FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION

● John Locke was an English philosopher and physician "Father of

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Liberalism" ; to form character (mental, physical, and moral) ; Education as

Training of the mind/Formal discipline ; Notable ideas - "Tabula rasa"
● Francis Bacon was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist,
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orator and author. "Father of scientific method" "Father of empiricism"

● Jean Jacques Rousseau was a Francophone Genevan philosopher, writer
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and composer of the 18th century."Hollistic education"(physical,moral,

intellectual)
Notable ideas - moral simplicity of humanity; child centered learning; Famous
novel: "Emile" or On Education; Human Development
● Edgar Dale was an American educator who developed the "Cone of
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Experience"
aka "Father of Modern Media in Education"
● Erik Erikson was a German-born American developmental psychologist and
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psychoanalyst known for his theory on "psychosocial development" of human

beings.
● Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi was a swiss pedagogue and educational
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reformer who exemplified Romanticism in his approach. "Social regeneration of

humanity" Notable ideas: "Four-sphere concept of life" his motto was " Learning
by head, hand and heart"
● Friedrich Frobel was a German pedagogue a student of Pestalozzi who laid
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the "foundation of modern education" based on the recognition that children have
unique needs and capabilities. "Father of kindergarten"
● Johann Herbart was a German philosopher, psychologist and founder of
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pedagogy as an academic discipline. ;

● Edward Lee Thorndike was an American psychologist ; " Father of Modern
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educational psychology; connectionism; law of effect. ; "Realize the fullest

satisfaction of human wants"
PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION
● IDEALISM Plato (own ideas) nothing exist except in the mind of a man/
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what we want the world to be

● REALISM 👉 Aristotle;Herbart; Comenius; Pestalozzi; Montessori; Hobbes;
Bacon; Locke
▶ (experience) fully mastery of knowledge
● BEHAVIORISM always guided by standards/by procedure; purpose is to
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modify the behavior

● EXISTENTIALISM Kierkegaard; Sartre; "Man shapes his being as he lives"
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▶Focuses on self/individual
● PRAGMATISM/EXPERIMENTALISM William James; John Dewey - learn
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from experiences through interaction to the environment

▶Emphasizes the needs and interests of the children
● PERENNIALISM Robert Hutchins
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▶focuses on unchanging/universal truths

● ESSENTIALISM 👉 William Bagley - teaching the basic/essential knowledge
▶ Focuses on basic skills and knowledge
● PROGRESSIVISM Dewey/Pestalozzi (process of development)
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▶focuses on the whole child and the cultivation of individuality

● CONSTRUCTIVISM Jean Piaget 👉

▶Focused on how humans make meaning in relation to the interaction b/w their
experiences and their ideas. Nature of knowledge w/c represents an
epistemological stance.
● SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM 👉 George Counts - recognized that
education was the means of preparing people for creating his new social order
▶highlights social reform as the aim of education
➡ ACCULTURATION - learning other culture; the passing of customs, beliefs
and tradition through interaction and reading.
➡ ENCULTURATION - the passing of group's custom, beliefs and traditions
from one generation to the next generation
➡ Convergent questions - are those that typically have one correct answer.
➡ Divergent questions - also called open-ended questions are used to
encourage many answers and generate greater participation of students. Higher
order thinking skills; to think more creatively.
➡ 90 days - enrolled bills becomes a law
➡ 30 days - "lapse"
PRINCIPLES & THEORIES OF LEARNING & MOTIVATION
● Psychosexual Theory/Psychoanalysis - Sigmund Freud
● Psychosocial Theory - Erik Erikson's Theory of Personality
● Ecological Theory - Eric Brofenbrenner's Theory of Development
● Sociohistoric Cognitive Linguistic Theory - Lev Semanovich Vygotsky
● Cognitive Development - Jean Piaget; John Dewey; Jerome Brunner
● Phenomenology - Abraham Maslow; Carl Rogers; Louis Raths
● Behaviorism - Edward Thorndike; Ivan Pavlov; Burrhus Frederick Skinner
● Moral Development - Lawrence Kohlberg
● Ivan Pavlov - classical conditioning
● Edward Thorndike - connectionism
● B.F. Skinner - operant conditioning & reinforcement
● Albert Bandura - "bobo doll" experiment; modelling; self eficacy
● David Ausubel - Meaningful Reception Theory
● Jerome Bruner - Discovery Learning Theory/Inquiry method
● Wolfgang Kohler's - Insight Learning Problem
● Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin's - Information Processing Theory
● Robert Gagne's - Cumulative Learning Theory
● Howard Gardner - Multiple Intelligence
● Kurt Lewin's - Field Theory/ his concept of life space
● Brofenbrenner's - Ecological System Theory
● Lev Vygotsky - Social Constructivism; Zond of Proximal Development (ZPD) *
gap b/w actual and potential development
● Hilda Taba - Grassroots Approach
● Max Wertheimer - Gestalt Psychology
● Wilhelm Wundt - "Father of Modern Psychology"
● William James - wrote the "Principles of psychology"/ consciousness
● hypothalamus - brain's stress center
● Abraham Maslow - physiological needs; "Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs" ;
safety&security; love & belongingness; self-esteem; self-actualization
● John B. Watson - (behaviorist approach) an American psychologist who
established the psychological school of behaviorism.
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
● Metaphor - is a comparison made b/w things w/c are essentially not alike.
Ex: "Nobody invites Edward to parties because He is a wet blanket"
● Simile - is like a metaphor and often uses the words "like" or "as"
Ex: "Jamie runs as fast as the wind"
● Personification - when something that is not human is given human-like
qualities, this is known as personification.
Ex: " The leaves danced in the wind on the cold October afternoon"
● Hyperbole - exaggerating, often in a humorous way to make a particular point
is known as hyperbole.
Ex: "My eyes widened at the sight of the mile-high ice cream cones we we're
having for dessert"
● Onomatopoeia - when you name an action by imitating the sound associated
with it.
Ex: "The bees buzz angrily when their hive is disturbed"
● Idiom - an idiom is an expression used by a particular group of people with a
meaning that is only known through common use.
Ex: "I'm just waiting for him to kick the bucket."
● Synecdoche - a synecdoche is a figure of speech using a word/words that are
a part to represent a whole.
Ex: referring to credit cards as "plastic" is a synecdoche
● Assonance - when you repeat a vowel sound in a phrase, it is an assonance.
Ex: "It's true, I do like Sue."
● Metonymy - a metonymy is a figure of speech where one thing is replaced w/a
word that is closely associated with it such as using "Washington" to refer to the
United States
REPUBLIC ACTS
● RA 7836 - Philippine Teacher Professionalization Act of 1994
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● RA 7796 - TESDA Act of 1994

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● Article XIV 1987 Philippine Constitution (Educ.Sci & Tech,Arts,Culture&

Sports) this is the very fundamental legal basis of education in thr philippines.
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● Education Act of 1982 (Batas Pambansa 232, Sept 11,1982) an Act 👉

providing for the Establishment & Maintenance of an Integrated System of

Education
● RA 4670 - Magna Carta for Public School Teachers (June 18,1966)
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● RA 6713 - Code of Conduct & Ethical Standards For Public Officials and
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Employees
● RA 7877 - Anti-sexual Harrassment Act of 1995
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● RA 9155 - Decentralization; Legal basis of Shared Governance in Basic

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Education
● RA 7784 - Establishment of Center of Excellence
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● K-12 Curriculum - Enhanced Basic Education Curriculum

● RA 90210 - "An Act to Integrate Information Teachnology into the Public
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Elementary & Secondary Curricula & Appropriating funds

● RA 10121 - DRMM approval headed by OCO office of Civil defense May
#⃣

2010
LITERATURE
● Folklore - traditionally derived and orally transmitted literature
● Folktales - reflect the people's beliefs handed down from generation to
generation by word of mouth
● Epilogue - conclusion or final part of non-dramatic literary work
● Genre - distinctive type of literary composition such as epic, tragedy, comedy &
novel
● "Quo Vadis" - means "where are you going"
● hieroglyphics - oldest forn of egyptian writing
● Allegory - narrative whose meaning is beneath the surface
● Elegy - a meditated poem of grief
● Sonnet - verse w/14 iambic pentameter lines
● Epic - long poem w/c depicts the adventure of a great hero who reveals his
country's aspirations; narrates heroic deeds and supernatural happenings w/local
actor in w/c people sing/chant
● Soliloquy - speech made by a person who reveals his thoughts
● Manuel Arcilla - "How my brother Leon brought home a wife"
● Washington Irving - "The Legend of a Sleepy Hollow"
● Fall of the house of usher - hypochondriac living in morbid fear
● Cyrano de Bergerac - poet & soldier noted for his Peculiar nose
● "The Illiad of Homer" - great epic poem whose plot centers around the anger &
wrath of Achilles against agamemnon
● "The Bells" - "If eyes are made for seeing, then beauty is its own excuse for
being"
● Cacophony - literary term w/c means harsh & discordant sounds introduced for
poetic effect
● George Bernard Shaw - know for his excellence of characterization, swiftness
of narrative & clarity of style.
● Edgar Allan Poe - greatest American writer of horror and detective stories
● Rabindranath Tagore - best known for his collection of poems called
Gitanjali/song offerings
● Robert Frost - ranked as one of the best modern American poets.
● Geoffrey Chaucer - Morning Star of English Literature
● Mark Twain - "Samuel Clemens"
● Harriet Stowe - "Uncle Tom's Cabin"
● Charles Darwin - Origin of species
● Lazlo Biro - invented the ball point pen
● Harry Potter - epic kind of story
VOCABULARY
Emulate 〰 imitate
Vouchsafe grant
〰

Abeyance suspended
〰
Denigrate malign 〰

Furtive sneaky
〰

Remonstrate protest 〰

Corroborate confirm 〰

Gullible easily deceived

〰

Germane relevant 〰

Plebeian common 〰

Vulpine cunning 〰

Spendthrift spender 〰

Impolitic unwise 〰

Terse concise
〰

Parsimonious stingy 〰

Stupefy make numb

〰

Pariah outcast
〰

Wizened shrivelled 〰

Dubious doubtful 〰

Incriminates accuse 〰

Frivolous worthless 〰

Susceptible inclined 〰

Impertinent irrelevant 〰

Ostracized excluded 〰

Conglomeration diffusion 〰

Cacophonous loud and unpleasant 〰

Carnal worldly
〰

Aplomb composure〰

Candor honesty 〰

Contemptuous scornful 〰

Feeble weak 〰

Inevitable certain 〰

FILIPINO
● Ang panubong - handog sa dalagang may kaarawan (koronang bulaklak)
● Florante at Laura - (awit) "katiwalian ng mga kastila"
● Jose dela Cruz - tungkod ng tulang tagalog
● Noli Me Tangere - (Rizal) suliraning panlipunan ng bayan
● "Doktrina Kristiyana" - Fr. Domingo de Nieva unang aklat na nalimbag sa 👉

pilipinas
● Severino Reyes - Ama ng dulaang tagalog
● Juan Luna - La Spolarium
● "Alim" - pinakamatandang epiko ng pilipinas
● Jose Palma - naglikha ng "Himno Nacional Filipino"
● Liwayway - nabigyan ng pagpapahalaga ang sariling wika
● Lope K.Santos - "Ama ng balarila ng pilipino"
● Andres Bonifacio - "anak bayan"
● Pupdok/Kinting kulirat - hindi kailanman ginamit ni Marcelo del Pilar
● Teodoro Agoncillo - isang kilalang manunulat ng kasaysayan
● Manuel Quezon - Ama ng Wikang Pambansa
● Constancio de Guzman - lumikha ng awit na "Ang Bayan Ko"
● Pascual Poblete - Ama ng pahayagang tagalog