retVal = intMinus3( myInt ); //call by passing a reference
cout << “After returning from the called function intMinus3” << endl;
cout << ”The value returned by the called function (retVal) is : ” << retVal ;
cout << endl;
cout << ”The value of the calling function’s variable (myInt) is : ” << myInt ;
}
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Lab 7
Lab Title: Learn to delete nodes from BST
Objectives: Understand to deletion process of nodes in BST
Tool: MS Word, MS Visio
Description:
Draw Binary Search Tree from the given data. Also draw Binary Search Tree after removal of
value ‘9’.
9 4 6 17 2 8 4 15 41 47 29
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BST after removal of ‘9’.
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OR
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Lab 8
Lab Title: Learn to draw AVL
Objectives: Learn to build/draw AVL tree and understand different types of rotations
Tool: MS Word, MS Visio
Description:
Build AVL tree from the given Data: 3 5 6 7 9 10 11 21 20 18 19
Note: You have to show only final AVL tree after insertion of each node value.
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Lab 9
Lab Title: Learn to delete nodes from AVL tree
Objectives: Learn to delete nodes from AVL with the help of rotations
Tool: MS Word, MS Visio
Description:
Delete the node 14, 4 and 10 from given AVL three and perform necessary rotation to balance
the tree after deletion of each node.
8 8
3 10 3 10
1 6 14 1 6
7 4 7
4
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8
6
6 10
3 8
3 7
1 4 7 10
1 4
6 6
3 8 3 8
4 7 10 4 7
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Lab 10
Lab Title: Learn to build frequency table and Huffman encoding tree
Objectives: Get the knowledge of building frequency table and Huffman encoding tree.
Tool: MS Word, MS Visio
Description:
Consider the message “the clouds are dark and its about to rain” and construct frequency
table and Huffman encoding tree.
Frequency Table:
Character Frequency Character Frequency
a 5 n 2
b 1 o 3
c 1 r 3
d 3 s 2
e 2 t 4
h 1 u 2
i 2 SP 8
k 1 NL 1
l 1
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4
0 1
1 2
0
1 0 1
7 7 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 0
1 1
r 4 o 4 S 7 a 8
0 1 0 1 1 0 1
0
s 2 n 2 d 4 t 4
0 1 0 1 0 1
0 1
b c h k i 2
u e
0 1
l N
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Lab 11
Lab Title: Learn to implement min heap using insert( ) method
Objectives: Get the knowledge of implementing min heap using insert( ) method with the help
of C++ programming language.
Tool: Dev C++
Description:
Consider the Data: 18, 31, 82, 85, 37, 20, 23, 79, 47, 51, 96, 97, 42, 94, 57, 29 and write the C++
code to construct min heap using insert method.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Heap {
public:
Heap (int capacity);
bool insert ( const int & x);
bool isEmpty ();
bool isFull();
void traverse();
public:
int currentSize; // number of elements in heap
int * array; // the heap array
int capacity;
};
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Heap::Heap (int capacity) {
array = new int[capacity+1];
currentSize = 0;
bool Heap::insert ( const int & x) {
if(isFull()) {
cout <<endl<<"cannot insert Heap is full!!" << endl;
return 0;
int hole = ++currentSize;
for(/* declaration is above*/ ; hole>1 && x< array[hole/2]; hole /= 2) {
array[hole]= array[hole/2];
array[hole] = x;
void Heap::traverse() {
for (int i = 1; i<=currentSize; i++)
cout <<" "<< array[i] << " ";
bool Heap::isEmpty() {
return currentSize == 0;
bool Heap::isFull() {
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return currentSize==capacity;
main() {
int size = 16, arr[size] = {18, 31, 82, 85, 37, 20, 23, 79, 47, 51, 96, 97, 42, 94, 57, 29};
Heap heap(size);
for (int i = 0; i< size; i++)
heap.insert(arr[i]); // insert number into heap one by one
cout << " Min Heap using insert method : "<<endl;
heap.traverse();
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Lab 12
Lab Title: Learn to implement min heap using buildHeap( ) method
Objectives: Get the knowledge of implementing min heap using buildHeap( ) and
perculateDown( ) methods with the help of C++ programming language.
Tool: Dev C++
Description:
Consider the Data: 18, 31, 82, 85, 37, 20, 23, 79, 47, 51, 96, 97, 42, 94, 57, 29 and write the C++
code to construct min heap using buildHeap( ) method.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Heap {
public:
Heap (int capacity);
bool isEmpty ();
bool isFull();
void buildHeap(int * anArray, int n);
void traverse();
public:
int currentSize; // number of elements in heap
int * array; // the heap array
int capacity;
void percolateDown( int hole );
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};
Heap::Heap (int capacity) {
array = new int[capacity+1];
currentSize = 0;
void Heap::percolateDown(int hole) {
int child;
int temp = array[hole];
for ( /*nothing*/ ; hole * 2 <=currentSize; hole = child) {
child = hole*2;
if (child !=currentSize && array[child+1] < array[child] )
child++;
if (array[child]< temp)
array[hole] = array[child];
else break;
array[hole] = temp;
void Heap::buildHeap(int * anArray, int n) {
for (int i = 1; i <= n ; i++ )
array[i] = anArray[i-1];
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currentSize = n;
for (int i =currentSize/2; i>0; i--)
percolateDown(i);
void Heap::traverse() {
for (int i = 1; i<=currentSize; i++)
cout <<" "<< array[i] << " ";
bool Heap::isEmpty() {
return currentSize == 0;
bool Heap::isFull() {
return currentSize==capacity;
main() {
int size = 16, arr[size] = {18, 31, 82, 85, 37, 20, 23, 79, 47, 51, 96, 97, 42, 94, 57, 29};
Heap heap(size);
heap.buildHeap(&arr[0],size);
cout << "\n Min Heap using build method: "<<endl;
heap.traverse();
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Lab 13
Lab Title: Learn to build union tree
Objectives: Get the knowledge of building union tree of any given data.
Tool: MS Word, MS Visio
Description:
Consider the following sequence of union commands on the set of elements {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 10}.
union(3,1) union(5,6) union(3,5) union(4,2) union(3,4) union(1,7) union(7,8) union(2,3)
Show the resultant tree after performing union operations.
4 1 5
2 7 6
3 8
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Lab 14
Lab Title: Learn to implement binary search algorithm
Objectives: Get the knowledge of implementing binary search algorithm using C++
programming language.
Tool: Dev C++
Description:
Write a program in C++ language to find a number (element) from an array using binary search
algorithm.
You can use 18, 20, 23, 31, 37, 42, 47, 51, 79, 82, 85, 94, 96, 97 as data of array.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int binarySearch(int arr[], int l, int r, int num) {
if (r >= l)
int mid = l + (r - l)/2;
if (arr[mid] == num)
return mid;
if (arr[mid] > num)
return binarySearch(arr, l, mid-1, num);
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return binarySearch(arr, mid+1, r, num);
return -1;
main() {
int size = 14, arr[size] = {18, 20, 23, 31, 37, 42, 47, 51, 79, 82, 85, 94, 96, 97};
int number = 15;
int result = binarySearch(arr, 0, size-1, number);
if(result == -1){
cout<<"Element "<<number<<" is not present in array";
else{
cout<<"Element "<<number<<" is present at index %d"<<result;
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Lab 15
Lab Title: Build hash table using linear probing collision resolution technique
Objectives: Learn to build Hash table using linear probing technique to resolve collision
Tool: MS Word
Description:
Consider the data given below and build a Hash table using linear probing technique to resolve
collision.
Data 18, 20, 23, 31, 37, 42, 47, 51, 79, 82, 85, 94, 96, 97
Use Hash function key % tablesize where tablesize is 20.
Index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
F(x) 20 97 42 3 82 85 47 11 51 94 96 37 18 79
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Lab 16
Lab Title: Learn to sort array using bubble sort algorithm
Objectives: Get the knowledge of sorting array using bubble sort algorithm.
Tool: Dev C++
Description:
Consider the data given below as an array and sort by implementing bubble sort algorithm using
C++ language.
Data: 18, 31, 82, 85, 37, 20, 23, 79, 47, 51, 96, 97, 42, 94, 57, 29
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void bubbleSort(int *arr, int N) {
int i, temp, bound = N-1;
int swapped = 1;
while (swapped > 0 ) {
swapped = 0;
for(i=0; i < bound; i++)
if ( arr[i] > arr[i+1] ) {
temp = arr[i];
arr[i] = arr[i+1];
arr[i+1] = temp;
swapped = i;
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}
bound = swapped;
main() {
int size = 16, arr[size] = {18, 31, 82, 85, 37, 20, 23, 79, 47, 51, 96, 97, 42, 94, 57, 29};
bubbleSort(arr, size);
for(int i = 0; i < size; i++)
cout<<arr[i]<<"\t";
Mechanism to Conduct Lab:
Students and teacher communicate through Skype/Adobe Connect. Students perform the task
using the recommended tool given in each lab.
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