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Mech3504 Alshantaf Abdallah Turbine Report PDF
Mech3504 Alshantaf Abdallah Turbine Report PDF
MECH 3504
Experiment Performed: 2019-02-05
Report Submitted: 2019-02-17
Abdallah Alshantaf
214999007
1
Abdallah Alshantaf (214999007)
MECH 3504
Experiment Performed: 2019-02-05
Report Submitted: 2019-02-17
Contents
Table of figures ............................................................................................................................................. 2
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction, Background & Objectives........................................................................................................ 3
Experimental Apparatus & Method .............................................................................................................. 4
2.1 Experimental Apparatus ..................................................................................................................... 4
Flow calculations ................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Experimental Method ......................................................................................................................... 7
Experiment 1- Pump performance and efficiency: ............................................................................... 7
Experiment 2 – Pelton Wheel Turbine performance and efficiency: ................................................... 7
Experiment 3 – Francis Turbine performance and efficiency: .............................................................. 7
2.3 Experimental Uncertainties ................................................................................................................ 8
Results & Discussion: .................................................................................................................................... 9
Experiment 1- Pump performance and efficiency: ............................................................................... 9
Experiment 2 – Pelton Wheel Turbine performance and efficiency: ................................................. 10
Experiment 3 – Francis Turbine performance and efficiency: ............................................................ 11
Summary & Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 12
References .................................................................................................................................................. 14
Appendix ..................................................................................................................................................... 14
Table of figures
Figure 1: schematic of centrifugal pump ...................................................................................................... 4
Figure 2: schematic of Pelton Wheel Turbine ............................................................................................... 4
Figure 3: schematic of Francis Turbine ......................................................................................................... 4
Figure 4: pump’s efficiency curve ................................................................................................................. 9
Figure 5: Pilton wheel power vs RPM ......................................................................................................... 10
Figure 6: Pilton Wheel efficiency vs RPM ................................................................................................... 10
Figure 7:Francis turbine power vs RPM ...................................................................................................... 11
Figure 8: Francis turbine efficiency vs RPM ................................................................................................ 11
Figure 9: uncertainty calculations ............................................................................................................... 17
2
Abdallah Alshantaf (214999007)
MECH 3504
Experiment Performed: 2019-02-05
Report Submitted: 2019-02-17
Abstract
In this lab, we analyzed different phenomena that impact turbomachinery performance
and efficiencies. At first, we investigated centrifugal pumps and the impact of total head
available on flow rate, by using valves. Then we operated the pump at different speeds to
analyze efficiency of pumps and select best operating point (BOP). Second experiment
investigated Pilton Wheel turbines and the impact of spear valve on the power output and
efficiency of the turbine. Lastly, the third experiment was about Francis Turbines’ efficiencies
and the impact of guide van angles on the performance of such turbines.
Turbomachinery describes machines that extract or add energy to a fluid using machines
such as, turbines, pumps, fans, compressors, turbos, etc. These machines are all around us and
whether we notice it or not we interact with them, almost daily, from portable fans you carry in
a hot day to large power plants that uses huge turbines to generate energy to the grid. Studying
these machines and analyzing their properties allows engineers to get better performing
devices that are more efficient and more cost effective.
In this lab, we experimented on pumps and different types of turbines to gain a better
understanding of their functions and performances. To compare pumps, and turbines,
dimensionless coefficients are calculated. Flow, head, and power coefficients are calculated
based off set parameters using analytical equations and experimental data. By analyzing
pressure, torque, RPM, velocity and Reynold’s number as variables, we define the system’s
efficiency and performance using the following nondimensional equations:
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Abdallah Alshantaf (214999007)
MECH 3504
Experiment Performed: 2019-02-05
Report Submitted: 2019-02-17
- The second experiment investigated Pelton Wheel Turbines, and measured efficiency and
outlined a performance curve at different impact velocities by using spear valve.
- The third experiment was about Francis Turbines’ efficiencies and the impact of guide van
angles on the performance of such turbines.
4
Abdallah Alshantaf (214999007)
MECH 3504
Experiment Performed: 2019-02-05
Report Submitted: 2019-02-17
-Water reservoir: water moves from reservoir across a filter through the inlet valve and then
passes through the pump.
-Inlet valve controls the pressure inlet to the pump.
-Delivery valve controls pressure input to the pump.
-Compact centrifugal pump moves the water from the reservoir by converting rotational shaft
power supplied by the dynamometer to the water in the form of hydraulic power, WP (the
product of head (H) and flow rate (Q) across the pump
-Dynamometer rotates the pump’s shaft and displays input power (WD).
-Venture measures the flow rate coming from the pump.
-Turbine (optional) extracts energy from fluid through expansion of fluid to rotate a shaft that is
connected to a generator.
-Turbine dynanometer: controls output shaft power by increasing torque and decreasing
angular velocity.
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Abdallah Alshantaf (214999007)
MECH 3504
Experiment Performed: 2019-02-05
Report Submitted: 2019-02-17
Pump experiment
Pumps are energy absorbing devices therefore the energy suppled to the water is less than the
energy delivered to the pump. The ratio between the two is known as pump’s efficiency:
Turbine experiments
Turbines are energy generating devices that convert rotational mechanical energy into useful
power. Different turbines are used for different working environments, so we analyzed two
types of turbines (Pelton Wheel and Francis) under different circumstances and measured their
efficiencies. Turbine efficiency is calculated by finding the ratio of the rotational shaft to the
hydraulic power of fluid in contact.
Flow calculations
To calculate volumetric flow rate (QV) in (m3/s) across the venturi we used the following
equation:
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Abdallah Alshantaf (214999007)
MECH 3504
Experiment Performed: 2019-02-05
Report Submitted: 2019-02-17
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Abdallah Alshantaf (214999007)
MECH 3504
Experiment Performed: 2019-02-05
Report Submitted: 2019-02-17
Using the above equation, uncertainty for hydraulic power in Francis turbine at 0.74 bar inlet
pressure was calculated to be 7.3E-4 which is negligible as the uncertainties in our readings are minimal.
Sample calculations found in appendix.
Other sources of errors in the experiment, may be the assumptions made to carry on the experiment.
Such as neglecting height difference across the pump’s inlet and outlet. Neglecting friction losses across
the pipe from venturi until turbine’s entrance.
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Abdallah Alshantaf (214999007)
MECH 3504
Experiment Performed: 2019-02-05
Report Submitted: 2019-02-17
595
100000 600
50000 580
560
0 540
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025
Flow Rate (m^3/s) Flow Rate (m^3/s)
Efficiency
36.67418573
37
Efficiency %
36
35
34
33
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025
Flow Rate (m^3/s)
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Abdallah Alshantaf (214999007)
MECH 3504
Experiment Performed: 2019-02-05
Report Submitted: 2019-02-17
Turbine Power
150
Power (W)
100
50 100%
0 25%
0 500 1000 1500
Speed (RPM)
Efficiency
100
Efficiency %
50
100%
0 25%
0 500 1000 1500
Speed (RPM)
10
Abdallah Alshantaf (214999007)
MECH 3504
Experiment Performed: 2019-02-05
Report Submitted: 2019-02-17
Turbine Power
150
Power (W)
100
50 100%
0 25%
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Speed (RPM)
Efficiency
80
60
Efficiency
40
100%
20
25%
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Speed (RPM)
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Abdallah Alshantaf (214999007)
MECH 3504
Experiment Performed: 2019-02-05
Report Submitted: 2019-02-17
In this lab, we investigated centrifugal pumps, and analyzed pressure differences across
the pump. That allowed us to gain more insight into functionality of pumps and their BEP.
Centrifugal pumps work by increasing the energy of the fluid to move it from one place to
another. Pump’s efficiency is a variable of flow rate, RPM, pressure levels. The more energy
given to the pump, the faster the pump rotates holding torque as a constant. Faster pumps
don’t usually mean most efficient. In real life, when choosing pumps for certain functions, we
look at the environment, and how much head is required, the type of fluid being pumped,
pressure levels. From these parameters a system curve is plotted. Each pump has its own
specific curve that highlights its efficiency, power output, impeller diameter, etc. pumps are
selected due to how close their BOP is to a required point at the system curve. Ideally point of
intersection. Other things to be considered when selecting pumps are cavitation, or the
damaging of impellers caused by bubbles in pump, the purpose of the pump.
The purpose of the pump itself is a major concern when it comes to pump selection.
Some pumps are just needed to increase head to reach high elevations, like pumps used in high
rise buildings, others have reliability, as a major design selection. For example, fire fighters
require pumps that would work every time they turn it on, efficiency is not their main concern
as much as increasing flow rate, and reliability are
For the other part of this lab, Turbines were investigated, and conclusions were
withdrawn. Turbines are energy producing devices. Their efficiency relies on how well they
convert energy forms with minimum amount of losses. Turbines’ blades and mounting
environment are main factors in designing turbines. In Piton Wheel turbines, impact velocity of
water and bucket shaped blades were the main factors in determining the power outputted.
The shape of the buckets determines the amount of drag force which generates required
torque to rotate the shaft. If the bucket was shaped differently the efficiency would differ. Also,
the presence of spear valve allowed us to control the impact velocity of fluid onto the buckets.
A more closed valve allowed water to travel at higher speeds causing more momentum to allow
the shaft to rotate faster, with the same total energy of the system. The presence of a spear
valve allowed us to get a better efficiency out of turbine by controlling the incoming fluid’s
velocities. This could be applied to waterwheels mounted on a river or water duct. The best
place to put such waterwheels is at the narrowest cross section of water stream, where the
velocity is highest.
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Abdallah Alshantaf (214999007)
MECH 3504
Experiment Performed: 2019-02-05
Report Submitted: 2019-02-17
For the last experiment conducted in this lab, Francis Turbines were investigated to
measure their power output and efficiency at different guide vane settings. Guide vans allow
better impact between incoming fluid and impellers. They redirect water at a certain angle to
hit impellers. Depending on the mounting environment, the use of guide vanes could actually
be less efficient as it causes lower impact velocities by changing the angle. Or it could cause the
fluid to hit the impellers at points where it will not optimize rotational power, which is why we
have guide vanes in the first place.
. To sum up, optimizing pump, and turbine design and selection process allows
engineers to:
- Save manufacturing costs
- Save maintenance costs.
- Reduce energy consumption.
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Abdallah Alshantaf (214999007)
MECH 3504
Experiment Performed: 2019-02-05
Report Submitted: 2019-02-17
References
[1] Kempers, Roger, “Mech 3504 – lab Manual – MFP101 Water Turbine” – 2018
[2] Aydin, Murat, “Mech 3202- Chapter 14 Turbomachinery”-2018
Appendix
14
Abdallah Alshantaf (214999007)
MECH 3504
Experiment Performed: 2019-02-05
Report Submitted: 2019-02-17
Pump
Speed Data for experiment 1:
(rpm) 2500 261.6667 centrifugal pumps
Reynolds
Number 5928367
0.57 -0.36 0.93 0.28 2.2794043 624 211.9846 33.97189 0.006608 0.003042 0.000205 93000
0.55 -0.4 0.95 0.27 2.2383306 624 212.6414 34.07715 0.00675 0.002988 0.000206 95000
0.53 -0.45 0.98 0.26 2.196489 618 215.2559 34.83105 0.006963 0.002932 0.000208 98000
0.5 -0.5 1 0.25 2.1538346 612 215.3835 35.19338 0.007106 0.002875 0.000208 100000
0.48 -0.55 1.03 0.24 2.1103183 610 217.3628 35.63324 0.007319 0.002817 0.00021 103000
0.45 -0.6 1.05 0.23 2.0658856 600 216.918 36.153 0.007461 0.002757 0.00021 105000
0.43 -0.65 1.08 0.22 2.020476 595 218.2114 36.67419 0.007674 0.002697 0.000211 108000
0.4 -0.7 1.1 0.2 1.9264483 589 211.9093 35.97781 0.007816 0.002571 0.000205 110000
0.37 -0.75 1.12 0.19 1.8776695 583 210.299 36.07187 0.007958 0.002506 0.000203 112000
0.34 -0.8 1.14 0.18 1.8275893 572 208.3452 36.42398 0.0081 0.002439 0.000201 114000
0.29 -0.85 1.14 0.15 1.6683531 556 190.1923 34.20724 0.0081 0.002227 0.000184 114000
Turbine
Flow Rate Hydraulic Turbine Shaft
Turbine Speed (rev.min^-1) Delta P1 (bar) Efficiency
(m^3.s^-1) Power (W) Power (W)
nT
15
Abdallah Alshantaf (214999007)
MECH 3504
Experiment Performed: 2019-02-05
Report Submitted: 2019-02-17
16
Abdallah Alshantaf (214999007)
MECH 3504
Experiment Performed: 2019-02-05
Report Submitted: 2019-02-17
17