Step 4 - to analyze the waves behavior in guided mediums and radiation

Individual work

Student name: JULIAN ANDREY GOMEZ

Group: 203058_15

Identification number: 80733781

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

 2019 16-04

Introduction

In the content of this work, we can observe the different kinds of impedances, as well
as the respective formulas to find them, we will also find the Smith Letter, which is a
great simulation tool, this allows us to compare the results obtained mathematically
with the simulated ones.

Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What do you understand by transmission line? Mention some types.

The transmission lines confine the electromagnetic energy to a region of space
limited by the physical environment that constitutes the line itself, unlike the
waves that propagate in the air, with no other barrier than the obstacles in its
path. The line is formed by electrical conductors with a certain geometric
arrangement that determines the characteristics of the electromagnetic waves in it.
Transmission lines are classified into two groups
Balanced
they are lines of two wires which both are current carriers, one of them carries the
signal and the other returns it, this type of transmission is classified as a
differential or balanced signal transmission, this signal propagated within the wire
is the potential differential Between two conductors it is used in communications
systems to connect antennas in which balanced characteristics are required, for
example, open or bent dipoles, antennas, among others.
Unbalanced
They are lines that can have air dielectric, as in the case of telephone lines
mounted on poles or use unbalanced solid dielectrics. In this type of lines, one of
the conductors is usually grounded and the most abundant example is the line or
coaxial cable, widely used in communications systems.
Bifilar line
Formed by two parallel conductors. Its different varieties are used in telephony and
data transmission, to connect generators and antennas at frequencies from 300
KHz to 30 MHz.
 Coaxial
Formed by two concentric conductors separated by a solid dialectic. They are
used in broadband systems such as multichannel telephony and television.
Micro-tape
Built on a printed circuit board, with 2 conductors, one on one side of the card
and the other on the ground plane.

2. What is a bounded transmission line?

The transmission lines confine the electromagnetic energy to a region of space

limited by the physical environment that constitutes the line itself, the line is
formed by electrical conductors with a determined geometric arrangement that
conditions the characteristics of the electromagnetic waves in it.

3. Define the following electrical parameters of transmission lines:

a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .

The input impedance is a load connected to the end of the receiver in a

short or open circuit that can be resistive, inductive or capacitive
depending on the distance that exists. The input impedance equation is
given by:

b. Stationary wave ratio 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅.

The SWR is generally considered in terms of the maximum and minimum

AC voltages along the transmission line, which is why it is called the
voltage standing wave relationship or VSWR. The SWR can also be defined
as the ratio between the maximum amplitude and the minimum amplitude
of the transmission line currents, the intensity of the electric field or the
 intensity of the magnetic field. Regardless of the loss of the transmission
line, these relationships are similar.

c. Physical length 𝐿 and electrical length 𝓁.

Physical length:
It is defined as the distance that joins 2 points and, through the length,
the vertical length that is the height is obtained and, if taken into account
a horizontal length is synonymous with width.
The electrical length:
is a unit of measurement used in the study of transmission lines of
electrical energy Normally this magnitude is designated with the letter θ.
It is defined as the product between the phase constant of the wave and
the distance at which they are separated from the load. A) :
θ = β · d when developing this formula, you have to:
θ = β · d = (2π / λ) · d = 2π · d / λ
where the distance to the load is expressed as a function of the wave.
This parameter depends on the frequency: it seems that the load "is
further" (in electrical length) when the distance increases. This is because
you have to go through more spatial periods of the wave (wavelengths).

4. What is the purpose of Smith's Letter in the study of the propagation of waves?

It is to represent the entire complex plane and offers a graphical method of

calculation with complex numbers. Like any graphic method, the accuracy is
lower than that obtained by analytical methods of calculation. In practice, it is
almost never necessary to have greater precision than those provided by this
graphic method, and proof of this is that despite all the electronic calculation
tools currently available

Application exercises:

1. A coaxial line has the following characteristics:

Geometric parameters: 𝑎 = 0.35𝑚𝑚 𝑏 = 30𝑚𝑚 𝑡 = (15 + 10)𝜇𝑚 = 25𝜇𝑚
Conductor properties: (conductivity) 𝜎𝑐 = 5.8𝑥107 𝑆𝑚/𝑚
 Properties of the insulator: 𝜎𝑑 = 1𝑥10−16 𝑆𝑚/𝑚 𝜖𝑟 = 2.25 𝜇𝑟 = 1
Applied signal frequency: 𝑓 = 807 𝐾𝐻𝑧.

a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.

With the data provided in the exercise, the first thing we are going to calculate is the
depth of penetration of the wave in the conductor, for this we use the following
formula:
1 1
𝛿𝑝 = =
√𝜋 𝑓 𝜎𝑐 𝜇0 √𝜋 807000 5.8𝑥107 1.257𝑥10−6

𝜹𝒑 = 𝟕. 𝟑𝟓𝟔𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒎
The range show now:
350 𝜇𝑚 > 73.56 𝜇𝑚 > 25 𝜇𝑚

Since the penetration depth value 𝛿𝑝 = 73.56 𝜇𝑚 is greater than the value of a =
0.35mm, we say that it is medium frequency, so for this we will use the medium
frequency formula:
For the resistance (R):
1 1 𝑅𝐴𝐶 1
𝑅= ( 2∗ + )
𝜋 ∗ 𝜎𝑐 𝑎 𝑅𝐷𝐶 2𝑏𝑡
𝑅𝐴𝐶
= 𝟑. 𝟎𝟎𝟓
𝑅𝐷𝐶
𝐎𝐡𝐦
𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟏
𝐦
For the conductance (G):
2 𝜋 ∗ 𝜎𝑑
𝐺=
𝑏
𝐿𝑛 (𝑎)
−16
𝐺 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟐 ∗ 10
For the inductance (L):
𝜇0 𝑏
𝐿= [1 + 2ln( )]
4𝜋 𝑎
𝐿 = 𝟗. 𝟗𝟎𝟐𝑥10−7
For the capacitance (C):
 2𝜋 ∗ 𝜀
𝐶=
𝑏
ln(𝑎)

𝐶 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟐𝑥10−11

b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters

𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍0 .
Now we will calculate the Propagation constant, for this we will use the following
formula

With the values of the R, L, G and C, solve:

𝜸 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟕 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟔𝟕𝟔𝐣
Then we find the values of alpha (Attenuation constant) and beta (Phase constant):
𝜶 = 𝑹𝒆(𝜸) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟕 𝑵𝒑/𝒎
𝜷 = 𝑰𝒎 (𝜸) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟔𝟕𝟔 𝑹𝒂𝒅/𝒎
Now we will calculate the intrinsic impedance of the line, for this we will use the
following formula

𝒁𝒐 = 𝟏𝟖𝟕. 𝟔𝟔𝟐𝟓𝟖 − 𝟐. 𝟓𝟖𝟑𝟖𝟕 𝐣 𝑶𝒉𝒎

c. Calculate the propagation velocity 𝑉𝑝 , the wavelength 𝜆 and the attenuation

𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 .
Now we will calculate the propagation speed, for this we will use the following
formula:
2∗𝜋∗𝑓
𝑉𝑝 =
𝛽
𝑽𝒑 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟗𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎/𝒔

The wavelength 𝜆:
 𝟐𝝅
𝝀= = 𝟐𝟑𝟒. 𝟕𝟗𝟗𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟖 𝒎
𝜷
Attenuation 𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 :
𝑵𝒑
𝜶𝒅𝑩/𝑲𝒎 = −𝟖. 𝟔𝟖 ∗ 𝜶 ( ) = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟏 𝒅𝑩/𝒎
𝒎

2. A 𝑍𝑜 = 50Ω lossless transmission line has a 𝑍𝐿 = 45 − 𝑗75Ω. If it is 𝐺𝐺 𝑚 long

and the wavelength is 𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑚𝑚. Find and probe with the smith chart:
a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .
b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).
c. VSWR.

Figure 2: Graphic representation of the transmission line.

3. Bearing in mind that Smith's letter is used to determine parameters of the

transmission lines, use the "Smith 4.1" software found in the practical learning
environment to check the results obtained in point 2.
a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .
b. Reflection coefficient Γ.
c. VSWR.
d. Find an electrical length 𝓁 where the input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 is real.
 Figure 3: Letter of Smith.

Conclusions

Conclusion 1:

Conclusion 2:

The conclusions should be written with their own words and should focus on the
concepts explored, learned, discovered and practiced in the development of the
activity, it is suggested to present a conclusion by topic, the result of learning
obtained as evidence of conceptual assimilation.

To obtain a good writing it is suggested to read the written several times, correcting
and adjusting the text until obtaining a clear and coherent postulate. Avoid
superficiality and simplicity.

Bibliography

Bibliography 1:
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Physical book.
Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the book. (pp. xx-xx). City, Country:
Editorial.

Chapter of a physical book.

Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the chapter or the entry. Title of the book
(pp. xx-xx). City, Country: Editorial.

Ebook.
Surname, A. (Year). Title of the book. (pp. xx-xx). Country: Editorial. Retrieved from
http: // ...

Chapter of an electronic book.

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(pp. xx-xx). City, Country: Editorial. Retrieved from http: // ...

Internet video.
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