Department of Education

Region III
Division of City of San Fernando, Pampanga
City of San Fernando, Pampanga
St. Vincent of Quebiawan Integrated School
QUARTER 2 DIVISION QUALITY ASSURED SIPACKS FOR SCIENCE 10
WEEK 3

I. OBJECTIVES
A. Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of the images formed by the different
types of mirrors and lenses.

B. Performance Standard:
The learners should be able to make informed choices on selecting the right
type of mirrors or lenses for specific purposes.

C. Learning Competency:
Predict the qualitative characteristics (location, orientation, type, and
magnification) of images formed by plane and curved mirrors and lenses.

II. CONTENT: IMAGES FORMED BY MIRRORS

III. LEARNING RESOURCES

A. References
1. Teacher’s Guide pages: 135
2. Learner’s Material pages: 173-184
3. Teacher’s Manual pages:
4. Textbook pages:
B. Other Learning Resources:

IV. PROCEDURE

LESSON 1: PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

(ELICIT)
A. Reviewing previous lesson or presenting the new lesson
Last time, you became aware of the different effects of electromagnetic waves
to our environment. To measure your understanding about the past lesson, let us
try to do the activity below.
Do pre-activity 6.1 entitled, “WHAT EFFECT DO I MAKE?”
Procedure: Using the table below, write a short description of the effects of a
particular EM wave to the environment or to a person.
PRE-ACTIVITY 1: WHAT EFFECT DO I MAKE?

EM waves Effects of the EM wave to a person or environment

Radio wave
Microwave
Infrared
Visible light
Ultraviolet

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 X-ray
Gamma ray

(ENGAGE)
B. Establishing the purpose for the lesson
Light has always been an important ingredient in the recipe of life. Without
light, life as we know it will cease to exist. Regarding this, light tends to display
various properties that make it useful and very important in our daily living. Can
you name some of these properties? Can you provide instances where light
became very useful to you?

C. Presenting examples/instances of the new lesson

Do pre-activity 6.2 entitled, “IT’S MY PROPERTY!”
Procedure: Using the following pictures, identify on what property of light is
involved in each of the illustration below. Use the terms in the textbox as
reference for your answers.
PRE-ACTIVITY 2: IT’S MY PROPERTY!

DIFFRACTION REFRACTION POLARIZATION

REFLECTION DISPERSION

TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION INTERFERENCE

Illustrations/Pictures
1. 2.

3. 4.

5. 6.

7.

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 Guide questions:
1. Which among the properties of light shown above have you encountered or
experienced?
2. In what way do these properties help you in your daily life? (choose 2)

(EXPLORE)
D. Discussing new concepts and practicing new skills #1
Do activity 6.3 entitled, “WHO WANTS TO BE A MILLIONAIRE?”
Refer on LM pp. 178-179
NOTE: questions for this activity are integrated within the procedure.

ACTIVITY 3: WHO WANTS TO BE A MILLIONAIRE?

Objectives:
● Identify the relationship between the number of images formed and the angle
between the two mirrors.
● Use the gathered data to derive the formula for determining the number of
images formed when two mirrors are kept at a certain angle.

Materials:
● 1 one-peso coin
● 1 protractor
● 2 plane mirrors (make sure to use mirrors that will fit in your paper.
● Plane mirrors are the regular mirrors you use at home.

Procedure:

1. Place two plane mirrors at an angle of 90o and place the one-peso coin
between the mirrors as shown in the figure below.

Two plane mirrors at 90-degree angle

2. Count the number of images formed. Record this in a table similar to table below.
3. Try to vary the angle between the mirrors.
Q1. What happens to the number of images formed as you vary the angle
between the mirrors?
4. Set the angle between the mirrors to 60o. Count and record again the number of
images formed.
5. Do again step 4 for angles 45o and 30 o. Enter all the values in a table similar to
table below.
Number of Images Formed

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 Angle (𝜃) Number of Images
90 o
60 o
45 o
30 o

1. Refer to the table. What relationship exists between the number of images formed
and the angle between two mirrors?

2. Use the data in the table to derive the formula for determining the number of images
formed by two mirrors?

3. How should the mirrors be arranged such that an infinite number of images will be
formed or seen?

(EXPLAIN)
E. Developing mastery
Let’s Study This! Properties of Light
From; https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/, www.toppr.com

Properties of Light

Reflection is when light bounces off an object. If the surface is smooth and shiny,
like glass, water or polished metal, the light will reflect at the same angle as it hit
the surface. This is called specular reflection. For a rough surface, reflected light
rays scatter in all directions. This is called diffuse reflection.

Refraction is the bending of light (it also happens with sound, water and other
waves) as it passes from one transparent substance into another. This bending by
refraction makes it possible for us to have lenses, magnifying glasses, prisms and
rainbows. Even our eyes depend upon this bending of light. Without refraction, we
wouldn’t be able to focus light onto our retina.

Dispersion of light is the phenomenon of splitting of a beam of white light into its
seven constituent colors when passed through a transparent medium. It was
discovered by Isaac Newton in 1666. Newton discovered that light is made up of
seven different colors. (i.e. violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red)

Interference is a phenomenon in which two waves superpose to form a resultant

wave of greater, lower, or the same amplitude. Constructive and destructive
interference result from the interaction of waves that are correlated
or coherent with each other, either because they come from the same source or
because they have the same or nearly the same frequency. Interference effects
can be observed with all types of waves, for example, light.

Total internal reflection is the phenomenon which occurs when a propagated

wave strikes a medium boundary at an angle larger than a particular critical angle
with respect to the normal to the surface. If the refractive index is lower on the other
side of the boundary and the incident angle is greater than the critical angle, the
wave cannot pass through and is entirely reflected. The critical angle is the angle
of incidence above which the total internal reflection occurs.

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 Diffraction is the slight bending of light as it passes around the edge of an object.
The amount of bending depends on the relative size of the wavelength of light to
the size of the opening. If the opening is much larger than the light's wavelength,
the bending will be almost unnoticeable. However, if the two are closer in size or
equal, the amount of bending is considerable, and easily seen with the naked eye.

Polarization is defined as a phenomenon caused due to the wave nature of

electromagnetic radiation. Sunlight travels through the vacuum to reach the Earth,
which is an example of an electromagnetic wave. These waves are called
electromagnetic waves because they form when an electric field interacts with a
magnetic field. Polarization is the property of wave that can oscillate with more than
one orientation. A light wave that is vibrating in more than one plane is referred to
as unpolarized light. The process of transforming unpolarized light into polarized
light is known as polarization of light.

(ELABORATE)
F. Finding practical applications of concepts and skills in daily living
As you have learned, light possesses different properties and each of these
properties prove to be beneficial to people. In fact, in everything we do, there is
always one or more properties of light involved. Looking your face in the mirror,
using fiber-optic internet connection and simply wearing your glasses/shades are
only few of many examples.
G. Making generalizations and abstractions about the lesson
After learning the properties of light, let us summarize the lesson as follows;

● Light has the following properties; reflection, refraction, dispersion, interference,

total internal reflection, diffraction, and polarization.
● The number of images is inversely proportional to the angle between two mirrors.
As the angle between two mirrors decreases, the number of images increases.
● Formula for calculating the number of images:
𝑜
N = 360
𝜃
−1
(EVALUATE)
H. Evaluating learning
Answer the following questions:
1. What are the seven (7) properties of light discussed earlier?
2. What property of light makes the spoon in your glass appear to be bent?
3. The light rays that go through the clouds do not appear to be straight, what
property of light involves this example?
4. What property of light makes white light to separate into seven colors?
𝑜
5. Using the formula N = 360
𝜃
− 1, find the number of images if the given angle
is 180o.

(EXTEND)
I. Additional activities for application or remediation
POST-ACTIVITY 5: “HOW RAINBOW IS FORMED?

Answer the questions below:

1. What properties of light are involved in the formation of rainbow?
2. Can you discuss on how rainbow is formed or created?

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LESSON 2: TYPES OF MIRRORS

(ELICIT)
A. Reviewing previous lesson or presenting the new lesson
Previously, you learned that light displays a number of properties. In order to
check if you really understood this lesson, perform the simple activity below.
Do pre-activity 7.1 entitled, “IT’S RIDDLE TIME!”
Procedure: Answer the riddles below.
PRE-ACTIVITY 1: IT’S RIDDLE TIME!

1. I pass through air and water, makes straw in a glass not fit together.
2. A pot of gold in rainbow’s end, but a prism can make this belief put to an
end.
3. You can see me in water but getting wet will happen never.

(ENGAGE)
B. Establishing the purpose for the lesson
Mirrors are essential to every home. They help us in our daily lives, though we
rarely ever really appreciate their usefulness. From the moment we get up at night
to the time we ready ourselves for sleep, we almost always seek for a mirror to
take a look at ourselves. Mirrors reflect to us how we look, how clothes fit us, and
how things fit. People always love to know how things look on and with them. It
gives us the chance to appreciate and be thankful. There is something to be said
about how, after a day of straining our eyes, looking at everything else in the world,
we know that we could always also look at ourselves with the help of a handy
mirror. Everywhere you go, there are always mirrors present. In your own
knowledge, are all mirrors the same? If your answer is no, how do these mirrors
differ?

C. Presenting examples/instances of the new lesson

Do pre-activity 7.2 entitled, “MIRROR! MIRROR ON THE WALL!”
Procedure: Describe the image that is formed on the following mirrors.
PRE-ACTIVITY 2: MIRROR! MIRROR ON THE WALL!

Examples of Mirrors

Side mirror of a car

Round mirror at the

corner of 7Eleven

Mirror in your
bathroom

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 Key questions:
1. In your own opinion, which among the examples of mirrors mentioned above
is the most important? Why do you say so?
2. Which do you think will give you a more detailed image? Why do you say
so?

(EXPLORE)
D. Discussing new concepts and practicing new skills #1
Do activity 7.3 entitled, “MIRRORS EVERYWHERE”
Procedure: Refer on the pictures below and identify the type of mirrors given.
ACTIVITY 3: MIRRORS EVERYWHERE

TYPES OF MIRRORS

Plane Mirror Concave Mirror Convex Mirror

Guide questions:
1. In your own experience, what physical differences do you see with these types
of mirrors?
2. What differences have you seen in terms of the image formed in each type of
mirror?
3. Which type of mirror do you think will give you different images depending on
the distance of the object from the mirror?

(EXPLAIN)
E. Developing mastery
Let’s Study This! Types of Mirrors

Types of Mirrors

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 Plane mirror is a mirror with a flat (planar) reflective surface.
For light rays striking a plane mirror, the angle of reflection equals the angle of
incidence. The angle of the incidence is the angle between the incident ray and
the surface normal (an imaginary line perpendicular to the surface). Therefore,
the angle of reflection is the angle between the reflected ray and the normal
and a collimated beam of light does not spread out after reflection from a plane
mirror, except for diffraction effects.
A plane mirror makes an image of objects in front of the mirror; these
images appear to be behind the plane in which the mirror lies. A straight line
drawn from part of an object to the corresponding part of its image makes a
right angle with, and is bisected by, the surface of the plane mirror. The image
formed by a plane mirror is always virtual (meaning that the light rays do not
actually come from the image), upright, and of the same shape and size as the
object it is reflecting. A virtual image is a copy of an object formed at the location
from which the light rays appear to come. However, the image is a laterally-
inverted "mirror image" of the object. If a person is reflected in a plane mirror,
the image of his right hand appears to be the left hand of the image.

Curved or Spherical mirror is a mirror with a curved reflecting

surface. The surface may be either convex (bulging outward)
or concave (recessed inward). Most curved mirrors have surfaces that are
shaped like part of a sphere, but other shapes are sometimes used in optical
devices. Curved mirrors are used for entertainment. They have convex and
concave regions that produce deliberately distorted images. They also provide
highly magnified or highly diminished (smaller) images when the object is
placed at certain distances.
Types of Curved Mirrors
1. Concave Mirror - Concave mirrors are spherical mirrors that curve inward
like a spoon. Also known as converging mirror.
2. Convex mirror - is a curved mirror in which the reflective surface bulges
towards the light source. Also known as diverging mirror.

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(ELABORATE)
F. Finding practical applications of concepts and skills in daily living
The following are only some of the uses of mirrors:

1. Because mirrors reflect light, they create an illusion of open space by doubling
whatever is in a room. Interior decorators use mirrors to make rooms feel larger
and more inviting than they truly may be. Certain styles of mirrors may give a
room a certain atmosphere based on their appearance.
2. People use mirrors for safety. Auto manufacturers place mirrors on the sides of
vehicles so a driver has a better scope of traffic. Security personnel may use
mirrors to view areas of a parking garage.
3. Fashion designers use mirrors to look at their clothing or accessories from
multiple angles at once. This helps them judge the overall impact and practicality
of the design. Even department stores often have three-way mirrors so that
customers can study the way clothing fits before purchasing the item.
G. Making generalizations and abstractions about the lesson
After learning the types of mirrors, let us summarize the lesson as follows;

● A mirror is an object such that each narrow beam of light that strikes on its
surface bounces (is reflected) in a single direction.
● There are two (2) types of mirrors: plane and curved or spherical.
● Plane mirror is a mirror with a flat (planar) reflective surface.
● Curved or Spherical mirror is a mirror with a curved reflecting surface.
● There are two types of curved mirrors: concave and convex.
● Concave mirrors are spherical mirrors that curve inward like a spoon. Also
known as converging mirror.
● Convex mirror is a curved mirror in which the reflective surface bulges towards
the light source. Also known as diverging mirror.

(EVALUATE)
H. Evaluating learning
Answer the following questions: Five (5) points each

1. What is the difference between plane and curved or spherical mirrors?

_______________________________________________________________

2. Can you give the differences between a concave and a convex mirror?

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 _______________________________________________________________

(EXTEND)
I. Additional activities for application or remediation
POST-ACTIVITY 4: LET’S FIGURE OUT!

Answer the question below:

1. Have you seen an ambulance? Did you notice that the word “AMBULANCE” in
front of the vehicle is inverted? What is the explanation for this?

LESSON 3: IMAGES FORMED BY PLANE MIRROR

(ELICIT)
A. Reviewing previous lesson or presenting the new lesson
Previously, you learned the types of mirrors. In order to check if you really
understood this lesson, perform the simple activity below.
Do pre-activity 8.1 entitled, “JUMBLED TIME!”
Procedure: Given that the items are jumbled, rearrange the letters to identify the
correct word in each number.
PRE-ACTIVITY 1: JUMBLED TIME!

1. A P N L E O R M R I R - A mirror with a flat (planar) reflective surface.

2. U R C D E V R I R M R O – A mirror with a curved reflecting surface.
3. A V E C O N C R O R M I R - A type of spherical mirror that curves inward
like a spoon.
4. O N E X V C R O R R M I – A curved mirror in which the reflective surface
bulges towards the light source.

(ENGAGE)
B. Establishing the purpose for the lesson
We know that the use of a plane mirror is to see the reflection of objects.
We use mirrors in almost every place. We use it when there is a need to look at
what’s behind us. Why do you think some bedrooms or rooms put plane mirror on
their wall?

C. Presenting examples/instances of the new lesson

Do pre-activity 8.2 entitled, “FACE YOUR SELF”
Note: The questions in this activity are integrated in the procedure.
PRE-ACTIVITY 2: “FACE YOUR SELF”

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 Procedure:
1. Face a mirror (five steps away), a large one is recommended. But a small
mirror is enough.
2. Raise your right hand in front of the mirror.

Q1. Which hand did your image raise?

3. Raise your left hand in front of the mirror.

Q2. Which hand did your image raise?

4. Move backwards (preferably 3 steps away).

Q3. What happened to your image?

5. Move forward (preferably 6 steps toward the mirror).

Q4. What happened to your image?

Q5. What can you say about your distance to the mirror and your image’s
distance to the mirror? Are they the same? Explain your answer.
(EXPLORE)
D. Discussing new concepts and practicing new skills #1
Do activity 8.3 entitled, “ANGLE OF INCIDENCE VS. ANGLE OF REFLECTION”
Procedure: Here is a blank mirror diagram. Use a ruler and protractor to draw
the ray diagram. Remember the following rules.
1. The angle of incidence (θi) should be the equal to the angle of reflection (θr).
2. These angles are measured from a normal line drawn at that point where the
light ray is incident.
3. Use a ruler to verify that θi = θr

Note: You may read the discussion on the EXPLAIN part to help you perform this
activity.

Sample Illustration: Draw ray 1 from the object to any point on the mirror, label
this point on the mirror A. Light striking a mirror obeys the law of reflection about
the angles, the angle of incidence (θi) is always equal to the angle of reflection (θr).
Thus, ray 1 is reflected toward the observers eye the same angle.

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 ACTIVITY 8.3: ANGLE OF INCIDENCE VS. ANGLE OF REFLECTION

object

Key question
1. How does the angle of incidence compare with the angle of reflection?

(EXPLAIN)
E. Developing mastery
Let’s Study This! Reflection of Light

Reflection of Light
Reflection of light occurs when the waves encounter a surface or other
boundary that does not absorb the energy of the radiation and bounces the waves
away from the surface such as mirror and water.

The reflection of light can be roughly categorized into two types of

reflection
Regular/Specular reflection
is defined as light reflected
from a smooth surface at a
definite angle
Irregular/Diffuse reflection is
produced by rough surfaces
that tend to reflect light in all
directions

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 The incoming light wave is referred to as an incident wave, and the wave
that is bounced away from the surface is termed as the reflected wave.

Law of Reflection

● The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection: θi = θr

● Incident ray, the normal ray, and reflected ray lie in one plane.
Note:
● The angles are always measured with respect
to the normal to the surface.
● The law of reflection is also consistent with the
particle picture of light.

Here are descriptions for the terms in this diagram:

▪ The ray of light which strikes the surface is called the incident ray.
▪ The ray of light which leaves the surface is called the reflected ray.
▪ A line perpendicular to the surface is imagined at the point of reflection. This line
is called a normal. In this context the word normal means perpendicular. In the
above diagram the normal is imaginary line.
▪ The angle between the incident ray and the normal is called the angle of
incidence, or the incident angle.
▪ The angle between the reflected ray and the normal is called the angle of
reflection, or the reflected angle.
▪ Notice that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

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 Mirror Left-Right Reversal/Lateral Inversion

Reversals in a Flat Mirror

● A flat mirror produces an image that has an

apparent left-right reversal.
● For example, if you raise your right hand the image
you see raises its left hand.
● The reversal is not actually a left-right reversal.
● The reversal is actually a front-back reversal.
● It is caused by the light rays going forward toward
the mirror and the reflecting back from it.

(ELABORATE)
F. Finding practical applications of concepts and skills in daily living
The following are some uses of plane mirror.

1. Periscope is an instrument used for observing over, around or through an

obstacle or object which is prevented by direct line of sight. In the periscope,
light hits the top mirror at 45° and reflects away at the same angle. The light
then bounces down to the bottom mirror. When that reflected light hits the
second mirror it is reflected again at 45° right into your eyes. It was widely used
during World War II in tanks and armored vehicles.
2. Kaleidoscope makes magic with light and mirrors. It may be considered a
child’s toy (or a toy for all ages), but it is also a simple optical device with
technical application for designers and pattern-makers.
3. Overhead projector like a film or slide projector, uses light to project an enlarge
image on the screen.
4. SLR camera is a camera that typically uses a mirror and prism system (hence
“reflex” from the mirror’s reflection) that permits the photographer to view
through the lens and see exactly what will be captured.

G. Making generalization and abstractions about the lesson

After learning the reflection of light, let us summarize the lesson as follows:

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 ● Reflection of light occurs when the waves encounter a surface or other
boundary that does not absorb the energy of the radiation and bounces the
waves away from the surface such as mirror and water.
● The reflection of light can be roughly categorized into two types of reflection.
Regular/Specular reflection is defined as light reflected from a smooth
surface at a definite angle. Example: image formed in mirrors, still water and
shiny surfaces. Irregular/Diffuse reflection is produced by rough surfaces that
tend to reflect light in all directions. Examples: Image formed by disturbed
water, paper, and other rough surfaces.
● The law of reflection state that, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection: θi = θr. Incident ray, the normal ray, and reflected ray lie in one plane.

● The ray of light which strikes the surface is called the incident ray.

● The ray of light which leaves the surface is called the reflected ray.

● A line perpendicular to the surface is imagined at the point of reflection. This

line is called a normal. In this context the word normal means perpendicular.

(EVALUATE)
H. Evaluating learning
Answer the following questions:
1. How does reflection of light happen?
2. Which of the two (2) types of reflection is also known as specular reflection?
3. State the law of reflection.
4. A periscope is an instrument for observation over, around or through an
obstacle. Explain how light travels in a periscope.

(EXTEND)
I. Additional activities for application or remediation
POST-ACTIVITY 4: MIRROR ME!

Using a mirror, write the following words in correct manner

1.

2.

3.

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