Course – Advanced Physical and Mechanical Metallurgy

Mid SEM

1) Draw the following: 2X5

a) Coherent and incoherent twin grain boundaries.

b) ln D versus 1/T for single and polycrystal.

c) Typical DSC peaks for recovery and recrystallization.

d) Formation of Twinning:
twin by shearing over parallel atom planes.

e) Creep rate for low, medium and high stress and T.

2) Explain the following: 2X5
a) Grain boundary energy increases with misorientation till 15° and then saturates.
With increase in boundary misorientation (for 0-15° boundaries) more dislocations are
needed. This increases the grain boundary energy. Beyond a misorientaion, dislocation
cores superimpose and boundary energy saturates.

b) What causes PLC effect in metallic materials.

Locking and un-locking of dislocations by solute atoms.

c) Why SFE affects evolution of dislocation substructure evolution.

Lower SFE increases separation between partial-dislocations. This restricts cross-slip.
High SFE material thus has stronger tendency to form dislocation cell structure.

d) In Aluminum (no annealing twins) orientations of recrystallized grains were always

present in the deformed matrix. In Brass (with annealing twins) this may not be the case.
Recrystallized nuclei in Brass can be formed through annealing twins. This will alter
the deformed orientations (with a twin orientation relationship) to a new orientation for
the recrystallized grain.

e) Why application of hydrostatic pressure improves superplasticity.

In superplastic deformation grain boundary sliding is accommodated by
counterbalancing flux of atoms and vacancies. Cavities form in case of unbalance. And
this leads to the termination of superplasticity. Application of hydrostatic pressure heals
(or closes) these cavities and thus improves superplasticity.
3) Differentiate between the following 2X5
a) Diffusivity matrix in cubic and orthorhombic crystal structures.

é D1 0 0ù
ê ú
DCubic = ê 0 D1 0ú;
êë 0 0 D1 úû

é D11 0 0 ù
ê ú
DOrthorhombic = ê 0 D22 0 ú
êë 0 0 D33 úû

b) Uniform and non-uniform elongation in a tensile test.

Till necking elongation is called uniform elongation, while post-necking elongation is
termed non-uniform.
c) Strain hardening exponent and strain rate sensitivity in a tensile test.

d) Difference between Sach’s and Taylor’s model of polycrystalline plasticity.

Single versus multiple slip.
Stress homogeneity versus strain homogeneity.

e) Orientation pinning versus solute drag in recrystallization.

Orientation pinning happens with recrystallized grain meets a deformed grain of the
similar orientation. The resultant low angle boundary is not growth favorable.
Solute Drag: Different solid solubility of the solute can give different mobility for grain
boundaries.