Chapter 8: Three-Phase Circuits

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 Three-phase circuits
120

• A 3-phase generator has three 80

identical windings on the stator,

placed at 120º to each other 40

– at constant speed, the voltages 0

induced in the windings have

the same effective value -40

– the voltage peaks occur at -80

different times
-120
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2

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 Three-Phase Generation
• The generation of three-phase ac power can be viewed as
three separate power sources, each with a 120º degree
angular shift in time of the sinusoidal waveform with
respect to the other sources. a
va(t)
va (t ) = Vm sin (2π 60 t )
vc(t)

vb (t ) = Vm sin (2π 60 t − 23 π ) n
c b
vc (t ) = Vm sin (2π 60 t + 23 π )
vb(t)

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 Three-Phase Waveforms

120

80

40

va
vb
0
vc
n

-40

-80

-120
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2

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 Wye connected circuits

a
a

va(t) R
vc(t)
n

R
c b c
vb(t) b

vab = va − vb = vline−ab ia = iline− a

vbc = vb − vc = vline−bc ib = iline−b
vca = vc − va = vline−ca ic = iline−c
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 Delta connected circuits

a
a

vc(t) va(t) R R

R
b c b
vb(t)
vab = vline− ab ia = iab − ica = iline−a
vbc = vline−bc ib = ibc − iab = iline−b
vca = vline−ca ic = ica − ibc = iline−c
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 Three-Phase Circuits
• Example
– the 3-phase generator shown below is connected to three 20
ohm load resistors. The generator supplies a voltage of 120 V
rms
– calculate
• the power dissipated in each resistor and in the 3-phase load
• the peak power Pm and the ratio of Pm to the total load

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 Three-Phase Circuits
• Example
– a 3-phase, 60 Hz, wye connected generator has a line voltage
of 23900 V
– calculate
• the line-to-neutral voltage
• voltage induced in the individual windings
• the time interval between the positive peak voltage of phases A
and B
• the peak value of the line voltage

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 Three-Phase Circuits
• Example
– three identical impedances are connected in delta across a
550 V line. The current drawn is 10 A
– calculate
• the current in each impedance
• the impedance values

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 Phase Sequence
• 3-phase systems have a property
called phase sequence
– it determines the direction of
rotation of 3-phase motors
– it means the order in which the three line
voltages become successively positive
– two sequences: ABC & ACB
• positive sequence: ABC
• negative sequence: ACB
• Phase sequence is determined by a simple
circuit
– one lamp always burns brighter
– the sequence order is bright lamp, dim
lamp, capacitor
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 Power Measurements
• Wattmeters measure active power
– single-phase wattmeters have two pairs
of terminals: voltage & current
– each terminal pair has polarity markings
– polarity markings determine the direction
of power flow
• 3-phase, 3-wire circuits
– power is measured by two single-phase
wattmeters
– total power is the sum of the two meters
• 3-phase, 4-wire circuits
– power is measured by three single-phase
wattmeters
– total power is the sum of the three meters
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 Power Measurements
• Example
– a full-load test on a 10 hp, 3-phs motor yields the following:
• at VLine = 600 V, P1 = +5950 W; P2 = + 2380 W; ILine = 10A
– calculate the power factor of the motor

• Example
– the same motor runs at no-load
• ILine drops to 3.6 A and P1 = +1295 W; P2 = - 845 W
– calculate the no-load losses and the power factor

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 Power Measurements
• Example
– three identical resistors connected as a wye, dissipate a total
power of 3000 W when energized by a 550 V line
– calculate
• the current in each line
• the resistor values

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 Power Measurements
• Example
– A 3-phase, 550 V, 60 Hz line is connected to three identical
capacitors in a delta configuration which draws 22 A
– calculate the capacitance in each capacitor

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 Homework
• Homework Problems: 7.8, 7-12, 7-18, 7-22, 8-4, 8-12, 8-16,
and 8-26

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