Effects of Mobile Addiction on Grade 11 Students in UC- Metc

Prepared by:

Victor Joseph Batucan

Jason Belano

Alfredo Cabatingan

France Pangandoyon

Jose Nicolas Señires

PBMS 11- Humility

Mr. Jeffrey Taña

December 18, 2018

 Chapter 1

PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Rationale

21st century is the covenant of technology, a lot of new inventions are

made almost every day. Like phones, a lot of new model of phones are launched
every few months that have new and advanced specs. But are these phones
really using the way they are supposed to be used? According to the New York
Times, In India, a government official gave 2.9 million cellphones to win in the
elections and The Royal Air Force of the United Kingdom distributed mobile
phones to refugees in Northern Iraq. These acts of the 2 countries clearly show
the positive and negative effects of phones, like in India the phones were used in
electioneering which is clearly not allowed and broke the laws of election. But
phones are really useful and help make our lives and help give satisfaction to our
needs in life but the idea or true purpose of the phone is abused and which
caused multiple damage or bad effects to people especially the younger
generations.

Worldwide, smartphones were used by 1.85 billion people in 2014. This

number is expected to be 2.32 billion in 2017 and 2.87 billion in 2020 (Statista,
2017). In 2015, a median of 54 percent across 21 emerging and developing
countries such as Malaysia, Brazil, and China reported using the Internet at least
occasionally or owning a smartphone. In comparison, a median of 87 percent
reported the same across 11 advanced economies, including the United States
and Canada, major Western European nations, developed Pacific nations
(Australia, Japan, and South Korea), and Israel (Pew Research Center, 2016).

There are plenty of studies about mobile addiction. However, there are no
specifications on how this occur or apparent among grade 11 students in UC-
METC. It is in this right that the researchers concluded this study to point out the
mobile phone addiction behavior and awareness on managing of time among
grade 11 students of UC-METC. The purpose of this study is to spread awareness
to the students of UC-METC on the mobile addicts.

The researchers also aim to identify the effects on how mobile addiction
interferes with day to day routine. The researchers furtherly, aim to minimize its
effect, evaluate possible solutions and construct frameworks to improve time
management, academic performance and health among grade 11 Senior High
School students of UC-METC.
Theoretical Background

This study is anchored on the following theories: Social Theories and

Group Theories.

Social Theories 'Social' theories focus on how humans and technology affect
each other. Some theories focus on how decisions are made with humans and
technology: humans and technology are equal in the decision, humans drive
technology, and vice versa. The interactions used in a majority of the theories on
this page look at individual human's interactions with technology, but there is a
sub-group for a group of people interacting with technology. The theories
described are purposefully vague and ambiguous, since the circumstances for
the theories change as human culture and technology innovations change.
MacKenzie and Wajcman (1985). Under Social theory are the following :

Actor-network theory (ANT) – posits a heterogeneous network of humans

and non-humans as equal interrelated actors. It strives for impartiality in the
description of human and nonhuman actors and the reintegration of the natural
and social worlds. For example, Latour (1992) argues that instead of worrying
whether we are anthropomorphizing technology, we should embrace it as
inherently anthropomorphic: technology is made by humans, substitutes for the
actions of humans, and shapes human action. What is important is the chain and
gradients of actors' actions and competences, and the degree to which we
choose to have figurative representations. Key concepts include
the inscription of beliefs, practices, relations into technology, which is then said
to embody them. Key authors include Latour (1997) and Callon (1999).
Structuration theory – defines structures as rules and resources organized
as properties of social systems. The theory employs a recursive notion of actions
constrained and enabled by structures which are produced and reproduced by
that action. Consequently, in this theory technology is not rendered as an
artifact, but instead examines how people, as they interact with a technology in
their ongoing practices,enact structures which shape their emergent and situated
use of that technology. Key authors include DeSanctis and Poole (1990), and
Orlikowski (1992).

Systems theory – considers the historical development of technology and

media with an emphasis on inertia and heterogeneity, stressing the connections
between the artifact being built and the social, economic, political and cultural
factors surrounding it. Key concepts include reverse salients when elements of a
system lag in development with respect to others, differentiation, operational
closure, and autopoietic autonomy. Key authors include Thomas P.
Hughes (1992) and Luhmann (2000).

Activity theory - considers an entire work/activity system (including teams,

organizations, etc.) beyond just one actor or user. It accounts for environment,
history of the person, culture, role of the artifact, motivations, and complexity of
real life activity. One of the strengths of AT is that it bridges the gap between
the individual subject and the social reality—it studies both through the
mediating activity. The unit of analysis in AT is the concept of object-oriented,
collective and culturally mediated human activity, or activity system.

Group Theories There are also a number of technology related theories that
address how (media) technology affects group processes. Broadly, these theories
are concerned with the social effects of communication media. Some (e.g.,
media richness) are concerned with questions of media choice (i.e., when to use
what medium effectively). Other theories (social presence, SIDE, media
naturalness) are concerned with the consequences of those media choices (i.e.,
what are the social effects of using particular communication media). Under the
Group theory are the following:
 Social presence theory (Short, et al., 1976) is a seminal theory of the social
effects of communication technology. Its main concern is with telephony and
telephone conferencing (the research was sponsored by the British Post Office,
now British Telecom). It argues that the social impact of a communication
medium depend on the social presence it allows communicators to have. Social
presence is defined as a property of the medium itself: the degree of acoustic,
visual, and physical contact that it allows. The theory assumes that more contact
will increase the key components of "presence": greater intimacy, immediacy,
warmth and inter-personal rapport. As a consequence of social presence, social
influence is expected to increase. In the case of communication technology, the
assumption is that more text-based forms of interaction (e-mail, instant
messaging) are less social, and therefore less conducive to social influence.

Media richness theory (Daft &Lengel, 1986) shares some characteristics with
social presence theory. It posits that the amount of information communicated
differs with respect to a medium's richness. The theory assumes that resolving
ambiguity and reducing uncertainty are the main goals of communication.
Because communication media differ in the rate of understanding they can
achieve in a specific time (with "rich" media carrying more information), they are
not all capable of resolving uncertainty and ambiguity well. The more restricted
the medium's capacity, the less uncertainty and equivocality it is able to manage.
It follows that the richness of the media should be matched to the task so as to
prevent over simplification or complication.
Media naturalness theory (Kock, 2001; 2004) builds on human evolution
ideas and has been proposed as an alternative to media richness theory. Media
naturalness theory argues that since our Stone Age hominid ancestors have
communicated primarily face-to-face, evolutionary pressures have led to the
development of a brain that is consequently designed for that form of
communication. Other forms of communication are too recent and unlikely to
have posed evolutionary pressures that could have shaped our brain in their
direction. Using communication media that suppress key elements found in face-
to-face communication, as many electronic communication media do, thus ends
up posing cognitive obstacles to communication. This is particularly the case in
the context of complex tasks (e.g., business process redesign, new product
development, online learning), because such tasks seem to require more intense
communication over extended periods of time than simple tasks.

Media synchronicity theory (MST, Dennis &Valacich, 1999) redirects richness

theory towards the synchronicity of the communication.

The social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE) (Postmes, Spears

and Lea 1999; Reicher, Spears and Postmes, 1995;Spears & Lea, 1994 ) was
developed as a response to the idea that anonymity and reduced presence made
communication technology socially impoverished (or "deindividuated"). It
provided an alternative explanation for these "deindividuation effects" based on
theories of social identity (e.g., Turner et al., 1987). The SIDE model
distinguishes cognitive and strategic effects of a communication technology.
Cognitive effects occur when communication technologies make "salient"
particular aspects of personal or social identity. For example, certain technologies
such as email may disguise characteristics of the sender that individually
differentiate them (i.e., that convey aspects of their personal identity) and as a
result more attention may be given to their social identity. The strategic effects
are due to the possibilities, afforded by communication technology, to selectively
communicate or enact particular aspects of identity, and disguise others. SIDE
therefore sees the social and the technological as mutually determining, and the
behavior associated with particular communication forms as the product or
interaction of the two.
Time, interaction, and performance (TIP; McGrath, 1991) theory describes
work groups as time-based, multi-modal, and multi-functional social systems.
 Groups interact in one of the modes of inception, problem solving, conflict
resolution, and execution. The three functions of a group are production
(towards a goal), support (affective) and well-being (norms and roles).
Conceptual Framework

‘Social theories focus on how

humans and technology
affect each other. Some Group Theory. There are also
theories focus on how a number of technology
decisions are made with related theories that address
humans and technology: how (media) technology
humans and technology are affects group processes.
equal in the decision, (Knock, 2001; 2004)
humans drive (MacKenzie
and Waicman,1985)

Students Perception

Mobile Addiction

Time Management Academic Performance Health

Intervention Plan

Figure 1.1 Theoretical-Conceptual Framework of the Study

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to identify the effects of Mobile Addiction among Grade 11
students in the University of Cebu-Maritime Education and Training Center.

Specifically, this seeks to answer the following.

1. What are the Student Perceptionof Grade 11 students to mobile addiction

in UC-METC?
2. How does mobile addiction create an impact to students in terms of:
2.1 Time Management
2.2 Academic Performance
2.3 Health
3. What intervention plan can be done to address the concern?
Significance of the Study

This study is about Mobile Addiction among Grade 11 students in

University of Cebu- Maritime Education and Training Center, which gives
substantial benefit to the following:

Teachers

They could set rules or tasks on how to keep the students busy,
decreasing their use of mobile phones which makes the students more focused
at school making the teacher’s job easier.

Students

The students will be more aware on the overall effect of mobile addiction
and let them know what will happen to them if they will tolerate mobile
addiction. This could help them provide them solutions to stop this poor habit.

Parents

The parents would be aware of what their children are doing and will
allow them to look for a way to monitor their children and guide them on how to
overcome the addiction.

Future Researcher

This study will beneficial in terms of sources and be a citation about

mobile addiction and would motivate them to dig deeper to look for more
solution about the topic.
Scope and Delimitations

This study is primarily focusing on the effects of mobile addiction towards

Grade 11 Students of University of Cebu- Maritime Education and Training
Center. This highlights on how mobile addiction can affect on their time
management, academic performance, and eyesight.

This delimits only for the beneficiary of the University of Cebu- Maritime
Education and Training Center, Teachers, Students and parents.

This utilizes questionnaires made by the researchers, data gathered are

analyzed qualitatively and are interrupted objectively to help the academic
performance of the grade 11 student of University of Cebu- Maritime Education
and Training Center.
Definition of terms

The following term below are defined based on its use to research:

Mobile Addiction in this research is referred to the use of phones above the
average time span and how it affects a student’s approach to tasks and orders.

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Academic Performance in this research refers to how well the student is doing
and participating in class academically.

Time Management is the process of organizing and planning how to divide

your time between specific activities.
 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter contains the review of related literature and studies taken
from electronic sources, books and unpublished theses.

Related Literature

The Orissa government (September 16 2008) announced that it has

banned the use of mobile phones in college campuses. “The mobile phones are
found to be a disturbing element in college campus. Therefore, we have banned
it in the campus,” said higher education minister Samir Dey, adding that the
order would be implemented in both government and nongovernment colleges
across the state. In the first instance of its kind in the country, Gujarat
Government has banned use of mobile phones in schools and colleges, saying it
was affecting educational activities in the institutes. A resolution to this effect
was passed by the state education department on Saturday 2008. Teenagers
who excessively use their cell phone are more prone to disrupted sleep,
restlessness, stress and fatigue. 58% of Asians, which includes Indians, have
comprised to use mobile phones when travelling by air. According to the survey
they have also found that Indians are the "most social" with 69% most likely to
use their phones in cinema halls/ movie theatres, 21% use it in a place of
worship, and 79% while attending a wedding ceremony. 25% of users across the
markets surveyed have said they used mobile phones in the meetings, 80% of
Asians use a mobile phone while eating. With so many utility applications being
made available on mobile phones, be it to surf the internet or to pay bills, this
dependency on mobile phones is escalating at a greater pace.

According to (Hiscock, 2004; Selwyn 2003; Kuss; Griffiths, 2011), While

using smart phone, people become unmindful that cause thousands of death and
faulty activities. Its adverse effect is also seen in work-related tasks, classroom
leanings and academic performance. (e.g., Samaha; Hawi, 2016) The awareness
of possible negative consequences of smart phone usage certainly reduces the
overuse of smart phone and the impacts on students academic performance,
stress and life satisfaction.

Over usage of the mobile phone leads to physiological health hazards like
headaches, earache, warmth sensation, fatigue and musculoskeletal symptoms.
Usage of mobile phones during driving is one of the leading cause of accident,
and some controversy still exist in the over usage of the mobile phone whether it
produces tumor or not. Mobile-addicts can be seriously affected at the
psychological level. They don’t show any physical and psychological symptoms,
their disorder goes unnoticed by others. Ozturan, et al. (2002) concluded that
Ear is the first organ dealing with the cell phones, there is a elevated energy
deposition in the ear as compared to other organs and its effect on hearing are
debated. Loughran, et al. (2005) found that exposure to electromagnetic fields
emitted by digital mobile phones handsets prior to sleep decreased the rapid eye
movement (REM), sleep latency and increased the electroencephalogram
spectral power in the 11.5 to 12.25 Hz frequency range during the initial part of
sleep following exposure. Agrawal, et al. (2008) reported that the cell phones
harmful radiations were able to degrade the quality of sperm with regard to
quantity, viability, motility, morphology and few mutations in DNA causing severe
changes in sperms. Soderqvist, et al. (2008) explored the assess use of wireless
phones and health symptoms in 2000 Swedish adolescents and they showed that
frequent mobile phone users reported health complaints, such as tiredness,
stress, headache, anxiety, concentration difficulties and sleep disturbances.
Regular users of wireless phones had health symptoms more often and reported
poorer perceived health than less frequent users. Srivastava and Tiwari (2013)
investigated that the effects of excess use of cell phone on adolescent’s mental
health and quality of life. They randomly selected 100 male students from Uttar
Pradesh, India. They found that limited users of cell phone have better mental
health and quality of life than unlimited users of cell phone. Acharya, et al.
(2013) examined that the health effects of cell phones usage amongst students
pursuing professional courses in colleges. College students of both sexes in the
age group 17-23 years from urban and rural backgrounds were selected at
random (those using cell phones). Result showed that headache was to be the
commonest symptoms followed by irritability/anger. Other common mental
symptoms included lack of concentration and poor academic performance,
insomnia, anxiety etc. Among physical symptoms- body aches, eye strain, digital
thumb were found to be frequently in both sexes.

According to Gutiérrez et al.(2016),We present a review of the studies

that have been published about addiction to cell phones. We analyze the concept
of cell-phone addiction as well as its prevalence, study methodologies,
psychological features, and associated psychiatric comorbidities. Research in this
field has generally evolved from a global view of the cell phone as a device to its
analysis via applications andcontents. The diversity of criteria and methodological
approaches that have been used is notable, as is a certain lack of conceptual
delimitation that has resulted in a broad spread of prevalent data. There is a
consensus about the existence of cell-phone addiction, but the delimitation and
criteria used by various researchers vary. Cell-phone addiction shows a distinct
user profile that differentiates it from Internet addiction. Without evidence
pointing to the influence of cultural level and socioeconomic status, the pattern
of abuse is greatest among young people, primarily females. Intercultural and
geographical differences have not been sufficiently studied. The problematic use
of cell phones has been associated with personality variables, such as
extraversion, neuroticism, self-esteem, impulsivity, self-identity, and self-image.
Similarly, sleep disturbance, anxiety, stress, and, to a lesser extent, depression,
which are also associated with Internet abuse, have been associated with
problematic cell-phone use. In addition, the present review reveals the
coexistence relationship between problematic cell-phone use and substance use
such as tobacco and alcohol.

Therefore, these factors are the effects of mobile addiction and students
must be aware in order for them to prevent or at least to reduce this problem in
the society.
Related Studies

The following related studies on mobile addiction are useful in supporting

the contents of this research. The results and findings are found in various
studies on mobile addiction.

In the last 20 years, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions have grown

from 12.4 million to over 5.6 billion, penetrating about 70% of the global
population [3]. Its usage has also become an important public health problem as
there have been reports of plenty of health hazards, both mental and physical, in
people of all age groups. While some of these oft-seen effects are critical like
cancers, others that cause definite morbidity are both physical and mental. On
31 May 2011 the World Health Organization confirmed that cell phone use
indeed represents a health menace, and classified mobile phone radiation as a
carcinogenic hazard, possibly carcinogenic to humans.

A study by the World Health Organization (2013) states that the exposure
to the radiofrequency (RF) fields emitted by mobile phones increase the
likelihood of any possible effects of cancer, electromagnetic interference, traffic
accidents and other health effects.

In spite of some knowledge on unfavorable health effects, the usage of

cell phones has increased dramatically especially since the time they have
become more affordable and available all over the world [4]. Almost 87-90% of
the population in an advanced country like the USA, use cell phones, and a
sizeable number of these is school and college going students

Recent technological innovations have led to a proliferation of mobile and

smart phones, which have become the cornerstone of modern societies in the
21st Century in terms of communication, notifications and entertainment. Latest
research however suggests that with the advantages offered by mobile
technologies, smart phone use today may have a significant impact on mental
health and well being. Overuse has been associated with stress, anxiety,
depression and addiction (Kuss D., Volume 41, Supplement, April 2017, Mobile
phone addiction: Evidence from empirical research,Pages S26-S27).

The results of different studies mentioned above serves as the foundation

of this study on mobile addiction and its effect.