Enserio Education 2019-Test 3 model answers

1 (a) Comment on the misuse of Psychological tests. What precautions should be taken to
prevent their misuse ? (10)

Answer Approach and Marking Guideline :

• In one line, tell how Psychological tests are of immense use, however, there are some
concerns regarding their mis-use - 1 mark
• Mention at least 3 grounds where mis-use is possible (you will find them in all standard
books including NCERT, Baron and Smarak Swain) - 2 marks
• Give at least 2 examples, where a specific Psychological test e.g. IQ test or MMPI-2 test
results can result in a specific type of mis-use - 1 mark for each example
• Mention at least 3 points of precaution (e.g. Use of the tests by only trained
Psychologists ; data secrecy etc. ) - 1 mark
• Bonus 1 to 1.5 marks - if you have quoted a historical case in which a Psychological test
was a grossly mis-used.

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1 (b) Discuss the scope of ergonomics in improving the work environment of civil servants in
India. (10)

Answer Approach and Marking Guideline :

• Define Ergonomics - 1.5 mark
• List out within 15-20 words (either point or para), the kind of difficulties and discomfort
the civil servants face in India in their day- to-day work environment. - 1.5 mark
• Mention at least 4 ergonomic interventions which will help solve the problems
mentioned in the above point - 3 marks
• Bonus 1 to 1.5 marks : If you have cited an example of a public office in India where
work efficiency improved after making some ergonomic changes.

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1 (c) What is “sensitivity training” ? Why its relevance is said to be increasing in

contemporary times? (10)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_training
https://businessjargons.com/sensitivity-training.html

Answer Approach and Marking Guideline :

• Define and explain sensitivity training with example and a brief procedure - 3 marks
• Mention the name of Kurt Lewin and his contribution - 1 mark
• Mention at least 3 points why it is becoming more important in contemporary times with
examples of real-life settings (e.g. globalisation , inter- cultural exchanges, gender parity
etc. ) - 2 marks
• Bonus : if you draw a diagram such as the one below OR if you give a real life example
of a workplace in a situation where sensitivity training becomes a necessity. - 1 to 1.5
marks

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1 (d) Explain the essence of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (10)

Answer Approach and Marking Guideline :

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy

One can write 1000 words on CBT , but in this question you have to mention the most

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essential aspects of CBT :
• its evolution
• its pros and cons
• its use cases and efficacy
• how it has a distinct paradigm when compared to other forms of therapy.

- all this within 1.5 sheets of an A-4 paper (~140words) .The examiner can award anywhere
between 3 to 7 marks depending upon the essential aspects touched and use of proper
keywords.

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1 (e) What strategies would you recommend to rehabilitate women who have been victims of
extreme domestic violence ? (10)

Answer Approach and Marking Guideline :

• Briefly outline how widespread is the phenomenon of domestic violence (give a data if
possible for Indian context) - 15 words (1.5 mark)
• Mention in brief the major problems and challenges the victims of extreme domestic
violence face - 1.5 mark
• Mention at least 4 of the following aspects of the rehabilitation strategy to be followed in
such cases : (3 marks)
• Activities for boosting self-esteem (e.g. positive feedback loop)
• Provide safety in a residential setting, away from the abuser’s influence;
• Presence of peer group in the setting
• Public sessions/talks /videos of women who have recovered from domestic
violence and are now living a normal life again - so as to serve as a “role model”
for the victim with whom she can relate and identify
• Give emotional comfort through individual therapy, where her feelings are
validated and she feels empowered to participate in her recovery;
• In-depth aftercare plan to identify her options after treatment and develop a
safety plan.

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• Bonus marks ( 1 to 2 marks) : if you could mention some institutions (preferably in

India ) who have done some great work in such kind of rehab and cite their strategy in
brief.

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2 (a) Enumerate and briefly explain some Psychological principles underlying effective
teaching-learning process. (15)

http://psychlearningcurve.org/these-psychological-principles-will-help-your-students-learn-
more-effectively/

Answer Approach and Marking Guideline :

• Give a brief context of how teaching and learning in times of gadgets, e-learning etc. is
getting complex and needs use of Psychological principles for better results. (1 marks)
• Start from Learning (reinforcement, modelling, Vygotsky (scaffolding) - social learning) to
human development chapter (Piaget, adolescence), to motivation (intrinsic, goal setting),
social psychology etc. and use elements of these theories to come up with points which
can be applied for better pedagogy. Give at least 7-8 points divided into sub-headings
from the above - 7 marks
• Bonus : (2-3 marks) Give examples of the use of technology - audio visual, activity
based curriculum , use keywords like Atal Innovation Mission (Atal Tinkering Labs) etc.

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2 (b) Comment on the effectiveness of Psychodynamic therapies. Substantiate your answer.

(15)
https://www.simplypsychology.org/psychodynamic.html
Answer Approach and Marking Guideline :
• Tell in brief about Psychodynamic therapies - their origin, assumptions, use cases and the
various procedures. - 3 marks
• Mention Freud , Erikson, Adler et al. - 1 mark
• Mention at least 2 positive points - 2 marks

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• Mention at-least 4 points of criticism stating why the therapy is not effective. ( can be
found in Smarak Swain, Baron or any other standard text) - 3 marks
• Bonus (1-3 marks) : If you have mentioned name of psychologists who have denounced
the effectiveness of Psychodynamic therapies OR you have mentioned studies which
show that other forms of therapies are more effective.

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2 (c) Explain the Psychological principles involved when “small groups in social action”
bring about effective changes in the society. Cite examples. (20)

Answer Approach and Marking Guideline :

• Explain what is meant by “small groups in action” - 2 marks
• Cite at least 4-5 Psychological principles which makes small groups in action successful.
You can take hints from the table below. - 5 marks
• Give examples or hypothetical real life scenario for each point. Show your understanding
of Psychology and unleash your creativity here. Don’t even hesitate to cite a scene from a
movie (e.g. Lagaan/Swades) , where a small number of people dedicated towards a goal
are able to achieve it and also bring about social change (e.g. removal of untouchability,
creating cognitive dissonance against a positive attitude towards caste system - like the

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Protagonist along with does in Swades. The only criteria is that your concept should be
accurate and the example being cited should be appropriate to the questions asked. It is
these kind of innovations in 20 markers and 15 markers that give you an edge of other
aspirants in Paper-2. - 5 marks

Core Characteristics of Groups

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3 (a) How can teachers help meet the educational needs of a child suffering from ADHD ?
(15)

https://www2.ed.gov/rschstat/research/pubs/adhd/adhd-teaching-2008.pdf
Answer Approach and Marking Guideline :
• Explain what is meant by ADHD and briefly describe the characteristics of an ADHD

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child. - 3 marks
• Outline the problems in academic learning of children with ADHD - 2 marks
• Mention some strategies which teachers can follow to educate ADHD children - 4 marks
(make use of the PDF source mentioned above )
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3 (b) “A rehabilitation Psychologist is both a scientist and an artist.” Elaborate. (15)

Answer Approach and Marking Guideline :

• Explain the broad role of a rehab Psychologist - 2 marks
• Explain the elements of job of a rehab Psychologist which make him a scientist
(methodical approach) - 3 marks
• Explain the elements of job of a rehab Psychologist which make him a artist (sensitive,
adaptive ) - 3 marks
• Conclude by saying that there has to be a custom mix of artistic and scientific mix of
abilities in a good rehab psychologist, depending upon the patient. - 1 mark

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3 (c) What are the steps involved in the construction of a Psychological test ? Briefly explain
the significance of each step. (20)

http://psychologicaltesting.com/testing-tools/construction/

Answer Approach and Marking Guideline :

• List down all the steps involved in construction of a test - 4 marks
• For each step, give a sub-heading and provide a small description of the step - 3 marks
• For each step, explain the significance of the step - describe what will happen if that step
is not followed or is wrongly carried out. - 3 marks
• Take example of a test, such as a test to measure personality fit of candidates applying for
defence forces. For this, depict all steps it will have to go through - 2 marks
• Bonus marks (1-3 marks) : If you have mentioned for some of the steps at least, some
examples of actual tests/studies where things have gone wrong due to non-adherence/

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faulty execution of that step.

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4 (a) Is Herzberg's theory relevant for understanding work motivation in Indian
organisations ? Explain.(15)

Answer Approach and Marking Guideline :

• Briefly explain Herzberg’s theory - 2 marks
• Draw a schematic diagram (something similar to below) explaining the theory - 1 mark

• Explain how Herzberg’s theory “broadly" applies to Indian context - that there are hygiene
and motivation factors in Indian context. Give an example - 2 marks
• Then say that when it comes to specifics of the theory, it may not be accurately applicable
to Indian context. Augment your statement by taking names of Psychologists who have
argued against cross-cultural validity of the theory. Below is a screenshot from Smarak
Swain’s book..take hints from it. -3 marks

• Give example of a Indian employee in a MSME , who is struggling to feed his family (or
something similar) and contradict Herzberg’s theory using this context. - 1 to 2 marks

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depending upon the lucidity of explanation and depiction of accurate conceptual clarity.

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4 (b) Enumerate and briefly explain the methods to tackle Substance Abuse Disorders (15)

Answer Approach and Marking Guideline :

• Briefly explain what is meant by Substance Abuse Disorders , types of problems the
patient and close ones have to go through - 1.5 mark
• As the question says “tackle” - arrange your answer into the following sub-headings and
give at least 2 points of action to “tackle” SAD under each
• Prevention - 2.5 marks
• Intervention and Counselling - 2.5 marks
• Aftercare and Relapse prevention - 2.5 marks
• Conclude by mentioning some modern and traditional approaches to tackle SAD , such
as virtual reality , Yoga etc. - 1 mark

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4 (c) Discuss the idea of “Client Centred Therapy”. What are its distinctive features and
criticisms ? (20)

Answer Approach and Marking Guideline :

• Explain what is meant by CCT and the procedure involved depicting conceptual clarity -
3 marks
• Mention the name of Carl Rogers and his contribution - 1 mark
• While explaining, mention and elaborate the meaning of keywords such as Unconditional
Positive Regard, incongruence, distorted perceptions etc. - 2 marks
• Draw a diagram explaining Roger’s idea of congruence and incongruence - 1 mark
• Mention some use-cases of CCT - 1 mark

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• List down some positive aspects of the therapy - 2 marks
• List down some negative aspects (ineffectiveness/criticisms of the theory - 2 marks)
• Bonus : If you mention some real life example to depict the idea of “incongruence” - (1 to
3 marks) depending upon lucidity of expression and accuracy of the relation between the
example and the concept.

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5 (a) What do you understand by “least restrictive environment” while imparting education to
mentally retarded children? Comment whether students with learning disabilities should be
taught in normal schools. (10)

Answer Approach and Marking Guideline :

• Explain the concept of LRE in general - 1 mark
• Specifically explain what LRE would mean in terms of mentally retarded children - 1
mark
• Explain the procedures and design to ascertain that environment is least restrictive for
mentally retarded children with different levels of disability. - 2 marks
• Comment specifically on the pros and cons of children with learning disabilities being
taught in normal schools. Conclude with a mid-way solution (e.g. special classes apart
from the normal schooling ) - 2 marks
• Bonus : Draw this diagram - 1 mark

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5 (b) Suggest methods to arouse community consciousness for rights of LGBTs . (10)

Answer Approach and Marking Guideline :

• Briefly highlight the socio-psychological problems being faced by LGBTs . Use
Psychological terminology and keywords like “self-esteem” , “self-identity” etc. - 2
marks
• Mention any 4 of the following with 2-3 lines description of each - 4 marks
• Use of social media
• “Small groups in action” - especially in cities
• Create atmosphere of “acceptance” of LGBT community by making it normal
and removing “stereotypical behaviours” in movies and T.V. shows.
• Cognitive angle : Spreading
• Identification and Modelling : Host programme such as TED talks by highly
successful figures who are from the community e.g. Tim Cook (Apple Inc.’s
CEO) , Giorgio Armani (Fashion icon) , Peter Thiel (co-Founder of Paypal ),
Megan Ellison (4 time Oscar winner) et. al.
• Outdoor events like “LGBT Pride day” etc. coupled with events like Marathon
and other contest to raise awareness.

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5 (c) List down some Psychological strategies you would suggest to improve the quality of
value education in primary schools of India. (10)

Answer Approach and Marking Guidelines

Focus on the two keywords here
1. Value education
2. Primary schools
Now add a third element to these two - Psychology.
If you are able to create an answer within 140 words which shows the use of “Psychological
techniques” in imparting “value education” to “primary school students” - you will get
anywhere between 3 to 7 marks depending on the quality of points and their practicality.
It is important NOT to drift towards GS type answer and say things like Sarv Shikhsa
Abhiyaan etc. Rather use keywords and terminologies like “Scaffolding” (Vygotsky),

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“Modelling”/vicarious learning , “Ecological Model of development” , “Bandura” “ Positive
reinforcement” , “Piaget” etc. and other principles of learning, motivation, human
psychological development etc.

For bonus marks - Remember to give examples involving all three elements. e.g. Imparting
the value of “truthfulness” for primary school students would be easier if stories of
“Panchtantra/ Hitopdesh” etc. be made activity based which helps in deeper learning

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5 (d) What bases of power are used by successful leaders to exercise influence within
organisations? Discuss. (10)

Answer Approach and Marking Guidelines

• Explain in 20-25 words, the meaning of influence in organisations and why successful
leaders need it. - 1 mark
• Mention any 4 of the 6 following bases with 2-3 lines description of each - 2.5 marks

• Real-life example of at least 2 of the 4 points - 2.5 marks

• Bonus : 1 mark for very appropriate quality of examples such as : Mahatma Gandhi used
his “charisma” and “righteousness” to exert his “influence” in an organisation as big as
Indian National Congress which already had leaders like Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai

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5 (e) How do different schools of Psychology explain “Generalised Anxiety Disorder” ? (10)

Answer Approach and Marking Guidelines

• Briefly explain what is meant by GAD, the symptoms, effects and causes within 25-30
words - 2 marks
• Mention the explanation of GAD by each of the following schools of thought . Dedicate
two lines in explanation of each
• Behavioural - 1 mark
• Cognitive - 1 mark
• Freudian/Psychodyanamic - 1 mark
• Modern view - (take into account genetics, hormones etc. ) - 1 mark
• (Traditional/Eastern/Indian )- optional - 1 bonus mark

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