SCHOOL NAME

SESSION ~ 2019-20

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
PHYSICS
TOPIC – MICROSCOPE

SUBMITTED TO: - SUBMITTED BY:-

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to present my sincere gratitude

towards our physics teacher Mr. ……… Sir
for his support and guidance for our project.
I would also like to thank our respected
principal ………….. for providing us this
opportunity.
I would also like to thank my
brother for his help and support in collecting
data and making my project successful.
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that NAME of class XII has

done bonafide work in making this investigatory
project on the topic MICROSCOPE under the
guidance of physics teacher Mr. ………...
This project is in accordance with
the guidelines of CBSE.

Subject teacher’s
Principal’s
Signature
Signature
 External Teacher’s Signature
INDEX

SR.NO. CONTENT

1. Introduction

2. Microscope and its history

3. Simple microscope

4. Compound microscope

5. Resolving power
6. Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
An optical instrument is a device that either
processes light waves to enhance an image for
viewing, or analyses light waves to determine
one of a number of characteristic properties.
Some optical instruments are:
 Periscope
 Microscope
 Telescope
 Camera
 Projectors and enlargers
Some of the earliest optical instruments were
telescopes and microscopes. Another class of
optical instrument is used to analyze the
properties of light or optical materials. They
maybe –
 Interferometer
 Polarimeter
A microscope is an instrument used to see
objects that are too small to be seen by the
naked eye.
Microscopy is the science of investigating small
objects and structures using such an
instrument. Microscopic means invisible to the
eye unless aided by a microscope.
There are many different types of microscopes
available in present time such as electron
microscope, simple microscope, compound
microscope, dissecting microscope, etc.
HISTORY OF MICROSCOPE
The objects resembling lenses date back 4000
years back with GREEK accounts followed by
many centuries of writings on optics, the
earliest known simple microscopes date back to
widespread use of lenses in eyeglasses in 13 th
century.
The earliest known compound microscope,
which combines objective lens with an eye
piece, appeared in EUROPE around 1620. The
inventor is unknown but there have been
several claims for its invention.
The use of microscope by Robert Hooke and
Leeuwenhoek for their significant studies
popularized microscope.
By late 19th century, light microscopes were
developed which were clearer for studies in
microstructures.
There have been several attempts in creating
better forms of microscopes till date.
Simple microscope consists of a single lens, i.e,
eye piece. It is used to magnify small objects.
Magnification power in microscope is calculated
in terms of angular magnification.
“Angular magnification or magnifying power of
simple microscope is the ratio of angle (β)
subtended at the eye by the image at near point
(LDDV) and angle(α) subtended at eye by the object
at near point.”
Angular magnification, m=β/α
DERIVATION FOR MAGNIFICATION IN SIMPLE
MICROSCOPE
We know, angular magnification, m=

When angle is very small θ tanθ

m= 1..

In OOeO’
tanβ= OO’/OeO 2..
In IBOe
tanα= IB/OeI
Here, IB= OO’
Tanα= OO’/OeI 3..

From 1,2 and 3

m= OeI/OeO
m= -D/-ue

m= 4..
Case-1 When final image is at LDDV
ve = -D ue= -ue fe=-fe

From 4,

m= D

m= 1+

Case-2 When final image is formed at infinity

ue=f

m=
Compound microscope consists of an objective
lens and an eye piece. Objective lens is slightly
smaller in size than eye piece. Object to be
viewed is placed near objective lens and eye is
placed by the eye piece.
Magnification in a microscope is calculated in
terms of its angular magnification.
“Angular magnification in a compound
microscope is the ratio of angle(β) subtended at
the eye by the object placed at LDDV to the
angle(α) subtended by the image formed at
LDDV.”
Angular magnification, m=β/α
DERIVATION FOR MAGNIFICATION IN COMPOUND
MICROSCOPE
OBJECTIVE LENS EYE PIECE
We know, m=

For small angle, θ

m= 1..

In A’OeB’

2..

In B’’OeA’’’

3..

From 1,2 and 3

m=
here, B’’A’’’=AB
OeB’= -ue
OeB’’=-D

m=

m= m= mo.me

m=

Case-1 When image is formed at LDDV

m=

Length of tube, L=

Case-2 When final image if formed at infinity

 ve= ∞ ue=fe

m=

Length of tube,L=

Resolving power- It is defined as the

reciprocal of smallest linear separation between
two close objects that can be just resolved
when seen through the microscope.

Resolving power=
.

Where =refractive index

β= half of the angle formed by the
cone formed by rays with
mirror
λ= wavelength of light
Resolving limit- It is defined as the smallest
linear separation between two close objects
that can be just resolved when seen through
the microscope.
1
Resolving power=

www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.topperlearning.com
NCERT book
Reference books