Anisotropy

Palla Muralia)
(Dated: 28 September 2019)

I. TENSORS

A. Notations

Let êi and ê0i denote the basis vectors in two different reference axes each related to the other as follows:
ê0i = pij êj , (1)
which represents the following equations in short,
ê01 = p11 ê1 + p12 ê2 + p13 ê3
ê02 = p21 ê1 + p22 ê2 + p33 ê3 (2)
ê03 = p21 ê1 + p22 ê2 + p33 ê3
or alternatively we can write the above equations in matrix notation as
 0   
ê1 p11 p12 p13 ê1
ê02  = p11 p12 p13  ê2  (3)
ê03 p11 p12 p13 ê3
or,
{ê0 } = [P] {ê}. (4)
−1
To define the inverse transformations we use P = Q,

−1
{ê} = [P] {ê0 } = [Q]{ê0 } (5)
Which in the Einstein’s tensor notation, can be written as
êi = qij ê0j (6)

B. Transformation of a first rank tensor

~ = xi êi = x0 ê0
A i i
(7)
= xk êk = xk qki ê0i
Therefore we obtain the following,
x0i = qji xj (8)
(notice the change in the order of indices in q in the eq.(8) and eq.(1)). In matrix notation we can write this as
T
{x0 } = [Q] {x} = [P−1 ]T {x} (9)
If P is an orthogonal matrix, we get
{x0 } = [P]{x} (10)
In this case we have the following useful result

ê0i = pij êj =⇒ x0i = pij xj (11)

a) murali.palla@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in; BITS Pilani

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C. Transformation of a second rank tensor

Proceeding in the similar way,

0 0
S = Sij êi ⊗ êj = Sij êi ⊗ ê0j
= Slm qli qmj ê0i ⊗ ê0j
0
(12)
Sij = qli qmj Slm
= pil pjm Slm

Therefore we obtain the following important result

ê0i = pij êj =⇒ Sij

0
= pil pjm Slm

D. Mohr Transformation

We can apply the tensor transformation laws for finding the stresses and strains in oblique plains. In the standard
Mohr circle transformation, the transformation matrix is given as follows,
 
cosθ sinθ
[P] =
−sinθ cosθ
0
σ11 = p211 σ11 + 2p11 p12 σ12 + p212 σ22
= cos2 θσ11 + 2sinθcosθσ12 + sin2 θσ22
0 (13)
σ12 = p11 p21 σ11 + (p11 p22 + p12 p21 )σ12 + p12 p22 σ22
= −sinθcosθσ11 + (cos2 θ − sin2 θ)σ12 + sinθcosθσ22
0
σ22 = p221 σ11 + 2p22 p21 σ12 + p222 σ22
= sin2 θσ11 + 2sinθcosθσ12 + cos2 θσ22

E. General transformation in 3D

 0   2
σ11 p11 p212 p213 2p12 p13 2p11 p13 2p11 p12 σ11
 
0 2 2 2
σ22   p21 p22 p23 2p22 p23 2p21 p23 2p21 p22  σ22 
 0   2
σ33   p31 p232 p233 2p32 p33 2p31 p33 2p31 p32  σ33 
 
 0 = (14)
σ23  p21 p31 p22 p32 p23 p33 p22 p33 + p23 p32 p21 p33 + p23 p31 p21 p32 + p22 p31  σ23 
 
σ 0  p p p p p p p p + p p p p + p p p p + p p  σ 
13 11 31 12 32 13 33 12 33 13 32 11 33 13 31 11 32 12 31 13
0
σ12 p11 p21 p12 p22 p13 p23 p12 p23 + p13 p22 p11 p23 + p13 p21 p11 p22 + p12 p21 σ12

F. Generalized Hooke’s law

σ11 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 11

    
σ22  C21 C22 C23 C24 C25 C26  22 
σ33  C31 C32 C33 C34 C35 C36  33 
    
 = (15)
σ23  C41 C42 C43 C44 C45 C46  23 
 
σ  C C52 C53 C54 C55 C56  13 
13 51
σ12 C61 C62 C63 C64 C65 C66 12
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The elastic stiffness tensor [C] is transformed under a new basis in the following way,

σ0 = Tσ
0 = Tσ
σ = C
σ0 = C 0 0
Tσ = C 0T  (16)

σ = T −1 C 0 T 
C = T −1 C 0 T
C 0 = T CT −1

Assume that the material has a reflection symmetry with reflection plane normal to the y-axis. For this case we
expect that the materials properties should be invariant with respect to reflection transformation as given below,
 
1 0 0
P = 0 −1 0 . (17)
0 0 1

substituting the components of the above matrix in (14), we find the following transformation matrix for stresses and
strains,

1 0 0 0 0 0
 
0 1 0 0 0 0 
0 0 1 0 0 0 
 
T = (18)
0 0 0 −1 0 0 

0 0 0 0 1 0 
0 0 0 0 0 −1

With this transformation we notice that the elastic stiffness tensor undergoes the following change,

C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C11 C12 C13 −C14 C15 −C16
   
C21 C22 C23 C24 C25 C26   C21 C22 C23 −C24 C25 −C26 
C31 C32 C33 C34 C35 C36  C C32 C33 −C34 C35 −C36 
   
 →  31 (19)
C41 C42 C43 C44 C45 C46  −C41 −C42 −C43 C44 −C45 C46 
 
C
51 C52 C53 C54 C55 C56   C51 C52 C53 −C54 C55 −C56 
C61 C62 C63 C64 C65 C66 −C61 −C62 −C63 C64 −C65 C66

But to maintain the material symmetry, C 0 ≡ C, which implies all the negative numbers in the above matrix should be
zero. Orthotropic materials have three reflection planes mutually perpendicular to each other, which poses restrictions
on the tensor components and only 9 independent elastic constants are permissible.