cs201 Notes Midterm PDF

CS201 Notes for Midterm written by Rana Abubakar khan www.ranapk.
com
In a program a variable has:
1. Name
2. Type
3. Size
4. Value
Data Types
1. int
2. short
3. long
4. float
5. double
6. char
Arithmetic operators
Plus +
Minus -
Multiply *
Divide /
Modulus %
Precedence
 Highest: ()
 Next: *,/,%
 Lowest: +,-
Key Words of C
CS201 Notes for Midterm written by Rana Abubakar khan www.ranapk.com
 main
 if
 else
 while
 do
 for
 No expression on the left hand side of the assignment
 Integer division truncates fractional part
 Liberal use of brackets/parenthesis
Statements in C
If (condition)
statement ;
If ( condition )
statement1;
statement2;
Example:
if (age1 > age2)
cout<<“Student 1 is older than student 2” ;
Flow Chart for if statement:

Relational Operators:
< less than
<= less than or equal to
== equal to
>= greater than or equal to
> greater than
!= not equal to
Logical Operators:
AND &&
OR ||
In C
Example:
if(a > b && c> d)

if(age > 18 || height > 5)
Flow Chart Symbols:
if-else
if (condition)
statement ;
else
statement ;
}
Code
if AmirAge > AmaraAge)
cout<< “Amir is older than Amara” ;
else
cout<<“Amir is younger than Amara” ;
Nested if
If (age > 18)
If(height > 5)
}
Loop - Repetition structure

1.While
while ( Logical Expression )

{
statements;
:
}
int sum ;
sum = 0 ;
while (number <= UpperLimit)
int sum , number ;
sum = 0 ;
number = 1 ;
while ( number <= 1000 )
sum = sum + number ;
number = number + 1 ;
}
cout << “ The sum of the first 1000 integer starting from 1 is ” << sum;
It executes zero or more times
While loop executes zero
or more times.
What if we
want the loop to execute
at least one time?
do-while
Do while loop execute on
or more times
do
statements ;
while ( condition )
for Loop
for ( initialization condition ; termination condition ; increment condition )
statement ( s ) ;
Example:
int counter ;
for( counter = 0 ; counter < 10 ; counter = counter + 1 )
cout << counter;
Output
0123456789
Increment operator:
++
Decrement operator
--
Multi-way decision:
If statement, If else, and finally switch statement
switch ( variable name )

{
case ‘a’ :
statements;
case ‘b’ :
statements;
case ‘c’ :
statements;
…
}
Example:
switch ( grade)
{
case ‘A’ :
cout << “ Excellent ” ;
case ‘B’ :
cout << “ Very Good ” ;
case ‘C’ :
cout << “Good ” ;
case ‘D’ :
cout << “ Poor ” ;
case ‘F’ :
cout << “ Fail ” ;
break;
if (c == ‘z’ )
cout << “ Great ! You have made the correct guess “ ;

break ;
continue
while trynum <= 5 ;

….
….
continue ;
 Minimize the use of break
 Minimize the use of continue
 Never use goto
What have we done till now …

 Sequential Statements
 Decisions
– if , if else , switch
 Loops
– while , do while , for
Structured Programming
 Sequences
 Decisions
 Loops
Function
Function name
Body of the function
Two types of functions:
1. Functions that return a value
2. Functions that do not return a value
return-value-type function-name( argument-list )

{
declarations and statements
}
Declaration of Function
return-value-type function-name( argument--type-list) ;
main ( )
:
Definition of Function
int function-name ( int i , double j )
Return Type of Function

Declaration
int square ( int ) ;
Definition
int square ( int i )
return ( i * i ) ;
Function Call
int x ;
x = square ( i ) ;
Arrays
 They are special kind of data type
 They are like data structures in which
identical data types are stored
 In C each array has
– name
– data type
– size
 They occupy continuous area of
memory
Declaration of Arrays
arrayType arrayName[numberOfElements ];
For example ,
int age [ 10 ] ;
Initializing an Array
int age [ 10 ] ;
for ( i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i ++ )
{
age [ i ] = 0 ;
}
Copying Arrays
for ( i =0 ; i < 10 ; i ++ )
b[i]=a[i];
Initializing an Array
int c [ 10 ] = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 } ;
int c [ ] = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 } ;
For character arrays
char name [ 100 ] = { ‘a’,b’,’c’,’0’,’1’ } ;
char name [ 100 ] = “abc01“ ;
char name [ ] = “Hello World“ ;
Pointers
Declaring Pointer to Integer
int *myptr ;
int *ptr1 , *ptr2 , *ptr3 ;
int *ptr , x ;
int *ptr , x , a [ 10 ] ;
const
1. int *const myptr = &x ;
myptr is a constant pointer to an integer
2. const int *myptr = &x ;
myptr is a pointer to a constant integer
Declaration of a Pointer Variable

int y [ 10 ] ;
int *yptr ;
yptr = y ;
Pointer Arithmetic
*yptr + 3 ;
Pointer Comparison
if ( *y1 > *y2 )
Strings
String Initialization
char name [ 20 ] ;
name [ 0 ] = ‘A’ ;
name [ 1 ] = ‘m’ ;
name [ 2 ] = ‘i’ ;
name [ 3 ] = ‘r’ ;
name [ 4 ] = ‘\0’ ;
Strings is always terminated with \0
char myName [ ] = “Amir” ;
char *myNamePtr = “Amir” ;
Array of Pointers
char *myArray [ 10 ] ;
myArray is an array of 10 pointer to character
Initialization
char *myArray [ ] = { “Amir ” , “ Jahangir ” } ;
Command Line Arguments
‘argc’ stands for a count of the number of arguments
‘argv’ stands for a vector of arguments

0331=6788362
0331=6788362

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CS201 Notes for Midterm written by Rana Abubakar khan www.ranapk.

In a program a variable has:

 No expression on the left hand side of the assignment

 Integer division truncates fractional part

 Liberal use of brackets/parenthesis

if (age1 > age2)

cout<<“Student 1 is older than student 2” ;

Flow Chart for if statement:

<= less than or equal to

>= greater than or equal to

> greater than

if(a > b && c> d)

if(age > 18 || height > 5)

Flow Chart Symbols:

cout<< “Amir is older than Amara” ;

cout<<“Amir is younger than Amara” ;

Loop - Repetition structure

while ( Logical Expression )

while (number <= UpperLimit)

int sum , number ;

while ( number <= 1000 )

sum = sum + number ;

It executes zero or more times

While loop executes zero

want the loop to execute

at least one time?

for ( initialization condition ; termination condition ; increment condition )

for( counter = 0 ; counter < 10 ; counter = counter + 1 )

cout << counter;

switch ( variable name )

cout << “Good ” ;

cout << “ Great ! You have made the correct guess “ ;

while trynum <= 5 ;

 Minimize the use of break

 Minimize the use of continue

 Never use goto

What have we done till now …

– while , do while , for

Body of the function

Two types of functions:

1. Functions that return a value

2. Functions that do not return a value

return-value-type function-name( argument-list )

return-value-type function-name( argument--type-list) ;

int function-name ( int i , double j )

Return Type of Function

int square ( int ) ;

int square ( int i )

 They are like data structures in which

identical data types are stored

 In C each array has

 They occupy continuous area of

For character arrays

char name [ 100 ] = { ‘a’,b’,’c’,’0’,’1’ } ;

char name [ 100 ] = “abc01“ ;

char name [ ] = “Hello World“ ;

int *ptr1 , *ptr2 , *ptr3 ;

myptr is a constant pointer to an integer

2. const int *myptr = &x ;

myptr is a pointer to a constant integer

Declaration of a Pointer Variable

if ( *y1 > *y2 )

int ptr1 , ptr2 , *ptr3 ;

if ( y1 > y2 )