SURVEYING HAS BEEN DEFINED AS THE ART, SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY OF OBTAINING RELIABLE INFORMATION

OF RELATIVE POSITION OF POINTS ON THE EARTH’S
SURFACE. ANALYSIS OF SUCH RESULTS AND DRAWING THEM
TO SCALE FORMS A MAP OR PLAN IN WHICH NATURAL OR
ARTIFICIAL FEATURES MAY BE EXHIBITED IN THEIR
CORRECT HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL RELATIONSHIP. ALSO,
SURVEYING IS DEFINED AS THE SCIENCE OF DETERMINING
THE RELATIVE POSITION OF POINTS ON, BENEATH OR
ABOVE THE EARTH SURFACE WITH A VIEW TO MAKING A
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION IN FORM OF A MAP OR PLAN.

BRANCHES OF SURVEYING

SURVEYING IS FURTHER CLASSIFIED INTO THE FOLLOWING:

CONTROL SURVEY: THIS IS A SURVEY MADE PRIMARILY

TO ESTABLISH THE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL POSITIONS
OF ARBITRARY POINTS.

BOUNDARY SURVEY: BOUNDARY SURVEY IS THE TYPE OF

SURVEY MADE TO DETERMINE THE LENGTH AND DIRECTION
OF LAND LINES AND TO ESTABLISH THE POSITION OF THESE
LINES ON THE GROUND.

TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY: THIS IS A TYPE OF SURVEY

CARRIED OUT TO GATHER DATA IN ORDER TO PRODUCE A
MAP SHOWING THE CONFIGURATION/RELIEF NATURE OF THE
TERRAIN AND THE LOCATION OF NATURAL AND MAN- MADE
OBJECTS. THESE ARE SURVEYS WHERE THE PHYSICAL
FEATURES ON THE EARTH ARE MEASURED AND MAPS/PLANS
PREPARED TO SHOW THEIR RELATIVE POSITIONS BOTH
HORIZONTALLY AND VERTICALLY. THE RELATIVE POSITIONS
AND SHAPE OF NATURAL AND MAN –MADE FEATURES OVER
AN AREA ARE ESTABLISHED USUALLY FOR THE PURPOSE OF
PRODUCING A MAP OF THE AREA OF FOR ESTABLISHING
GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM.

HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY: THIS IS A BRANCH OF SURVEY

WHICH DEALS WITH THE SURVEY OF BODIES OF WATER
MADE FOR THE PURPOSE OF DETERMINING THE PROFILE OF
SEA BED AT DIFFERENT POINTS, NATURE OF SEA BED,
CURRENT FLOW, NATURE OF SHORELINE FOR NAVIGATION,
WATER SUPPLY, OR SUB- AQUEOUS CONSTRUCTION IN FORM
OF CHART.

MINING SURVEY: MINING SURVEY IS AN ASPECT OF

SURVEYING THAT IS DONE FOR THE PRIMARY PURPOSE OF
CONTROLLING, LOCATE AND MAP UNDERGROUND AND
SURFACE WORKS RELATED TO MINING OPERATIONS.
 CONSTRUCTION SURVEY: THIS IS SURVEY CARRIED OUT
TO LAYOUT, LOCATE AND MONITOR PUBLIC AND PRIVATE
ENGINEERING WORKS.
ROUTE SURVEY: THIS TYPE OF SURVEY REFERS TO THOSE
CONTROL, TOPOGRAPHIC, AND CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS
NECESSARY FOR THE LOCATION AND CONSTRUCTION OF
HIGHWAYS, RAILROADS, CANALS, TRANSMISSION LINES, AND
PIPELINES.

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEY: THIS SURVEY IS BASED ON

PRINCIPLES OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY, IN WHICH
MEASUREMENTS MADE ON PHOTOGRAPHS ARE USED TO
DETERMINE THE POSITIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHED OBJECTS ON
THE EARTH’S CRUST.
CADASTRAL/LEGAL SURVEY: THIS SURVEY INVOLVES THE
DETERMINING BOUNDARY AND LOCATIONS OF NEW
PROPERTY BOUNDARIES. THESE ARE SURVEYS UNDERTAKEN
TO DEFINE AND RECORD THE BOUNDARY OF PROPERTIES,
LEGISLATIVE AREA AND EVEN COUNTRIES. IT MAY BE
ALMOST ENTIRELY TOPOGRAPHICAL WHERE FEATURES
DEFINE BOUNDARIES WITH THE TOPOGRAPHICAL DETAILS
APPEARING ON ORDINANCE SURVEY MAPS. IN THE OTHER
HAND, ACCURATELY SURVEYED BEACONS OR MARKERS
DEFINE BOUNDARIES; CORNER OR LINE POINTS AND LITTLE
ACCOUNT MAY BE TAKEN OF THE TOPOGRAPHICAL
FEATURES.

ENGINEERING SURVEYS: THESE ARE SURVEYS

UNDERTAKEN TO PROVIDE SPECIAL INFORMATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILDING
PROJECTS. THE SURVEY SUPPLY DETAILS FOR A PARTICULAR
ENGINEERING SCHEMES AND COULD INCLUDE SETTING OUT
OF THE WORK ON THE GROUND AND DIMENSIONAL CONTROL
ON SUCH SCHEMES.