TOPIC 1

Communication
The act of giving, receiving or exchanging information, ideas and opinions so that the messages
is completely understood by both parties.
SENDER-MESSAGE-RECEIVER
SENDER-FEEDBACK-RECEIVER
Need to consider 3 things:
1.Message 2. Audience 3. How the message to be received
Factors Affects Communication
1. Status
2. Cultural Differences
3. Communication Channels
4. Use of Language
5. Disabilities
6. Length of Communication
7. Individual Perception/Attitudes/Personalities
8. Known or Unknown Receiver
(SCCUDLIK)

Oral Communication
Conveying ideas, thoughts, or information via a a spoken language.
Written Communication
The sharing and exchanging of information using written symbols, that is via words and
sentences. Written communication take place via: -
1. Faxes
2. Email
3. Memos
4. Advertisement
5. Letter
6. Reports
(FEMALR)

The writing process – a) Planning b) Writing c) Editing

Pitfalls to avoid
1. Verbosity
2. Poor sentences structure
3. Confusing Language
4. Information overload
(VPCI) Very Poor Confusing Information
Challenges in written Communication
1. New technologies
2. Others fail to respond
3. Asking the right question

TOPIC 2
CLAUDE SHANNON’S MODEL
-Based on mathematical theorems
-Information is transmitted from a source through a channel to a receiver.
(SOURCE-CHANNEL-RECEIVER)
-Encode is to compose a message
-Decode is to transmitted the message
-Noise is interference on the channel or media through which the information is
transmitted
ROMAN JAKOBSON’S MODEL
CONTEXT-CONTACT—CODE-MESSAGE
The contact is your medium of communication
ULRIC’S NEISSER’S MODEL
Perception is exploratory and recursive. We explore our world or a specific
phenomenon guided by our desires, needs, ideas, and images of the world.
MICHAEL POLANYI’S MODEL
The meaning that the reader discovers in the text may not be as intended by the
writer.
TOPIC 3
Essay is a short literary composition on a single subject, usually presenting the
personal view of the author.
1. Descriptive Essay
2. Narrative Essay
3. Argumentative Essay
4. Comparative Essay
(DNAC)
Four Stages involved in Essay Writing
1. Pre-writing
2. Draft
3. Editing
4. Final draft/essay
Type of essay
1. Explanation essay
2. Argumentation essay
3. Discussion essay
Essay consist of 3 sections
1. Introduction
2. Body
3. Conclusion