Database: What

• Database
– is collection of related data and its metadata organized in a structured format
– for optimized information management
• Database Management System (DBMS)
– is a software that enables easy creation, access, and modification of databases
– for efficient and effective database management
• Database System
– is an integrated system of hardware, software, people, procedures, and data
– that define and regulate the collection, storage, management, and use of data within a
database environment
Database: Why
• Purpose of Database
– Optimizes data management
– Transforms data into information
• Importance of Database Design
– Defines the database’s expected use
• different approach needed for different types of databases
– Avoid data redundancy & ensure data integrity
• data is accurate and verifiable
– Poorly designed database generates errors
• leads to bad decisions
• can lead to failure of organization
• Functions of DBMS/Database System
– Stores data and related data entry forms, report definitions, etc.
– Hides the complexities of relational database model from the user
• facilitates the construction/definition of data elements and their relationships
• enables data transformation and presentation
– Enforces data integrity
– Implements data security management
• access, privacy, backup & restoration
Database: How
• Planning & Analysis
– Assess
• Goal of the organization
• Database environment
– existing hardware, software, raw data, data processing procedures
– Identify
• Database needs
– what database can do to further the goal of the organization
• User needs and characteristics
– who the users are, what they want to do, how they envision doing it
• Database system requirements
– what the database system should do to satisfy the database and user
needs
• Design
– From conceptual design to a detailed system specification
• Implementation
 – Create the database
• Maintenance
– Troubleshoot, update, streamline the database
Business Rules
• What
– Brief, precise, and unambiguous descriptions of operations in an organization
• based on policies, procedures, or principles within a specific organization
• help to create and enforce actions within that organization’s environment
• apply to any organization that stores and uses data to generate information
• Why
– Enhance understanding & facilitate communication
• Standardize company’s view of data
• Constitute a communications tool between users and designers
• Allow designer to understand business process as well as the nature, role, and
scope of data
– Promote creation of an accurate data model
• How (sources)
– Interviews
• Company managers
• Policy makers
• Department managers
• End users
– Written documentation
• Procedures, Standards, Operations manuals
– Observation
• Business operations
Database: User-centered
• Perspective
– The user is always right. If there is a problem with the use of the system, the system is
the problem, not the user.
• Compliance
– The user has the right to a system that performs exactly as promised.
• Instruction
– The user has the right to easy-to-use instructions (user guides, online or contextual help,
error messages) for understanding and utilizing a system to achieve desired goals and
recover efficiently and gracefully from problem situations.
• Usability
– The user should be the master of software and hardware technology, not vice-versa.
Products should be natural and intuitive to use.
WHAT IS COMMERCE

 Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and
services from producer to final consumer
 It comprises the trading of something of economic value such as goods, services, information, or
money between two or more entities

 WHAT IS E-COMMERCE
  Commonly known as Electronic Marketing.

 “It consist of buying and selling goods and services over an electronic systems Such as the
internet and other computer networks.”

 “E-commerce is the purchasing, selling and exchanging goods and services over computer
networks (internet) through which transaction or terms of sale are performed Electronically.

WHY USE E-COMMERCE

 LOW ENTRY COST

 REDUCES TRANSACTION COSTS
 ACCESS TO THE GLOBAL MARKET
 SECURE MARKET SHARE

THE PROCESS OF E-COMMERCE

 A consumer uses Web browser to connect to the home page of a merchant's Web site on the
Internet.
 The consumer browses the catalog of products featured on the site and selects items to
purchase. The selected items are placed in the electronic equivalent of a shopping cart.
 When the consumer is ready to complete the purchase of selected items, she provides a bill-to
and ship-to address for purchase and delivery
 When the merchant's Web server receives this information, it computes the total cost of the
order-- including tax, shipping, and handling charges--and then displays the total to the
customer.
 The customer can now provide payment information, such as a credit card number, and then
submit the order.
 When the credit card number is validated and the order is completed at the Commerce Server
site, the merchant's site displays a receipt confirming the customer's purchase.
 The Commerce Server site then forwards the order Processing Network for payment processing
and fulfillment.

TYPES OF E-COMMERCE

BUSINESS-TO-BUSINESS (B2B)

 B2B stands for Business to Business. It consists of largest form of Ecommerce. This model
defines that Buyer and seller are two different entities. It is similar to manufacturer issuing
goods to the retailer or wholesaler.

E.g.:-Dell deals computers and other associated accessories online but it is does not make up all those
products. So, in govern to deal those products, first step is to purchases them from unlike businesses i.e.
the producers of those products.
BUSINESS-TO-CONSUMER (B2C):

 It is the model taking businesses and consumers interaction. The basic concept of this model is
to sell the product online to the consumers.
 B2c is the direct trade between the company and consumers. It provides direct selling through
online. For example: if you want to sell goods and services to customer so that anybody can
purchase any products directly from supplier’s website.

BUSINESS-TO-EMPLOYEE (B2E)

 Business-to-employee (B2E) electronic commerce uses an intrabusiness network which allows

companies to provide products and/or services to their employees. Typically, companies use
B2E networks to automate employee-related corporate processes.

CONSUMER-TO-CONSUMER (C2C)

 There are many sites offering free classifieds, auctions, and forums where individuals can buy
and sell thanks to online payment systems like PayPal where people can send and receive
money online with ease. eBay's auction service is a great example of where person-to-person
transactions take place every day since 1995.

PROS

 Reduce prices
 You can shop anywhere in the world
 Easy access 24 hours a day
 Wide selection to cater for all consumers

CONS

 Unable to examine products personally

 Not everyone is connected to the internet
 There is possibility of credit card number theft
 On average only 1/9th of stock is available on the net

What is an ERP System – definitions

Simplistic Definition ERP - Enterprise Resource Planning Detailed Definition “a business strategy and set
of industry-domain- specific applications that build customer and shareholder communities value
network system by enabling and optimising enterprise and inter- enterprise collaborative operational
and financial processes”(Source: Gartner’s Research Note SPA-12-0420)

What is an ERP – Key Characteristics

Integration - seamless integration of all the information flowing through a company – financial and
accounting, human resource information, supply chain information, and customer information.
How should we implement ERP Systems?

• People

– Project Structure

– Should be aligned to processes

• Process

– Implementation Process (outlined in detail)

– Adapt your processes to those of the ERP.

• Technology

– Hardware

– Software

– Integrated Systems

Process

1. Definition and Analysis

• Hold discussions with various functional personnel to establish the actual number of systems
operating at client site, what they are used for, why and how often
• Produce the Project Scoping Document outlining current situation, proposed solution and
budgeted time

Challenge : REQUISITE EXPERTISE - No two clients are the same

3. Build • Configure system as per set up document specifications i.e. transfer conceptual model into
reality • Test system to verify accuracy (preliminary tests)

Challenge : TECHNICAL ENVIRONMENT - System functionality

Conclusion

• ERP systems provide a mechanism for implementing systems where a high degree of integration
between applications is required

• The Business Case or Value Proposition for implementation must be outlined

• To successfully implement a proper mix of people, processes and technology should be maintained

What is a business organization

 A business organization is an individual or group of people that collaborate to achieve goals

  Some business organizations are formed to earn income for owner
 Other business organizations are called non-profit, are formed for public purpose (support
people)

The Function of IT in business cycle

 Information technology has become very general & is therefore touched every part of business
as well as personnel’s lives