Math 9 12/4/18

9-

Types of quadrilaterals
There are five types of quadrilaterals.

 Parallelogram

 Rectangle

 Square

 Rhombus

 Trapezium

One common property of all quadrilaterals is that the sum of all their angles equals 360°.

Let us look into the properties of different quadrilaterals.

Parallelogram

Properties of a parallelogram

 Opposite sides are parallel and congruent.

 Opposite angles are congruent.

 Adjacent angles are supplementary.

 Diagonals bisect each other and each diagonal divides the parallelogram into two congruent triangles.

 If one of the angles of a parallelogram is a right angle then all other angles are right and it becomes a rectangle.

Important formulas of parallelograms

 Area = L * H

 Perimeter = 2(L+B)

Rectangles

Properties of a Rectangle

 Opposite sides are parallel and congruent.

 All angles are right.

 The diagonals are congruent and bisect each other (divide each other equally).

 Opposite angles formed at the point where diagonals meet are congruent.

 A rectangle is a special type of parallelogram whose angles are right.

Important formulas for rectangles

 If the length is L and breadth is B, then

Length of the diagonal of a rectangle = √(L2 + B2)

 Area = L * B

 Perimeter = 2(L+B)

Squares

Properties of a square

 All sides and angles are congruent.

 Opposite sides are parallel to each other.

 The diagonals are congruent.

 The diagonals are perpendicular to and bisect each other.

 A square is a special type of parallelogram whose all angles and sides are equal.

 Also, a parallelogram becomes a square when the diagonals are equal and right bisectors of each other.

Important formulas for Squares

 If ‘L’ is the length of the side of a square then length of the diagonal = L √2.

 Area = L2.

 Perimeter = 4L

Rhombus

Properties of a Rhombus

 All sides are congruent.

 Opposite angles are congruent.

 The diagonals are perpendicular to and bisect each other.

 Adjacent angles are supplementary (For eg., ∠A + ∠B = 180°).

 A rhombus is a parallelogram whose diagonals are perpendicular to each other.

Important formulas for a Rhombus

If a and b are the lengths of the diagonals of a rhombus,

 Area = (a* b) / 2

 Perimeter = 4L

Trapezium
Properties of a Trapezium

 The bases of the trapezium are parallel to each other (MN ⫽ OP).

 No sides, angles and diagonals are congruent.

Important Formulas for a Trapezium

 Area = (1/2) h (L+L2)

 Perimeter = L + L1 + L2 + L3
 Math 9 12/4/18
9-

TRAPEZOID

KITE

RHOMBUS

PARALLELOGRAM
 Math 9 12/4/18
9- Anacl

Area of a Kite
Definition: The number of square units it takes to exactly fill a kite
Try this Drag the orange dots on each vertex to reshape the kite. The area is continuously recalculated.
Two methods for calculating the area of a kite are shown below. Choose a formula or method based on the
values you know to begin with.

1. The "diagonals" method

If you know the lengths of the two diagonals, the area is half the product of the diagonals. This is the
method used in the figure above. As a formula:
area
=
d
1

d
2

2
where
d1 is the length of a diagonal
d2 is the length of the other diagonal
This also works for finding the area of a rhombus, and the area of a square since arhombus is a particular kind
of kite (one where all four sides are congruent) and a squareis a particular kind of rhombus (where all angles
are 90°).

Area of a rhombus
Three different ways to calculate the area of a rhombus are given below, with a formula for each.
Try this Drag the orange dots on each vertex to reshape the rhombus. The area will be continuously calculated
using the "base times height" method.
A rhombus is actually just a special type of parallelogram. Many of the area calculations can be applied to them
also. Choose a formula based on the values you know to begin with.

1. The "base times height" method

First pick one side to be the base. Any one will do, they are all the same length. Then determine the
altitude - the perpendicular distance from the chosen base to the opposite side. The area is the product
of these two, or, as a formula:
area
=
b
a
where
b is the length of the base
a is the altitude (height).

Use the calculator below to calculate the area of the trapezoid given base (side) length and altitude
(perpendicular height).
Enter any two values and the missing one will be calculated. For example, enter the area and base length, and
the height needed to get that area is calculated.

Area of a Parallelogram

The area of a polygon is the number of square units inside the polygon. Area is 2-
dimensional like a carpet or an area rug.

A parallelogram is a 4-sided shape formed by two pairs of parallel lines. Opposite sides are equal in length
and opposite angles are equal in measure. To find the area of a parallelogram, multiply the base by the
height. The formula is:

A = B * H where B is the base, H is the height, and * means multiply.

The base and height of a parallelogram must be perpendicular. However, the lateral sides of a
parallelogram are not perpendicular to the base. Thus, a dotted line is drawn to represent the height. Let's
look at some examples involving the area of a parallelogram.
 Math 9 12/4/18
9-

‘Triangle Midline Theorem’

Monday Math 156

July 28, 2014

For a trapezoid, the median (also known as the midline or mid-segment) is the segment connecting the midpoints of
the legs of the trapezoid. This post presents a proof that:

1. the median of a trapezoid is parallel to the bases;

2. the length of the median is half the sum of the lengths of the bases;

3. the midpoints of the diagonals of a trapezoid also lie on its midline.

The triangle midline theorem, also called the midsegment theorem, states that the line segment connecting the midpoints of
two sides of a triangle is parallel to and half the length of the third side. This may be trivially proven via triangle similarity
(SAS similarity condition) and the corresponding angles postulate. More interesting, however, is to prove it using triangle
congruence.

Let D and E be the midpoints of sides AB and AC, respectively, of ∆ABC. Let us extend segment DE past E to point F such
that DE=EF, and let us draw CF.

Since DE=EF, AE=EC, and vertical angles ∠AED and ∠CEF are congruent, we see by the SAS condition that ∆ADE≅∆CFE.
Thus, CF=AD=BD. Also, ∠FCE≅∠DAE; but since these are alternate interior angles for lines and cut by

transversal , we see that . But then the quadilateral BCFD has a pair of opposite sides, BD and CF, which are of

equal length and parallel, so it is therefore a parallelogram, and so . And since opposite sides of a parallelogram
have equal length, DF=BC, and so DE=½DF=½BC.

We can also prove a similar theorem: that the line through the midpoint of one side of a triangle parallel to a second side of
the triangle bisects the third side, and that the segment of that line inside the triangle is one-half as long as the parallel side.
As with the midpoint theorem, it is trivial to prove with triangle similarity (this time the AA condition) and the corresponding
angles postulate. So, instead, we use a similar construction as above.

Let D be the midpoint of side AB of ∆ABC, and let E be the point where the line through D parallel to BC intersects AC.
Construct the line through C parallel to AB, and let F be the point where it intersects
Then BCFD is a parallelogram, and since opposite sides of a parallelogram have the same length, BD=CF and BC=DF. And
so CF=BD=AD. And since ∠ADE and ∠CFE are alternate interior angles for lines and cut by transversal , they
are congruent. Similarly, ∠DAE≅∠CFE, and so, by the ASA condition, ∆ADE≅∆CFE. Thus, AE=EC, and E is thus the midpoint
of AC. We see also that DE=EF, and since DF=BC, thus DE=½DF=½BC.

Using both of these theorems together, we can prove a third: that a midline (mid-segment) of a triangle and the triangle
median that intersects it bisect each other.

Let MA, MB and MC be the midpoints of sides BC, AC and AB, respectively, of ∆ABC. Thus, is a midline of ∆ABC,
and a median. Let Pbe the point where they intersect.

By the midline theorem, and MBMC=½BC.

This means, then, that , and so by our second theorem above with regards to ∆ABMA, we see that P must be
the midpoint of , and MCP=½BMA.

Similarly, our second theorem applied to triangle AMAC establishes that MBP=½CMA. But BMA=CMA, and so MBP=MCP, and P is
the midpoint of as well.
 Math 9 12/4/18
9- Anacleto Del
Medians of a Triangle
From Latin: medianus - "of the middle"

A median of a triangle is a line segment joining a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side.
A triangle therefore has three medians.
Try this Drag the orange dots on each vertex to reshape the triangle. Notice the three medians all meet at one
point.
A median of a triangle is a line segment from a vertex of the triangle to the midpoint of the side opposite that
vertex. Because there are three vertices, there are of course three possible medians. One of the fascinating
things about them is that no matter what shape the triangle, all three always intersect at a single point. This
point is called the centroid of the triangle.

Properties
There are some fascinating properties of the medians of a triangle:

1. The fact that the three medians always meet at a single point is interesting in its own right
2. Each median divides the triangle into two smaller triangles which have the same area
3. The centroid (point where they meet) is the center of gravity of the triangle
4. The three medians divide the triangle into 6 smaller triangles that all have the same area, even though
they may have different shapes.

Adjust the triangle above by dragging any vertex. Convince yourself that the three medians (gray lines) always
intersect at a single point. You can also visually estimate that the area facts given above are true.