Moderate mag. 5.

2
earthquake - 187km SSE of
Bristol Island, South
Sandwich Islands on Monday,
19 August 2019 - 1 day 24
hours ago

Date & time: Monday, 19 August 2019 03:44 UTC

Local time at epicenter: 2019-08-19 01:44:17 -02:00
Magnitude: 5.2
Depth: 10.0 km
Epicenter latitude / longitude: 60.5872°S / 25.2288°W (South
Georgia & South Sandwich Islands)
Nearest volcano: Thule Islands (174 km)
Primary data source: USGS
Estimated released energy: 4*10^12 J (1.11 GWh / 951 tons of
TNT)

Moderate mag. 5.1

earthquake - 103km SW of
Bristol Island, South
Sandwich Islands on Monday,
19 August 2019 - 1 day 22
hours ago

Date & time: Monday, 19 August 2019 06:06 UTC

Local time at epicenter: 2019-08-19 04:06:06 -02:00
Magnitude: 5.1
Depth: 85.8 km
Epicenter latitude / longitude: 59.7251°S / 27.737°W (South
Georgia & South Sandwich Islands)
Nearest volcano: Thule Islands (37 km)
Primary data source: USGS
Estimated released energy: 2.8*10^12 J (783 MWh / 674 tons of
TNT)

Moderate mag. 5.0

earthquake - Halmahera,
Indonesia on Monday, 19
August 2019 - 1 day 22
hours ago

Date & time: Monday, 19 August 2019 05:53 UTC

Magnitude: 5.0
Depth: 21.4 km
Epicenter latitude / longitude: 0.943°S / 128.259°E (Indonesia)
Nearest volcano: Bibinoi (64 km)
Primary data source: GeoAu
Estimated released energy: 2*10^12 J (554 MWh / 477 tons of
TNT)

Light mag. 4.9 earthquake

- Talaud Islands, Indonesia
on Monday, 19 August
2019 - 2 days ago
Date & time: Monday, 19 August 2019 01:57 UTC
Magnitude: 4.9
Depth: 117.0 km
Epicenter latitude / longitude: 3.79°N / 126°E (Indonesia)
Nearest volcano: Awu (60 km)
Primary data source: BMKG
Estimated released energy: 1.4*10^12 J (392 MWh / 338 tons of
TNT)

Light mag. 4.8 earthquake - New Zealand on Monday, 19 August 2019 -

1 day 10 hours ago
Date & time: Monday, 19 August 2019 18:02 UTC
Magnitude: 4.8
Depth: 33.0 km
Epicenter latitude / longitude: 31.31205°S / 176.88783°W (New
Zealand)
Nearest volcano: Curtis Island (181 km)
Primary data source: GEONET (NZ)
Estimated released energy: 1*10^12 J (278 MWh / 239 tons of TNT
Light mag. 4.7 earthquake - near Coast of Nicaragua on Monday, 19
August 2019 - 1 day 16 hours ago
Date & time: Monday, 19 August 2019 11:37 UTC
Magnitude: 4.7
Depth: 65.0 km
Epicenter latitude / longitude: 12.64°N / 87.64°W (Nicaragua)
Nearest volcano: Cosigüina (39 km)
Primary data source: GFZ
Estimated released energy: 7.1*10^11 J (197 MWh / 169 tons of TNT)

Light mag. 4.7 earthquake - Flores Region, Indonesia on Monday, 19 August

2019 - 1 day 11 hours ago
Date & time: Monday, 19 August 2019 17:14 UTC
Magnitude: 4.7
Depth: 131.0 km
Epicenter latitude / longitude: 8.48°S / 119.78°E (Indonesia)
Nearest volcano: Wai Sano (38 km)
Primary data source: EMSC
Estimated released energy: 7.1*10^11 J (197 MWh / 169 tons of TNT)
Light mag. 4.7 earthquake - New Zealand on Monday, 19 August 2019 - 1 day 9
hours ago
Date & time: Monday, 19 August 2019 19:01 UTC
Magnitude: 4.7
Depth: 538.9 km
Epicenter latitude / longitude: 25.06079°S /
179.65828°W (international territory)
Nearest volcano: Monowai (265 km)
Primary data source: GEONET (NZ)
Estimated released energy: 7.1*10^11 J (197 MWh / 169 tons of
TNT)

Light mag. 4.8 earthquake - Northern Molucca Sea (Indonesia)

on Monday, 19 August 2019 - 1 day 8 hours ago
Date & time: Monday, 19 August 2019 20:05 UTC
Magnitude: 4.8
Depth: 10.0 km
Epicenter latitude / longitude: 1.72°N / 126.33°E (Indonesia)
Nearest volcano: Ruang (119 km)
Primary data source: BMKG
Estimated released energy: 1*10^12 J (278 MWh / 239 tons of
TNT)

Light mag. 4.5 earthquake - Chile-Bolivia Border Region on

Date & time: Monday, 19 August 2019 00:28 UTC
Magnitude: 4.5
Depth: 205.2 km
Epicenter latitude / longitude: 18.68002°S / 68.14597°W (Bolivia)
Nearest volcano: Sacabaya (64 km)
Primary data source: USP
Estimated released energy: 3.5*10^11 J (98.6 MWh / 84.8 tons of TNT)

An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of
the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that
creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they
cannot be felt to those violent enough to toss people around and destroy whole cities.
The seismicity, or seismic activity, of an area is the frequency, type and size of earthquakes
experienced over a period of time. The word tremoris also used for non-earthquake seismic
rumbling.

At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and displacing or

disrupting the ground. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the
seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also
trigger landslides, and occasionally volcanic activity.

In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event—
whether natural or caused by humans—that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are
caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by other events such as volcanic
activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is
called its focus or hypocenter. The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the
hypocenter.

There are three main types of fault, all of which may cause an interplate earthquake: normal,
reverse (thrust) and strike-slip. Normal and reverse faulting are examples of dip-slip, where
the displacement along the fault is in the direction of dip and movement on them involves a
vertical component. Normal faults occur mainly in areas where the crust is
being extended such as a divergent boundary. Reverse faults occur in areas where the crust
is being shortened such as at a convergent boundary. Strike-slip faults are steep structures
where the two sides of the fault slip horizontally past each other; transform boundaries are a
particular type of strike-slip fault. Many earthquakes are caused by movement on faults that
have components of both dip-slip and strike-slip; this is known as oblique slip.

An EARTHQUAKE (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the
Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic
waves. Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those
violent enough to toss people around and destroy whole cities. The seismicity, or seismic activity, of
an area is the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time. The
word tremoris also used for non-earthquake seismic rumbling.

At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and displacing or disrupting the
ground. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced
sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, and occasionally volcanic
activity.

In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event—whether
natural or caused by humans—that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by
rupture of geological faults, but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts,
and nuclear tests. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The
epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter.

There are three main types of fault, all of which may cause an interplate earthquake: normal, reverse
(thrust) and strike-slip. Normal and reverse faulting are examples of dip-slip, where the displacement
along the fault is in the direction of dip and movement on them involves a vertical component.
Normal faults occur mainly in areas where the crust is being extended such as a divergent boundary.
Reverse faults occur in areas where the crust is being shortened such as at a convergent
boundary. Strike-slip faults are steep structures where the two sides of the fault slip horizontally past
each other; transform boundaries are a particular type of strike-slip fault. Many earthquakes are
caused by movement on faults that have components of both dip-slip and strike-slip; this is known
as oblique slip.
A VOLCANO is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows
hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.

Earth's volcanoes occur because its crust is broken into 17 major, rigid tectonic plates that float on a
hotter, softer layer in its mantle.[1] Therefore, on Earth, volcanoes are generally found where tectonic
plates are diverging or converging, and most are found underwater. For example, a mid-oceanic ridge,
such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates whereas the Pacific
Ring of Fire has volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates. Volcanoes can also form where there is
stretching and thinning of the crust's plates, e.g., in the East African Rift and the Wells Gray-Clearwater
volcanic field and Rio Grande Rift in North America. This type of volcanism falls under the umbrella of
"plate hypothesis" volcanism.[2] Volcanism away from plate boundaries has also been explained
as mantle plumes. These so-called "hotspots", for example Hawaii, are postulated to arise from
upwelling diapirs with magma from the core–mantle boundary, 3,000 km deep in the Earth. Volcanoes
are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past Erupting volcanoes can pose many hazards,
not only in the immediate vicinity of the eruption. One such hazard is that volcanic ash can be a threat to
aircraft, in particular those with jet engines where ash particles can be melted by the high operating
temperature; the melted particles then adhere to the turbine blades and alter their shape, disrupting the
operation of the turbine. Large eruptions can affect temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric
acid obscure the sun and cool the Earth's lower atmosphere (or troposphere); however, they also absorb
heat radiated from the Earth, thereby warming the upper atmosphere (or stratosphere).
Historically, volcanic winters have caused catastrophic famines.one another.

A VOLCANO is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows
hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.

Earth's volcanoes occur because its crust is broken into 17 major, rigid tectonic plates that
float on a hotter, softer layer in its mantle.[1] Therefore, on Earth, volcanoes are generally
found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging, and most are found underwater.
For example, a mid-oceanic ridge, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has volcanoes caused by
divergent tectonic plates whereas the Pacific Ring of Fire has volcanoes caused by
convergent tectonic plates. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of
the crust's plates, e.g., in the East African Rift and the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic
field and Rio Grande Rift in North America. This type of volcanism falls under the umbrella of
"plate hypothesis" volcanism.[2] Volcanism away from plate boundaries has also been
explained as mantle plumes. These so-called "hotspots", for example Hawaii, are postulated
to arise from upwelling diapirs with magma from the core–mantle boundary, 3,000 km deep
in the Earth. Volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past Erupting
volcanoes can pose many hazards, not only in the immediate vicinity of the eruption. One
such hazard is that volcanic ash can be a threat to aircraft, in particular those with jet
engines where ash particles can be melted by the high operating temperature; the melted
particles then adhere to the turbine blades and alter their shape, disrupting the operation of
the turbine. Large eruptions can affect temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric
acid obscure the sun and cool the Earth's lower atmosphere (or troposphere); however, they
also absorb heat radiated from the Earth, thereby warming the upper atmosphere
(or stratosphere). Historically, volcanic winters have caused catastrophic famines.one
another.
 Ubinas is an active stratovolcano in southern Peru about 70 km E of the city of Arequipa. Holocene lava
flows cover its flanks, and the historical record since the mid-1500's contains evidence of minor explosive
eruptions, debris avalanches, tephra deposits, phreatic outbursts, and pyroclastic flows and lahars. An eruptive
episode that began with phreatic explosions on 1 September 2013 lasted through 27 February 2016, producing
numerous small ash emissions, several large explosions with ash plumes that rose above 10 km altitude, large
SO2 anomalies, evacuations, and several millimeters of ashfall in surrounding villages. Significant MIROVA
thermal anomalies first appeared in mid-June 2015 and persisted through January 2016. A smaller eruptive
episode described below began on 13 September 2016 and continued with intermittent explosive activity
through 2 March 2017. Information is provided by the Instituto Geofísico del Perú, Observatoria Vulcanologico
del Sur (IGP-OVS), the Observatorio Volcanológico del INGEMMET (Instituto Geológical Minero y Metalúrgico)
(OVI-INGEMMET), and the Buenos Aires VAAC (Volcanic Ash Advisory Center).After activity subsided at the end
of February 2016, Ubinas remained quiet through August 2016, with only sporadic steam and gas emissions,
and very low levels of seismicity. Seismicity increased again beginning on 9 September, and the first ash
emission of a new episode was reported on 13 September 2016. An explosion on 3 October released a
significant ash plume that rose 2 km above the 5,672-m-summit. Four additional explosions with minor ash
emissions were reported in November, and one occurred on 6 December. Webcams captured images of
sporadic low-density ash emissions throughout February 2017, with the last report of possible emissions on 2
March 2017. Emissions of steam and gas and seismicity decreased throughout April 2017, and IGP-OVS lowered
the alert level to Green by the end of May. Ubinas remained quiet through September 2017. Activity during
April-December 2016. After the small ash emission of 27 February 2016, seismicity at Ubinas dropped to very
low levels of a few events per day (BGVN 41:10, figure 40). Sporadic steam emissions with small quantities of
bluish magmatic gases rose no more than a few hundred meters above the summit during March-August 2016;
there were no reports of ash emissions. A small seismic swarm of about 100 earthquakes was recorded on 5
April. The first "tornillo" type earthquakes seen in several months appeared beginning on 4 June, indicating to
IGP-OVS the beginning of a new eruptive cycle. The lagoon that had formed at the bottom of the summit crater
due to rains earlier in the year began to disappear as the dry season approached
 Frequent historical eruptions at México's Volcán de Colima (Volcán Fuego) date back to the 16th century
and include vulcanian and phreatic explosions, lava flows, large debris avalanches, and pyroclastic flows. The
latest eruptive episode began in January 2013. Extensive activity in 2015 included near-constant ash plumes
with extensive ashfall, lava flows, and pyroclastic flows (BGVN 41:01). The eruption continued throughout 2016
until the last ash-bearing explosion was reported on 7 March 2017. This report covers the activity through June
2017. Most of the information for this report was gathered from the Unidad Estatal de Protección Civil de
Colima (UEPCC), the Centro Universitario de Estudios e Investigaciones de Vulcanologia, Universidad de Colima
(CUEIV-UdC), and the Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC).Colima was very active from January
through April 2016 with hundreds of ash emissions, and a slow-growing lava dome that was first observed on
19 February. Activity decreased during May-September, although multiple explosions with ash plumes still took
place most weeks during the period. On 30 September, the lava dome overflowed the crater rim, and sent a
slow-moving lava flow and incandescent material down the SW flank. The lava flow continued to grow, reaching
over 2 km in length by the end of October. A second lava flow appeared in mid-November, and advanced 1.7
km by early December. Strong ash-bearing explosions during December 2016-January 2017 sent plumes to
heights of 4-6 km above the crater. Activity decreased during the second half of February; the last ash-bearing
explosion was reported on 7 March 2017. Decreasing seismicity and minor landslides were reported through
June 2017 with no further eruptive activity.Incandescent activity during explosions in January 2016 sent glowing
blocks down the flanks of Colima along with spectacular lightning in the ash plumes (figure 116). Ash emissions
continued at Colima at a very high rate of multiple daily events, similar to December 2015 (figure 117). The
Washington VAAC issued multiple advisories nearly every day during the month with information based on
satellite imagery, wind data, webcam images, and notices from the México City Meteorological Watch Office
(MWO). The ash plumes rose to altitudes of 4.3-6.7 km and most commonly drifted N or E. They generally
drifted a few tens of kilometers before dissipating, but a few were still visible as far as 200 km from the summit
 Sinabung volcano is located in the Karo regency of North Sumatra, Indonesia. The current eruptive episode
commenced in late 2013, after phreatic activity in 2010, producing ash plumes, lava domes and flows, and
pyroclastic flows that caused evacuation and relocation of nearby communities. This report covers activity from
April through early July, and is based on information provided by MAGMA Indonesia, the Darwin Volcanic Ash
Advisory Center (VAAC), the Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM, also known as
PVMBG), satellite data, and field photographs. Sinabung has been on Alert Level IV, the highest hazard status,
since 2 June 2015.The eruption has built a pyroclastic flow and lava fan to the SE (figure 60). This activity
continued into 2018, with the last significant ash plume reported on 22 June (table 8). However, minor ash
emissions continued at least through 5 July 2018.

The current eruptive period at Klyuchevskoy began in late August 2015 (BGVN 39:10). Lava effusion ended in
early November 2016 (BGVN 42:04), but explosive activity continued to be observed through February 2018
(BGVN 43:05). From mid-February through mid-August 2018 moderate to weak gas and steam plumes were
observed (figure 29), but no ash plumes were reported after 15 June 2018 (figure 29). The Kamchatkan Volcanic
Eruption Response Team (KVERT) is responsible for monitoring, and is the primary source of information. The
Aviation Color Code was lowered from Orange to Yellow during this reporting period.
Sangay is the southernmost active volcano in Ecuador and has displayed frequent eruptive activity since 1628,
producing pyroclastic flows, lava flows, ash plumes, and lahars. An eruption from July through October 2017
produced ash plumes and lava flows on the ESE flank. After nine months of quiescence an eruption occurred
from 8 August to 7 December 2018, with four months of continuous activity producing ash plumes, lava flows,
and rockfalls. This report covers March through December 2018 and summarizes reports issued by the Instituto
Geofisico, the Washington Volcano Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), and satellite data.There was no reported
activity from March through July. After nine months of inactivity a new eruptive phase began on 8 August 2018.
On this day the Washington VAAC reported a possible ash plume that rose approximately 500 m above the vent
and drifted 28 km WSW. An ash plume on 11 August reached a height of 2.3 km above the crater and moved
towards the WSW. Prior to these two events, the last ash plume was detected on 13 October 2017.The NASA
Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS) thermal alert and the first thermal anomaly alert
issued by the MODVOLC near-real-time thermal monitoring algorithm for this eruptive episode was on 14
August. The eruption onset was confirmed visually on 14 August when an incandescent lava flow was seen on
the upper SE flank on a webcam image (figure 22). Sentinel-2 detected elevated temperatures at the summit
and lava effusion on the ESE flank.
The most recent eruptive period at Karymsky, on the Kamchatka Peninsula of Russia, began on 28 April 2018,
with thermal anomalies, gas-and-steam emissions, and ash plumes observed through July 2018. The current
report discusses activity through September 2018 (table 11). This report was compiled using information from
the Kamchatka Volcanic Eruptions Response Team (KVERT).KVERT reported ongoing thermal anomalies and
intermittent ash plumes over Karymsky during August and September 2018 (table 11). Ash plumes drifted 50
km SE on 7 August, and 40 km S on 25 August. Stronger activity during 10-11 September consisted of
continuous dense ash emissions along with explosions that sent plumes 5-6 km high which drifted 860 km NE.
Incandescence photographed the next night was attributed to fumarolic activity (figure 41). Ash plumes were
identified drifting 365 km E on 22-23 September. The last thermal anomaly was identified in satellite images on
28 September, and an ash plume was last visible on 30 September.

Remote Tinakula lies 100 km NE of the Solomon Trench at the N end of the Santa Cruz Islands, part of the
country of the Solomon Islands, which generally lie 400 km to the W. It has been uninhabited since an eruption
with lava flows and ash explosions in 1971 when the small population was evacuated (CSLP 87-71). The nearest
inhabitants live on Te Motu (Trevanion) Island (about 30 km S), Nupani (40 km N), and the Reef Islands (60 km E);
they occasionally report explosion noises from Tinakula. Ashfall from larger explosions has historically reached
these islands. The last reported evidence of activity came from MODVOLC thermal alerts between August 2010
and October 2012, and observations of incandescent lava blocks rolling into the sea in May 2012. A new
eruptive episode with a large ash explosion and substantial SO2 plume during 21-26 October 2017 is reported
below, along with newly available historical newspaper accounts of earlier eruptions.Reports of ash plumes are
issued by the Wellington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); the National Disaster Management Office
(NDMO) of the Solomon Islands Government also issues situation reports when significant activity is reported.
Satellite data from infrared, visual, and SO2 monitoring instruments are an important source of information for
this remote volcano. News reports from local (and social) media are often the only sources of information for
the smaller events. Recently identified 19th- and 20th-century newspaper accounts of eruptive activity
witnessed by sailors passing nearby is a valuable new resource for previously unreported events. Eruption of
21-26 October 2017. Reports of a substantial explosion with an ash plume from Tinakula appeared on social
media and in the local press during 22-26 October 2017. Staff from the Lata Met Service Office approached the
island by boat on 23 October to make direct observations (figures 17-19). A video clip from the Himawari8
Satellite showing the ash plume explosion was posted by Stephan Armbruster on Twitter on 22 October. The
Solomon Islands NDMO issued a situation report on 26 October showing ashfall covering vegetation on the
island. According to the NDMO, ashfall was concentrated on the island, although a small amount of ash drifted
SE and was reported to briefly contaminate drinking water in several communities in the nearby Reef Islands (60
km ENE) . Ashfall was also reported on Fenualoa Island (50 km ENE) (Radio New Zealand). The eruption was
categorized by NMDO as a VEI 3. A team of geologists from NDMO brought seismic monitoring equipment to
Tinakula in early November, and measured a high frequency volcanic tremor on 5 November 2017.