Propositions

and Truth
Value
  Define and identify propositions
Learning  Write compound propositions in
Objectives symbolic form to English sentence
and vice versa
 Define the logical connectives
 Proposition
A proposition (or statement) is a declarative
statement which is true or false, but not both.
 Propositions
Examples: The following are propositions:
Malayan Colleges Laguna is in Cabuyao.
The door is open.
Manny Pacquiao is a boxer.
Davao is in Luzon.
 Propositions
Examples: The following are not propositions
Are you going out somewhere?
2+3
 Which of the following are propositions?
a. 144 is an even number.
Exercise: b. Did you cheat in the exam?
c. This statement is false.
d. All birds can fly.
e. Quezon City is our nation’s capital.
f. Doctors have bad handwritings.
g. 3 + 2 = 5
h. Close the door.
 Propositional
Logic
A branch of symbolic logic dealing with propositions as
units and with their combinations and the connectives that
relate them. It is the study of how simple propositions can
come together to make more complicated propositions.
 Propositional Logic
Example:
p = “Magsaysay was the president.”
q = “Our whole section will pass MAT01.”
r = “Christmas was not the same without you.”
 Propositions

Simple Compound
Proposition Proposition
 Simple
Proposition
A proposition is simple if it contains only one idea.
 Compound
Proposition
A proposition is compound if it is composed of at least two
simple propositions joined together by logical connectives.
 Compound Propositions
 In propositional logic, we  Then we form compound
assume a collection of propositions by using logical
“atomic” propositions are connectives (logical
given: operators) to form
propositional “molecules”.
𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟, 𝑠, 𝑡, …
 Propositions

Simple Compound
Proposition Proposition

conjunction disjunction conditional biconditional

 Compound Propositions
Logical Connectives/Operators
Operator Symbol Usage
Negation ~ not
Conjunction  and
Disjunction  or
Conditional  if, then
Biconditional  iff
 Truth Table
A mathematical table used in logic to compute
functional values of logical expressions on each
of their functional arguments, that is, on each
combination of values taken by their logical
variables
 Truth Table
Examples:

p ~p p q p q
F T T T T
T F T F F
F T F
F F F
 Compound Propositions
NEGATION
 This just turns a false proposition to true and the opposite for a
true proposition.
Example: p: “23 = 15 + 7”
 p happens to be false, so ~𝒑 is true.
 So ~𝒑 has the truth value true whenever evaluated.
 Compound Propositions
NEGATION – truth table
 Logical operators are defined by truth tables – tables which
give the output of the operator in the right-most column
 Here’s the truth table for negation:
𝒑 ~𝒑
F T
T F
 Let E: e represents an irrational number

NEGATION The following statements are some of the

Example: different ways ~𝑬 may be expressed:
 e does not represent an irrational number.
 It is not the case that e represents an
irrational number.
 It is false that e represents an irrational
number.
 State the negation of the following
propositions:
NEGATION
Example: P: 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 1 is a polynomial function.
Q: 2 is an odd number.
R: Everyone in Visayas speaks Cebuano.
 Compound Propositions
CONJUCTION
 Conjunction is a binary operator in that it operates on two
propositions when creating a compound proposition.
 On the other hand, negation is a unary operator (the only non-
trivial one possible).

 Other words that can be used in place of the connective “and”

are: “but”, “also”, “moreover”, “while”
 Compound Propositions
CONJUCTION
 Conjunction is supposed to encapsulate what happens when we
use the word “and” in English.
IMPORTANT NOTE: for “p and q” to be true, it must be the case
that BOTH p is true, as well as q.

 If one of these is false, then the compound statement is false as

well.
 Compound Propositions
CONJUNCTION – truth table

𝒑 𝒒 𝒑∧𝒒
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
 Let P: Carlo is competitive.
Q: Carlo is hardworking.
CONJUNCTION Express 𝑃 ∧ 𝑄 as English sentence.
Example:
𝑷 ∧ 𝑸: Carlo is competitive and hardworking.
Other possible forms:
Carlo is competitive but hardworking.
Carlo is competitive yet hardworking.
 Compound Propositions
DISJUNCTION – truth table
 Disjunction is true when at least one of the components is true.
 Words: “or”, “unless” 𝒑 𝒒 𝒑∨𝒒
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
 Let P: a = 0
Q: b = 0
DISJUNCTION Express 𝑃 ∨ 𝑄 as English sentence.
Example:
𝑷 ∨ 𝑸: a = 0 or b = 0
Other possible forms:
a = 0 unless b = 0
either a = 0 or b = 0
 Let P: It is cold.
Q: It is raining.
SAMPLE Give a simple verbal sentence which describes
EXERCISE: each of the following statements.
a. ∼ 𝑃 c. 𝑃 ∨ 𝑄
b. 𝑃 ∧ 𝑄 d. 𝑃 ∧∼ 𝑄
 Compound Propositions
CONDITIONAL (Implication)
 This one is probably the least intuitive. It’s only partly akin to
the English usage of “if, then” or “implies”.
 DEFINITION: 𝒑 → 𝒒 is true if q is true, or if p is false. In the final
case, (p is true while q is false) 𝒑 → 𝒒 is false.
 Compound Propositions
CONDITIONAL – truth table

𝒑 𝒒 𝒑→𝒒

T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
 Compound Propositions
CONDITIONAL Synonyms
There are many ways to express the conditional statement 𝒑 → 𝒒:
 If p, then q.

 p implies q.
 If p, q.
 q only if p.
 p is sufficient for q.
 In 𝑷 → 𝑸, we refer to P as antecedent and Q as
consequent.

CONDITIONAL
Let P: I saved some money.
Example:
Q: I will invest in stock market.
Express as 𝑷 → 𝑸
Some possible forms:
1. If I saved some money, then I will invest in
stock market.
2. I will invest in stock market only if I saved
some money.
 Compound Propositions
CONDITIONAL (Implication)
Consider the conditional proposition 𝑷 → 𝑸. Its converse, inverse,
and contrapositive are defined, respectively, as follows:
 𝑸→𝑷 Converse
 ~𝑷 → ~𝑸 Inverse
 ~𝑸 → ~𝑷 Contrapositive
CONDITIONAL Given the conditional proposition below, state
its converse, inverse, and contrapositive in
Example: sentence form:

“If you are honest, then you deserve a reward.”

 Converse:
If you deserve a reward, then you are honest.
CONDITIONAL
Example: Inverse:
If you are not honest, then you do not deserve a
reward.

Contrapositive:
If you do not deserve a reward, then you are not
honest.
 Compound Propositions
BICONDITIONAL
 If 𝒑 ↔ 𝒒 is true, you say that p and q are logically equivalent.
That is, they will be true under exactly the same circumstances.
 For 𝒑 ↔ 𝒒 to be true, p and q must have the same truth value.
Else, 𝒑 ↔ 𝒒 is false.
 Compound Propositions
BICONDITIONAL – truth table

𝒑 𝒒 𝒑→𝒒
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
 Compound Propositions
BICONDITIONAL
The following examples illustrate different ways a biconditional
can be expressed in sentence form.
 The function 𝑓 is even if and only if 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(−𝑥).
 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(−𝑥) is a necessary and sufficient condition for the
function 𝑓 to be even.
 Let P: Cruise ships only go on big rivers.
BICONDITIONAL Q: Cruise ships go on the Hudson.
Example: R: The Hudson is a big river.

Write/express as English sentence:

1. ~𝑅 2. 𝑃 ∧ 𝑄 3. 𝑃 ∧ 𝑄 → 𝑅
 Let P: Cruise ships only go on big rivers.
Q: Cruise ships go on the Hudson.
BICONDITIONAL R: The Hudson is a big river.
Example:
~𝑹: The Hudson is not a big river.
𝑷 ∧ 𝑸: Cruise ships only go on big rivers and go
on the Hudson.
𝑷 ∧ 𝑸 → 𝑹:
If cruise ships only go on big rivers and
go on the Hudson, then the Hudson is a
big river.
 SEATWORK
I. Express the following propositions in symbols, where p, q, r,
and s are defined as follows:
p: Neil is a big eater.
q: Len has a big voice.
r: Jeric likes to travel.
s: Lemy likes violet.
 SEATWORK
1. Len has a big voice and Neil is not a big eater.
2. Jeric likes to travel or he does not.
3. It is not true that Neil is a big eater and Lemy does not like violet.
4. It may or may not be the case that Lemy likes violet.
5. Either Neil is a big eater or Len has a big voice, yet Lemy likes
violet.
6. If Neil is a big eater or Len has a big voice, then Lemy likes violet.
7. Neil is a big eater or Len has a big voice if and only if Lemy likes
violet and Jeric likes to travel.
 SEATWORK
II. Translate the following statements in symbolic form. Use
indicated letters to represent each component proposition.
1. During a public storm warning signal no. 1 (S), banana
trees may be tilted (T) or uprooted (U).
2. The Philippines ranked as 76th freest economy (F) and one
of the top ten most improved economies in the world in
the 2015 Index of Economic Freedom (E).
3. If a patient come (P), a nurse (N) and a doctor should
attend to the patient (D).
4. If p is prime (P), then either p is 2 (T) or p is odd (O).
 ANSWERS TO SEATWORK
I. II.
1. 𝑞 ∧ ~𝑝 1. 𝑆 ∧ (𝑇 ∨ 𝑈)
2. 𝑟 ∨ ~𝑟 2. 𝐹∨𝐸
3. ~𝑝 ∧ ~𝑠 3. 𝑃 → (𝑁 ∧ 𝐷)
4. 𝑠 ∨ ~𝑠 4. 𝑃 → (𝑇 ∨ 𝑂)
5. (𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) ∧ 𝑠
6. (𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) → 𝑠
7. (𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) ↔ (𝑠 ∧ 𝑟)