FUNCTION 3

1.) Name and how many Code and Convention are there??
CODE:

ISM : INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT FOR THE SAFE OPERATION OF SHIP AND POLLUTION
PREVENTION

IMDG: INTERNATIONAL MARITIME DANGEROUS GOOD CODE.

FSS: INTERNATIONAL CODE FOR FIRE SAFETY SYSTEM

LSA: INTERNATIONAL CODE FOR LIFE SAVING APPLIANCES.

IMSBC: INTERNATIONAL MARITIME SOLID BULK CARGO CODE.

IBC: INTERNATIONAL BULK CHEMICAL CODE.

ISPS: INTERNATIONAL SHIP AND PORT FACILITIES SECURITY CODE.

NOx :

CONVENTION:

SOLAS: INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE SAFETY OF LIFE AT SEA.

MARPOL: INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR MARINE POLLUTION.

STCW: INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON STANDARD OF TRAINING CERTIFICATE AND

WATCHKEEPING FOR SEA FARER.

LOAD LINE: INTERNATIONAL LOAD LINE CONVENTION

TONNAGE: INTERNATIONAL TONNAGE CONVENTION.

BWM: INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON BALLAST WATER MANAGEMENT.

AntiFouling:

2.) Name all SOLAS Chapters?

There are 12 chapters of SOLAS.

Chapter 1 General provisions

Chapter 2-1 Construction – Structure, subdivision and stability, machinery and electrical

installations
Chapter 2-2 Construction – Fire protection, fire detection and fire extinction.

Chapter 3 Life-saving appliances and arrangements.

Chapter 4 Radio communications.

Chapter 5 Safety of navigation.

Chapter 6 Carriage of cargoes.

Chapter 7 Carriage of dangerous goods.

Chapter 8 Nuclear ships.

Chapter 9 Management for the safe operation of ships.

Chapter 10 Safety measures for high-speed craft.

Chapter 11-1 Special measures to enhance maritime safety.

Chapter 11-2 Special measures to enhance maritime security.

Chapter 12 Additional safety measures for bulk carriers.

3.) Basic definitions in Solas

Regulations means the regulations contained in the annex to the

present Convention.

(b) Administration means the Government of the State whose flag the ship

is entitled to fly.

(c) Approved means approved by the Administration.

(d) International voyage means a voyage from a country to which the

present Convention applies to a port outside such country, or conversely.

(e) A passenger is every person other than:

(i) the master and the members of the crew or other persons

employed or engaged in any capacity on board a ship on the

business of that ship; and

(ii) a child under one year of age.

(f) A passenger ship is a ship which carries more than twelve passengers.

(g) A cargo ship is any ship which is not a passenger ship.

A tanker is a cargo ship constructed or adapted for the carriage in bulk of liquid cargoes of an

inflammable* nature.

New ship means a ship the keel of which is laid or which is at a similar stage of construction on or

after 25 May 1980.

Existing ship means a ship which is not a new ship.

A mile is 1,852 m or 6,080 ft.

Anniversary date means the day and the month of each year which will correspond to the date of

expiry of the relevant certificate.

Dead ship condition is the condition under which the main propulsion plant, boilers and auxiliaries

are not in operation due to the absence of power.

Emergency switchboard is a switchboard which in the event of failure of the main electrical power

supply system is directly supplied by the emergency source of electrical power or the transitional

source of emergency power and is intended to distribute electrical energy to the emergency.

4.) What is the purpose and Objective of ISM?

Purpose Of ISM code & international requirements:

To provide an international standard for the safe management and operation of ships and for

prevention of pollution.

OBJECTIVE:

Ensure safety at sea, Prevention of human injury or loss of life, Avoidance of damage to the
environment & to the property.

APPLY TO:

Oil Tankers, Cargo high-speed craft, Chemical Tankers, Gas Carriers and Bulk Carriers to comply by 1

July 1998. Other Cargo ships and mobile Offshore drilling rigs of over 500 GRT to comply by 1 July

2002. The new chapter IX to SOLAS 1974, Management for the Safe Operation of Ships requires

compliance of Passenger Vessels and high speed Passenger Craft over 500 GRT by 1 July 1998..
 5.) How many Regulations are there SOLAS Chapter 9?
Regulation 1 Definitions

Regulation 2 Application

Regulation 3 Safety management requirements

Regulation 4 Certification

Regulation 5 Maintenance of conditions

Regulation 6 Verification and control.

6.) What certificates are issued when ISM certification?

The Document of Compliance – DOC

The Safety Management Certificate – SMC

Interim DOC & SMC

7.) Who is the issuing authority for DOC & SMC?

8.) Please explain DOC?

Will be issued to the company following a successful audit of the shore side aspects of the Safety

Management System .

Evidence required that the system as been in operation on at least one type of ship in the

companies fleet for a period of three months.

Specific to ship types at time of audit .

Valid for 5 years

Subject to annual verification (within 3 months of anniversary date)

Types of DOCs

Interim DOC
An interim DOC is issued to a newly established company or when a new type of ship is added in the

company.
The company is requested to submit SMS implementation plan and 12 months are given to the

company for fulfilling the ISM requirements.

The company shall undergo initial audit, and in case of newly built shipping company within the

validity period of interim DOC i.e. 12 months.

The company shall undergo additional audit in case new ship type is added to the shipping company

within the validity period of interim DOC i.e. 12 months.

For a new company, further document review is conducted prior to the audit by administration.

Short Term DOC

A short term DOC is issued on the day of the audit by the administration auditor as a response or

proof of completion of the initial, annual or renewal audit process.

Validity of short term DOC is 5 months.

9.) What do you understand by SMC

If a Major NON Conformity is found in the audit, the SMC and DOC are withdrawn.

The original SMC is kept on the ship and copy is kept with the company.

issued to each ship following audit .

evidence that SMS has been in operation for 3 months prior to audit .

valid DOC required .

valid for 5 years

The intermediate audit is carried out between the second and the third anniversary date of the ship.

Types of SMC

Interim SMC
Issued to the company which posses Main DOC, Interim DOC or Short term DOC.

Issued to the newly built ship added to the existing fleet of the shipping company.

Issued to a new ship with change in Management Company.

Issued to a company with change in the flag state.

Its Validity is for 6 months.

A ship undergoes initial audit with interim SMC and it must fulfil the entire requirements to comply
the SMS based on ISM code to get the main SMC.

Short Term SMC

A short term SMC is issued on the day of the audit by the administration auditor as a response or

proof of completion of the initial, annual or renewal audit process.

Validity of short term SMC is 5 months.

10.) What is SMS and its objective??

Objectives of the company:
Provide for safe working practices and a safe working environment
Establish safeguards against possible risks
Continuously improve safety management skills of personnel ashore
and aboard ships,
The functional requirements for a safety management system
A safety and environmental policy
Instructions and procedures to ensure that safe operation of the vessel
in compliance with relevant
international and flag state legislation
Defined levels of authority and communication between shore and
ship personnel
Procedures for reporting accidents and non-conformities with the code
Procedures for responding to emergency situations (drills etc)
Procedures for internal audits and management reviews
A system is in place for the on board generation of plans and
instructions for key shipboard

11.)What are Special Operations and Critical Shipboard Operations??

a) Special operations-those where errors only become apparent after a

hazardous situation or accident

has occurred. E.g. ensuring watertight integrity, navigational safety (chart

corrections, passage planning), maintenance operations, bunker
operations.
b) Critical shipboard operations- where an error will immediately cause an
accident or a situation that could threaten personnel, environment or
vessel. e.g. navigation in confined waters, operation in heavy weather,
bunker or oil transfers, cargo operations on tankers.

12. ) What is the purpose of SMS??

A Safety Management system (SMS) meeting the requirements of the ISM code
requires a company to document its management procedures and record its
actions to ensure that conditions, activities and tasks that affect safety and the
environment are properly planned, organized, executed and checked.

A SMS is developed and implemented by people and clearly defines

responsibilities, authorities and lines of communication.

A SMS allows a company to measure its performance against set criteria hence
identifying areas that can be improved.

The increase in Safety Management skills improves morale and can lead to a
reduction in costs due to an increase in efficiency and a reduction in claims

12.) What are the two parts of ISM??

The ISM guideline is in the Chapter IX of SOLAS. It is mandatory for all vessels
after 1st July 2002.

There are two parts in ISM

i) Part-A: Implementation.

ii) Part-B: Certification and Verification

Part-A: (Remember he can ask you a particular name, he asked me tell me which
is no 6, 10?)

1. General, objective, application, functional requirements

2. Safety & environment protection policy.

3. Company responsibility & authority.

4. DPA.

5. Master responsibility and Authority.

6. Resource & personnel.

7. Development of plan for shipboard operation.

8. Emergency preparedness.

9. Report & analysis on non-conformities, accidents & hazardous occurrence

10. Maintenance of ship equipments

11. Documentation.

12. Company verification, review and Evolution.

Part-B:

13. Certification and periodical verification

14. Interim certification.

15. Verification.

16. Form of certification.

14.) Explain Safety and Environmental Protection Policy???

The company should establish a safety and environmental protection policy

which describes how objectives listed above will be achieved.

The company should ensure that the policy is implemented and maintained at all
levels of the organisation both ship based as well as shore based.

Company responsibilities and authority

There must be disclosure from the owner to the administration as to who is

responsible for the operation of the ship.

The company should define and document responsibility, authority and

interrelation of all personnel who manage, perform and verify work relating to and
affecting safety and pollution prevention.

The company must ensure there are adequate resources and shore based
support for the designated person or persons to carry out their function.

Who is DPA??

DPA means Designated Person Ashore.

A person who is provides a link between the company & the ship. He has a
direct assess to the highest level of management.

Monitoring the safety & pollution prevention aspect of ship & to ensure
adequate resources & shore base support for ship.
 A person or persons who has direct access to the highest levels of
management providing a link between the company and those on board.

The responsibility and authority of the designated person is to provide for the
safe operation of the vessels. He should monitor the safety and pollution
prevention aspects of the operation of each vessel and ensure there are
adequate shore side resources and support

15.) What is NON CONFORMITY???

An observed situation where objective evidence indicates the non-fulfillment of a
specified requirement of the ISM Code or the Company's SMS. This deviation or
the identified lack of a plan or instruction for a key shipboard operation. Could
endanger the safety of people, the ship its cargo and the environment.

16.) What is Major NON CONFORMITY??

Major non-conformity means an identifiable deviation, which poses a serious threat
to crewmembers or to the ship or is a serious risk to the environment and requires
immediate action.

In addition, the lack of effective and systematic implementation of an ISM

requirement is considered as major non-conformity.

17.) What is SSAS and how does it works??

The Ship Security Alert System (SSAS) is one safety measure for

strengthening ship security and subduing acts of piracy and/or terrorism

against shipping.

Ship Security Alert System (SSAS).

The basic idea is that in case of an attempted piracy effort or terrorists act, the ship’s
SSAS beacon would be activated, responding to which an appropriate law-
enforcement or military forces would be dispatched for rescue.

The Ship Security Alert System (SSAS) beacon and the Aircraft Transponder
Emergency Code 7700 are operated on the fundament of similar principles.

18.) What is ISPS? How many chapters are covered in ISPS code?
Explain level of security on ship?? What are restricted area on
ship??

Code for International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) . There are 19 chapters
in ISPS.
OBJECTIVE:

To detect security threats and take preventive measures against security incident
affecting ships or port facilities used in international trade.

To ensure confident that adequate and proportionate maritime security measures

are in place.

To ensure the early and efficient collection and exchange of security related
information.

SECURITY MEASURE:

@Level -1 : Maintaining minimum appropriate protective security measure shall be

maintained at all time. Security level is never normal level.

Adequate deck & over side lighting.

Crew member should be issued photo identification.

Access on & off the vessel should be control & all person identify.

Access to certain area of the vessel to be limited with key control.

Unused room or space should be kept locked.

Periodic inspection/patrol should be made a regular interval.

@Level -2 : Maintain additional protective security measure shall be maintained for

period of time as a result of heightened risk of a security incident.( Heightened threat
but no defined target.)

In addition to level -1

Occasional search should be made at random interval.

Access of all visitors to the vessel should strictly control.

Close security to be paid on deliveries and stores.

Baggage should not be unattended.

Check should make on seal on container & other cargo.

No person other than crew member should be allowed on bridge or E/R.

Maintain close liaison with shore concerned.

All crewmembers should be reminded of bomb alert security of the vessel.

@Level-3 Further specific protective high level of security measure shall be

maintained for a limited period
In addition to level 1 & 2:

Very tight security

Restricted area are totally closed

100% ship’s store to be suspended

Unless specifically advised otherwise No cargo operation shall take place

Gangway is lifted

No stores and bunkers will be loaded unless specifically instructed.

Limiting access to a single & controlled access.

Granting access only to those responding to the security incident.

Carry out full or partial search of the ship.

Suspending cargo-handling operation.

Tighten security patrol of the vessel.

Crew member should be briefed on seriousness of the situation.

RESTRICTED AREA:

Navigation room

Radio room

Engine room

Steering room

Emergency generator area

Bow thruster

Fire control room

Crew accommodation area

Ventilation, air conditioning equipment room,

Similar key area which is essential to safe operation of ship.

19.) Which chapter of SOLAS was applicable to your last ship?

72: What the function of SSO,CSO,PFSO ? Q 72 a: what is SSP ? Q
72 b: who was your SSO and CSO? A 72, 72 a, 72 b:

MARPOL

1.) Name only all Annex in order?

1. Annex I of MARPOL 73/78: Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by
Oil.
2. Annex II of MARPOL 73/78: Regulations for the Control of Pollution by
Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk.
3. Annex III of MARPOL 73/78: Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by
Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in packaged Form.
4. Annex IV of MARPOL 73/78: Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by
Sewage from Ships.
5. Annex V of MARPOL 73/78: Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by
Garbage from Ships.
6. Annex VI of MARPOL 73/78: Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution
from Ships.

Q 76: Explain ANNEX 1 in detail?

Q 76 a: Explain ORB PART 1 & 2 in detail with proper entries?
Q 76 b: Explain SOPEP regulation and its equipment?
Q 76 c: Explain Discharge Criteria for oil and Bilge ?
Q 76 d: Can we discharge oil without filtering equipment ?
Q 76 e: Where you can’t discharge oil and sludge? Or Special
area under this annex ?

ANNEX 1: Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil

APPLY TO : All ship
CERTIFICATE UNDER THIS ANNEX:
IOPP: INTERNATIONAL OIL POLLUTION PREVENTION CERTIFICATE (
valid 5 year )
TOTAL NO OF Chapters and REGULATION: CHAPTER =7 and
REGULATION= 39

Chapter 3
Regulation 12 Tanks for oil residues ( sludge)
Regulation 13 Standard discharge connection
 Regulation 14 Oil filtering equipment
Regulation 15 Control of operational discharge of oil
Regulation 16 Segregation of oil and water ballast and carriage of oil in
forepeak tanks
Regulation 17 Oil Record Book part 1- Machinery space operations
Chapter 4 Requirement for the cargo area of oil tankers
Regulation 18 Segregated ballast tanks
Regulation 29 Slop tanks
Regulation 31 Oil discharge monitoring and control system
Regulation 34 Control of discharge of oil
Regulation 35 Crude oil washing operations
Regulation 36 Oil record book part 2 – cargo/ballast operations
Chapter 5 Prevention of pollution arising from an oil pollution incident
Regulation 37 Shipboard oil pollution emergency plan

Surveys:
Every oil tanker of 150 tons gross tonnage and above, and every other ship
of 400 tons gross
tonnage and above shall be subject to the surveys specified below:
(a) An initial survey before the ship is put in service or before the Certificate
for the first time, which shall include a complete survey of its structure,
equipment, systems,
fittings, arrangements and material in so far as the ship is covered by this
Annex.
This survey shall be such as to ensure that the structure, equipment,
systems, fittings,
arrangements and material fully comply with the applicable requirements of
this Annex.
(b) A renewal survey at intervals specified by the Administration, but not
exceeding five years
The renewal survey shall be such as to ensure that the structure, equipment,
systems,
fittings, arrangements and material fully comply with applicable requirements of
this Annex.
(c) An intermediate survey within three months before or after the second
anniversary date or within
three months before or after the third anniversary date of the Certificate
The intermediate survey shall be such as to ensure that the equipment and
associated pump
and piping systems, including oil discharge monitoring and control systems,
crude oil washing
systems, oily-water separating equipment and oil filtering systems, fully comply
with the
applicable requirements of this Annex and are in good working order.
 Such intermediate surveys shall be endorsed on the Certificate issued under
regulation 5 or 6
of this Annex.
(d) An annual survey within three months before or after each anniversary date
of the Certificate
a general inspection of the structure, equipment, systems, fittings,
arrangements and
material.
Such annual surveys shall be endorsed on the Certificate issued under
regulation 5 or 6 of this
Annex.

SHIPBOARD OIL POLLUTION EMERGENCY PLAN ( SOPEP )

Every oil tanker of 150 tons gross tonnage and above and every ship other
than an oil tanker of 400 tons gross tonnage and above shall carry on board a
shipboard oil pollution emergency plan approved by the Administration.
In the case of ships built before 4 April 1993 this requirement shall apply 24
months after that date.
Such a plan shall be in accordance with guidelines developed by the
Organization and written in the working language of the master and officers.
The plan shall consist at least of:
The procedure to be followed by the master or other persons having charge of
the ship to report an oil pollution incident.
The list of authorities or persons to be contacted in the event of an oil pollution
incident.
A detailed description of the action to be taken immediately by persons on
board to reduce or control the discharge of oil following the incident.
The procedures and point of contact on the ship for coordinating shipboard
action with national and local authorities in combating the pollution.
OIL SPILL EQUIPMENT/ SOPEP EQUIPMENT:
Saw dust, Scrupper plugs, Sorbent pillows, Nitrile gloves, Protective goggles,
Disposable suits, Quick absorbent pads, Brushes, Non spark scoops, Non
spark pump, Weldon pump, Buckets, OSD, Cotton rags, 200 ltrs Drums to
collect oil

Standard Discharge connection for Oily Bilge & Sludge discharge to shore
reception facility.

O.D.-215mms, PDC – 183mms, No. of Holes : 6, Hole dia: 22mms, Thickness

of Flange – 20mms, Bolts dia _ 20 mms.
 Material – Steel, Test pressure with gasket : 600kpa.

OIL FILTERING EQUIPMENT

Any ship of 400 tons gross tonnage and above but less than 10,000 tons
gross tonnage shall be fitted with oil filtering equipment and with arrangements
for an alarm and for automatically stopping any discharge of oily mixture when
the oil content in the effluent exceeds 15 parts per million.
It shall be provided with alarm arrangements to indicate when this level
cannot be maintained.
The system shall also be provided with arrangements such as will ensure
that any discharge of oily mixtures is automatically stopped when the oil
content of the effluent exceeds 15 parts per million.

SPECIAL AREA UNDER THIS ANNEX : ( Total 10 )

The Mediterranean Sea area
The Baltic Sea area
The Black Sea area
The Red Sea area
The Gulfs area
The Gulf of Aden area
The North West European water include North sea area
The Antarctic area
The Oman area
The Southern South African area

1.) How are Peak tanks are Pressure tested??

Deep tanks are tested by subjecting them to the maximum head of water to which they

might be subject in service (i.e. to the top of the air pipe). This should not be less than

2.45 m above the crown of the tank.

2.) What is Coffin plate, Stealer Plate and Oxter plate??

Coffin Plates : They are used to connect stern frames to the flat plate keel.
The stern frame is extended forward far enough, two or three frame spaces, to provide a
good connection with a flat plate keel.
The aft most plate of the keel, coffin plate is dished around the extension.
Stealer Plate : At the ends of a vessel, particularly at the bow, the width of the strake
decreases and it is often desirable to merge two strakes into one, this being done
by a stealer plate.
 Oxter Plate : They are peculiarly curved plates, fitted where the stern frame meets the
overhang of the stern.

3.) What is collision bulkhead and how it is different from normal bulkhead??

Collision bulkhead is a forepeak watertight bulkhead to protect foundering and

against racking stress. It is fitted not less than 5% or not more than 7% of the ship length aft
and stern at load water line. It must extend to upper deck. Stiffners may be spaced 600 mm
apart. Its water tightness can be tested by filling the fore peak tank to the level of water line
or hose test along the boundary. No water leak through other sides.

4.) What is Bilge keel and how it is attached to hull plate? Why it is tapered at
the free end???
Bilge keel is the Longitudnal structure that runs along much of the length down lower side of ship’s
hull to reduce the rolling motion of the ship.

Dampens the rolling motion of the ship.

Increase longitudinal strength

Protect bilge while grounding

Keel tapered gradually at the ends to minimize the hydraulic drag.

Bilge keel are not directly attached to the hull plate, a ground bar is attached to the bilge plate.

Ground bar to shell is connected by continuous weld.

Care is required in the design of the bilge keel, for although

it would not be considered as a critical strength member of the hull structure, the

region of its attachment is fairly highly stressed owing to its distance from the neutral

axis. Cracks have originated in the bilge keel and propagated into the bilge plate

causing failure of the main structure. In general, bilge keels are attached to

Shell plating and framing 197

a continuous ground bar with the butt welds in the shell plating, ground bar, and bilge

keel staggered (see Figure 17.5). Direct connection between the ground bar butt welds

and the bilge plate and bilge keel butt welds and the ground bar are avoided. In ships

over 65 m in length, holes are drilled in the bilge keel butt welds as shown in

Figure 17.5.

The ground bar thickness is at least that of the bilge plate or 14 mm, whichever is
the lesser, and the material grade is the same as that of the bilge plate. Connection of

the ground bar to the shell is by continuous fillet welds and the bilge keel is connected

to the ground bar by light continuous or staggered intermittent weld. The latter lighter

weld ensures that should the bilge keel be fouled, failure occurs at this joint without

the bilge plate being damaged.

5.) What is the difference between Balanced and Unbalanced Rudder??

6.) What is Duct keel?? What should be the distance between 2 Longitudinal girders??

An internal passage of water tight construction (two longitudinal girders spaced not
more than 2.0 m apart) running same distance along the length of the ship, often from the
forepeak to the forward machinery space bulkhead.
To carry the pipe work, and an entrance is at forward machinery space via a
watertight manhole.

7.) What is Camber???

Curvature given to a deck transversely. It is measured by the difference between the heights
of the deck at side and centre. The camber amidships is frequently one fiftieth of the breadth
of the ship. Help drain off water from deck easily

8.) What is Intercostal Girder?

These are plates, angles, etc., fitted down between others or cut to allow other parts to pass
through them. Side girders, parallel to the centre girder & fitted between the floors,
are intercostals. Vessels of up to 20 meters in breadth must have one intercostal side girder
on each side. Vessels of greater are to have two such girders on each side.

9.) What is Dead rise and rise of floor??

Athwartship rise of the bottom from the keel to the bilge. It is also known as ‘ Rise of floor ‘.

10.) Where you will find Upper and Lower bulkhead Stools???

11.) In which area the thickness of strake of the bottom Plating is increased ??

Pounding region and Over 40%of Ship’s Length amidship

12.) What is Bottom Plug or Docking Plug and how it is tested for Integrity?

Each tank which form part of the hull has a bottom plug to drain the water in dry dock. A
brass screw fitted in the garboard strake of the shell plating at the bottom of each
compartment to drain the water, which remains in the ballast tanks. Removing bottom plugs
ensure that the tanks are empty and dry. As bottom plug of each tank is removed, it is
important to label it. This will ensure that bottom plugs are not interchanged while fitting
back. Echo sounder, log and drain plugs are tested for air and water tightness. Testing
involves first putting soap solution around drain plug. Then we create vacuum around drain
plug and look for any bubbles.

13.) what is margin plate, atleast two functions of margin plate ?

Margin Plate is the outboard strake of the inner bottom and when turned down at the bilge the
margin plate (or girder) forms the outer boundary of the double bottom. margin plate is fitted to
keep the outboard sides of the double bottom intact.

14.) How many type of Bulkheads are there??

Collision Bulkhead, Water tight bulkhead, Corrugated bulkhead , Non water tight Bulkhead and
Thermal bulkhead.

15.) What is Fresh water allowance??

Fresh Water Allowance (FWA) is the number of millimetres by which the mean draught
changes when a ship passes from salt water to fresh water, or vice-versa, when the ship is
loaded to the Summer displacement.
The FWA is found by the formula:

TPCSW is the salt-water TPC value for the summer load draught.

16.) How is Apparent slip is calculated?

SLIP

Slip = 100% - Efficiency

Efficiency = observed speed or distance

engine speed or distance

Mean Apparent Slip = distance run by propeller - distance run by ship

per Day distance run by propeller

Dist. run by propeller in n.m. = pitch [m] x total engine revolution per day
1852
17.) Loadline?

A load line, also called Plimsoll mark,is a marking indicating the extent to which the weight of
a load may safely submerge a ship, by way of a waterline limit.
It is positioned amidships on both sides of a vessel’s hull and indicates the draft of the ship and
the legal limit to which a ship may be loaded for specific geographical areas and seasons of the
year

18.) Explain Stiff ship and Tender ship?

Tender Ship:- The ship with a small Metacentric height has a small righting lever at any angle & will
roll easily is said to be tender ship. In tender ship, In it the centre of gravity lies below the transverse
metacentre. The GM is more than GZ. & these kind of ship are more stable.
Stiff Ship:- The ship with a large Metacentric height has a large righting lever at any angle & has
considerable resistance to rolling. A stiff ship is very uncomfortable. In it the Centre of Gravity lies
above the transverse metacentre.

19.) what do you understand by Plimsoll line?

20.) TPC

21.) What is Free surface effect? How it will effect GM? How will you reduce it?
When a tank is partially filled, the liquid’s centre of gravity position will change as the ship is inclined.
Liquid in partially filled tank always decreases the initial metacentric height GM, righting lever GZ, and
angle of vanishing stability.

A partially filled tank is know as a “slack tank”. The reduction of stability caused by the liquids in slack
tanks is known as free-surface effect. This adverse effect on the stability is referred to as a “loss in GM” or
as a “virtual rise in vertical centre of gravity KG” and is calculated as follows:

Loss in GM due to free surface effects (in metres) = Free surface moment (tones metres) x Specific gravity
of liquid in tank/Displacement of vessel in tonnes

The free-surface effect can endanger the ship or even lead to a negative metacentric height. Therefore the
number of partially filled tanks should be kept to a minimum. When ballasting the vessel, only one
transverse pair or a single centerline ballast tank should be filled up. At sea, as far as possible, ballast tanks
shall be 100% full or empty. When ballasted, wide double bottom tanks must be always 100% full.

22.) Angle of Loll and Angle of List??

Loll: The state of a vessel which is unstable when in an upright position and
therefore floats at an angle to one side.

If disturbed by some external force, i.e. wind or waves, the vessel may lurch to the
same angle of loll on the opposite side.

How to tell if you are experiencing an angle of loll, and not an angle of list

If you are inclined and no cargo has shifted, and the fuel and water tanks are more
or less even on both sides, then loll should be suspected. Also remember to consult
the stability computer.

How to get rid of an angle of loll

The Centre of Gravity must be moved. There are two ways to do this:

1. BALLAST: Press the tanks on the low side first. Initially it will worsen the angle of
loll, but this is safer than ballasting the high side, as that would cause the vessel to
flop over to the other side and possibly capsize. The problem with this option is that
the draught, freeboard and reserve buoyancy will all worsen, meaning the vessel will
take on water at a much smaller angle of heel.

2. REMOVE THE CAUSE: A loll does not just suddenly occur. It is a result of
decreasing stability which is caused by progressive raising of the Centre of Gravity of
the vessel. This can only occur if weight is being loaded on deck, and/or from using
fuel from low down in the ship. Possible causes are poor loading of cargo, or ice
accretion.
The difference between an angle of list and an angle of loll is that if a vessel has an
angle of list, GM is still positive. If a vessel has an angle of loll, GM is neutral. If the
Centre of Gravity rises above the Metacentre (i.e. GM becomes negative), the vessel
will likely capsize.

23.) What is the relationship between Speed of the Ship and Displacement?

24.) What is Propeller Drop and how will you measure it?

25.) What is Rudder drop and how will you measure it?

26.) Types of Keels?

27.) Why semi balanced rudder is better than unbalanced and balanced. What are the
advantages?
A semi-balanced rudder has a shorter Vertical section forward of the stock, thus less counterbalance than the
“balanced” rudder, but more than the unbalanced rudder. The semi-balanced rudder often need more torque than
the balanced rudder. And it is a very widely used kind of rudder for modern tonnage, especially for the container
type vessel and twin-screw vessels.

28.) What is Rudder post and types of Rudders? S& D, How rudder turns?

29.) Type of Floors???

Floors are the transverse members of the bottom structure. Plate and solid floors are
similar and are used where strength requirements are high. Bracket floors are used to
reduce weight of the structure as material is removed from the middle part and on the
ends it is supported on brackets, hence the name bracket floor.
 30.) Angle of LOL? Causes and how will you rectify??

1.) How many classes of fire are there???

Class A for carbanecous - Water

Class B for Oil Fire- DCP or CO2

Class C for Gas and Chemical fire - DCP

Class D for Metal Fire – DCP

Electrical Fire - DCP or CO2

2.) How do you identify the symptoms of a crank case explosion? What
action would you take to minimize the hazard?
a.Engine noise

b.Oil mist detector alarm

c.High bearing temperature (alarm if fitted)

d.In case of minor explosions the crank case relief door releases the pressure

ACTION:

a.Slow down the engine, inform the bridge

b.Take permission from the bridge for stopping the engine

c.Continue running the engine lube oil pumps

d.In severe cases, it is prudent to open the engine room skylights and other vents and
abandoning the engine room. The doors from the engine room to the accommodation should be
kept shut. Return to the engine room only after carrying out risk assessment

e.Turn the engine by turning gear with the indicator cock opened to prevent seizure of the hot
spots

f.Stay clear of the crank case specially in the region of the relief door to the turbocharger suction

g.Don‟t open the crank case door until sufficient time has elapsed

3.) What actions do you take incase of an EGB Soot fire?

The oxygen levels in the EG Boiler/Economizer is about 14~16%, so this can support combustion.

The nature of combustible deposits include soot from the combustion of fuel in the plant as well as
some amount of unburnt oil (fuel and lube oil), particularly at low loads.
 Ignition of soot may arise at sufficient high temperature of the layer of the soot whose surface
temperature may go up to 300~400˚C, but presence of unburnt oil may lower this temperature to
about 150˚C and under favorable conditions to about 120˚C.

SMALL SOOT FIRES: Mainly occurs during maneuvering with the engine being operated at prolonged
low loads. The situation may arise even at short low load running if the fuel is bad. Indications:

a.High economizer exhaust gas outlet temperature

b.Sparks from the funnel

c.Engine running parameters showing deviations due to increased exhaust back pressure

d.High steam pressure or outlet temperature from the super heater section if fitted

How to deal with this situation:

a.Stop the main engine so that the oxygen levels can be brought well below the fire sustenance
levels

b.Carry out the boundary cooling

c.Fire watch to be kept on deck due to the risk of the funnel sparks, fire hoses to be kept charged

d.Continue running the circulating water pump

e.Never use the soot blowers for fire fighting

f.Stop the auxiliary blowers

g.Ensure that all the exhaust valves are positively closed (check the spring air pressure)

If the soot fire has now turned into metal fire (identified immediately by the loss of the circulating
water of the economizer), stop the circulating water pump. Carry out the boundary cooling.

If means are provided, deluging the economizer fires with copious amounts of water should be
carried out to the seat of the fire. This is essential because, if lesser amount of water used the fire is
additionally supported by the production of steam sourcing hydrogen for the situation to get worse.

Hydrogen fire: Occurs because of dissociation of water (steam) into hydrogen and oxygen or carbon
in connection with carbon monoxide and hydrogen

This occurs only above 1000˚C

3.) Iron fire: Oxidation of the iron at high temperature occurs at a rate sufficiently high to make the
amount of hest release from the reactions sustain the process. These reactions may take place at a
temperature in excess of 1100˚C

4.) How will you refill 9 litre mechanical type foam extinguisher?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FUNCTION 4B

1.) What engines you have worked on?

2.) Explain your Engine type?
3.) How will you calculate power for your engine using
Fuel pump Index?
Power calculation without Indicator Diagram
The estimation is based on nomograms involving engine parameter measurements taken on testbed.
the graphs are provided in the manual

1) Fuel Pump Index method

The fuel pump index is used to find out the mean effective pressure from the nomogram graph. Again
form the graph, the mep at a specific speed gives the engine bhp.

This method should only be used as a quick (rough) estimation, because the fuel oil, as well as the
condition of the fuel pump, may have great effect on the index. In particular, worn fuel pumps or
suction valves tend to increase the index, and will thus result in a too high power estimation.

Chart I: draw a horizontal line from the observed fuel pump index to the nomogram curve, and then a
vertical line down to the observed engine speed on Chart II. From this intersection a horizontal line is
drawn to the effective engine power scale. (This method is specific for some engines. many other
parameters are included to calculate the BHP in bigger engines)

This effective power is used to calculate the SFOC of the engine.

So some factors are not included in calculating the BHP of the engine. Click here to view another
example of BHP calculation using more parameters (will be updated soon).
 (Graph is specific for a type of engine)

2) Turbocharger speed method

This method id more accurate than the Fuel pump index method. Chart III: draw a horizontal line from
the observed tscav value and an inclined line from the observed turbocharger speed. From the
intersection point, draw a vertical line down to the nomogram curve and then a horizontal line to the
vertical tine from the observed ambient pressure (point x in the ambient pressure scale). Finally, a line
is drawn parallel with the inclined 'ambient pressure correction' lines. The effective engine power can
then be read on the scale at the right hand side, i.e. 8,000 bhp.

4.) How will you calculate power for your engine using
Planimeter?
The area can be measured by an instrument known as ‘Planimeter’ or by the use of
the mid ordinates rule. [On modern engines this diagram can be continuously taken
by employing two transducers, one pressure transducer in the combustion space and
other transducer on the shaft. Through the computer we can thus get on
line indicated diagram and power of all cylinders.]

The area is then divided by the length of the diagram in order to obtain mean height.
This mean height, when multiplied by the spring scale of the indicator mechanism,
gives the indicated mean effective pressures for the cylinder. The mean effective or
average pressure [Pm] can now be used to determine the workdone in the cylinder.
Following calculations can be made to the area of indicator diagram to measure
indicated power.

Calculations

Area of the indicator diagram = a [mm2]

Average height of the diagram = a [mm2] / l [mm]
Average mean indicator pressure = a [mm2] / l [mm] x k [bar / mm]
or Pm = ( a / l ) x k [bar]
where k = spring scale in bar per mm

Work done in one cycle = Mean Indicated Pressure x Area of the Piston x Length of stroke
= [Pm] x [A] x [L]
To obtain the power of this unit, it is necessary to determine the rate at which work is done,

i.e. multiply work by number of power strokes in one second.

 Now, Indicated Power of Unit [i ] = p

Mean Indicated Pressure [Pm] x Area of Piston [A] x Length of Stroke [L] x Number of Power
Strokes per Second [N]
or

Indicated Power of Unit = Pm L A N

Unit of Final Result

Indicated Power = Pm L A N
= ( a / l ) x k [bar] x L [m] x A [m2] x N [1/s]
= [bar] x [m] x [m2] x [1/s]
= 105 N/m2 x m x m2 x 1/s
= 105 Nm/s

Calculation of the indicated, effective and finally shaft power of marine engines in practical case
consists of the following steps:

Calculate:

 The mean indicated pressure, pi

 The mean effective pressure, pe
 The cylinder constant, k2
 The indicated engine power, Pi
 The effective engine power, Pe
The mean indicated pressure, pi
pi = A / (L × Cs) bar
where:
A (mm2) = area of the indicator diagram, as found by planimeter.
Place the planimeter and indicator card on a piece of plane cardboard (not too smooth), and trace the
diagram. Only consider the result satisfactory, when two readings are obtained which do not differ more
than ‘1’ on the planimeter vernier scale.
L (mm) = length of the indicator diagram.
Cs (mm/bar) = spring constant (= vertical movement of the indicator stylus (mm) for a 1 bar
pressure rise in the cylinder).
pi corresponds to the height of a rectangle with the same area and length as the indicator diagram. i.e., if
pi was acting on the piston during the complete downwards stroke, the cylinder would produce the same
total work as actually produced in one complete revolution.
The mean effective pressure, pe
pe = pi – k1 (bar)
where,

k1 = the mean friction loss (The mean friction loss has proved to be practically independent of
the engine load. By experience, k1 has been found to be approx. 1 bar)
k2 = the cylinder constant (k2 is determined by the dimensions of the engine, and the units in
which the power is wanted.)
For power in kW : k2 = 1,30900 × D2 ×S
For power in BHP : k2 = 1,77968 × D2 × S
where:
D (m) = cylinder diameter
S (m) = piston stroke
Value of k2 for different MAN B&W engines types is given below.

5.) What is adiabatic process?

6.) What do you understand by Mean Indicated
Pressure?
7.) What is Dual cycle?
8.) 1-2 is the isentropic compression which results in temperature rise, volume decrease and pressure
rise of the working substance i.e. air
9.) 2-3 is the process where heat is added at a constant volume to the cycle just like in the Otto cycle
10.) 3-4 is the process where part of the heat added in the previous process is continued to be added but
now at a constant pressure instead of a constant volume (thus the name dual mode) like in the case
of diesel cycle
11.) 4-5 represents the isentropic expansion of air
12.) 5-1 is the heat rejection at constant volume thus bringing the full cycle to a completion and ready
for the next cycle
13.) What is Otto cycle and Constant pressure cycle?
14.) What is Diesel cycle and Constant volume cycle?
15.) What is Ovality in A/E Crank Pin? How it is
measured? What else you will check in Con rod
during overhaul?
 Combined effect of reduced effectiveness of L.O and directional thrust of the
con rod. This is maximum at around 45 degree ATDC
 Uneven loading of units and overloading
 Max Allowed: 1/4th of the bearing clearance Removed By: Insitu Grinding and
polishing Reference: Fillet of crank web
 Max. Allowed Grinding: 2mm, because after grinding 2mm or more surface
hardness reduces drastically. Due to this maximum allowable grinding is 2mm.
 Bottom bearing damage reason is the ovality, bearing clearance and condition of
L.O supply

16.) Why are concentric springs fitted for A/E cylinder head
valves?
If the frequency of the natural vibration of air or exhaust valve springs is a harmonic of
the camshaft speed, then the spring may vibrate axially and are said to surge. Surge can
be avoided by modifying the sizes of springs by arranging the springs in pairs and fitting
one inside the other.

If one spring fails the valve is held up and is not damaged by striking the piston. The
thickness of individual springs can be reduced as against original thickness. Normally two
springs of different vibration characteristics are chosen.

Moreover, the stiffness requirements and the space congestion at this place warrants a
concentric springs arrangement. The net stiffness is equal to the sum of individual
stiffness.
 17.) What is the significance of Firing order in a Diesel
Engine?
Balancing of primary and secondary inertia forces.

To assist the exhaust grouping.

For distribution of stress over the length of crankshaft and optimum bearing loading.

A firing interval for even turning moment.

18.) What are the steering gear motor safeties?

a.Overload alarm.

b.200% insulation in motor.

c.High temperature alarm.

d.Self-starting after power failure.

e.Short circuit trip.

f.Phase failure alarm.

g.One of the steering motor is fed from the emergency bus. Hydraulic side there is two
trips

a.Low level cutout

b.High lube oil temperature cutout.

19.) What are the causes of turbocharger surging?

a.Rapid variation (reduction) in load.

b.Chocked exhaust and air passage like scavenge ports, valve or air cooler etc.,

c.Abnormal fuel system like a unit misfiring.

d.Chocked air suction filter, fouling of the turbocharger, unbalanced output from the
engine, damaged exhaust valve, scavenge fire.

15.) What is a critical pressure?

It is the pressure at which gas will just liquefy at its critical temperature.

What are the types of vibration in a diesel engine and which is the
16.)
most damaging?
Types of vibration:
a.Linear vibration

b.Torsional vibration

c.Resonant vibrations involving any two of the above or may be combinational

Most damaging form of vibration is the torsional vibration mode, affecting crankshaft and propeller
shafting.

17.) What is a node?

A node is found where the deflection is zero and the amplitude changes its sign in a vibrating
medium. The more the nodes in a given length the higher the corresponding natural frequency.

18.) What are the causes of a centrifugal pump reduced output?

a.Friction and leakage losses, loss of suction head, chocked suction filter, worn out wear ring, air
ingress in the suction side

b.Low voltage is applied to the pump motor

c.Cavitations on the impeller

d.Bad maintenance, incorrect fixing up of the parts after overhaul

19.) What is volumetric efficiency of air compressors?

Actual volume of air drawn in / swept volume

20.) What is the function of the back pressure valve in the refrigeration
system?
Back pressure valve is fitted just at the exit of the refrigerant from the evaporator coil in a multi
temperature rooms system. This being fitted at the exit of the compartments whose temperature is
set higher (usually at about 4~5 degrees centigrade). The function of the valve is to maintain
equilibrium of the system as the pressure of the gas at the exit of each compartment differs. More
over the back pressure valve creates a back pressure on the evaporator coil and ensures that most of
the liquid refrigerant is made available to the lesser temperature requirement compartments as
their demand for the refrigerant is higher than the compartments being maintained at a higher
temperature. It is spring loaded non return valve.

21.) What are the advantages of a thin shell bearing?

a.Increased fatigue resistant properties

b.High load carrying capacities

c.Embed ability

d.Conformability
e.Bedding not required

f.Easy storage, easy fitting, light in weight

g.Increased (enhanced) mechanical properties

h.Better heat transfer due to reduced thickness and uniformity of the contact with the bearing
housing

22.) Why are tie rods provided?

Tie rods are provided to keep the whole engine structure in compression which:

a.Increases the fatigue strength of the engine structure as it is the tensile stress which causes fatigue

b.Maintain running gear alignment to avoid fretting

The firing forces that press down the bearing saddle also attempt to push up the cylinder covers, the
net effect being to put the whole engine structure into tensile loading. So the tie rods are tightened
such that the engine structure is maintained in compression even during the peak firing conditions
and that the engine is not subjected to the tensile loading.

23.) Why tie rods are placed close to the centerline of the crankshaft?
During firing, the transverse girders are subjected to a bending moment as the saddle is pushed
down by the crankshaft acting on the cylinder head. To limit this bending effect and consequent
distortion of the bearing housing the tie rods are positioned as close as possible to the centerline of
the crankshaft.

24.) Why intercooling is provided in an air compressor? And why is

the compression distributed into stages?

a.By employing the interstage cooling we are trying to achieve an isothermal compression cycle. So
least work is expended in the process.

b.The air outlet temperature after compression is lowered by intercooling. So oxidation of the lube
oil is prevented. Also good lubrication is achieved.

c.Lesser deposits in the air system.

d.Intercooling increases the air density and hence reduced volume of the HP compression chambers
is possible.

e.It facilitates removal of moisture by condensation at the intercoolers.

f.To facilitate intercooling the compression is distributed into stages. Also even load distribution is
achieved over the cycle.
25. ) What is the material of the boiler gauge glass?
The material used in the gauge glass is a special toughened glass containing

a.Silicon oxide or magnesium oxide

b.Borosilicate or lime soda glass

26.) What is the material of a boiler tube?

Low carbon alloy steels containing chromium, nickel, molybdenum

27.) What is the material of the ship side valve?

BODY: Nickel-Aluminium bronze / cast steel

Stem/Seat/Disc: Monel metal (cupro nickels of varying proportions are used popular being a Cu:Ni =
2:1)

The cupronickels are known for their great resistance to the sea water corrosion, erosion by the
particles in the sea water, and strength.

28.) What is the material of the propeller material?

a. Nickel aluminium bronze (nickalium)

Copper: 55~62%, Aluminium: 0.5~2.2%, Nickel: 0.5%, Manganese: 0.5~1.0%, Iron: 0.4~1.5%, balance
is Zinc

b. Manganese bronze

Copper: 58%, Iron: 1%, Aluminium: 1%, Manganese: 1%, Nickel: 0.5%, Zinc: 38%, Tin: 0.5%

29.) What is the general composition of the stainless steels?

Chromium: 18%, Nickel: 8%, Carbon: 0.12%

96. What is the material of the 4S engine conrod? a. Forged steel: Open hearth plain carbon steel

UTS: 432~494 MN/m2

% Elongation: 25~30%

Fatigue limit: 208 MN/m2 (push pull)

b.Nickel steel, 3%Ni UTS: 695 MN/m2

%Elongation: 20%

Fatigue limit: 309 MN/m2 (push pull) METHODS OF TIGHTENING:

a.Measuring the extension of the bolts

b.Use of the calibrated torque wrenches

c.Hydraulic tensioning

d.Angle tightening

29.) What is the material of the foundation bolts?

High tensile steel

30.) What is the material of the tie rod?

High tensile steel

99.What is the material of the double bottom plug?

Silicon steels

100.What is the material of the crankshaft?

Forged low carbon alloy steel. Carbon: 0.12% and less

31.) What are the materials used for the diesel engine’s liner and piston rings?
State their principle differences

Generally the materials used for the piston rings are harder than the liner material. This is due to the
fact that the rings are subjected to wear always during their operation but only the portion of the
liner in contact with the rings wears.

Material used for the liner is generally the nodular cast iron, which is tailored to have expansion
along the length and negligible expansion circumferentially. Alloying materials are added to improve
certain characteristics like vanadium and titanium.

Piston rings are cast and machined from graphite grey cast iron. This ring may include chromium,
nickel & copper as alloying substances.

The prime property which distinguishes it from the liner material is that it has to flex
circumferentially.

This is of primary concern for running in and to match the contour of the wearing liner surface. Also
they have to form an effective sealing of the combustion gases.

32.) What is a tie rod bolt pinch screw? And what is its purpose?
Pinch screw is normally provided at the foot of the engine cylinder jacket to stop the tie rod from
vibrating during the normal service of the engine.
The pinch screw is fitted at the antinodal point of the tie rod to limit its transverse vibration
amplitude, thereby preventing its fracture due to vibrations. These can be arranged as a group of
three screws positioned equilaterally at the antinodal point. Each screw consists of a stud, which is
hand tightened by screwing the outer sleeve and held in place by a lock nut which is tightened to a
torque specified by the manufacturer.

33.) What are the cylinder lube oil properties?

a.SAE 50 or higher range oils

b.TBN about 70 for heavy oil burning engines with sulfur content of about 3%

c.Ability to burn completely and leave no deposits

d.Good detergency

e.Good load bearing property

f.Good spread ability

g.Incompressibility for accurate metering and timing the injection

h.High flash point

34.) How L.O. is done for crosshead bearing in RTA? State working pressure?

35.) How is L.O. is supplied to Main and crank pin bearings? State Pressure??

36.) Scavenging??? What type of scavenging you had on your M?E and why???

37.) Oil mist detector explain the principle and what kind you had on your
ship?

38.) Crankshaft deflection- how will you take them and why they are taken??

39.) What is the purpose of X-head in a stroke engine and compare x-head type
and trunk type engine?

40.) What are the types of crankshaft?

41.) Suspended Crankshaft??

42.) Bedplate: construction

43.) Difference between M/E and A/E turbocharging?

44.) Thrust block : How thrust is transmitted vn vessel is moving in ahead
direction?

45.) Intermediate shaft bearing: how lubrication is done and how it is cooled?

46.) Indicator cock:

47.) M/E safety interlocks :

48.) How will you convert KW in to BHP?

49.) Superlong stroke what are the advantages?

50.) Type of Pump for E/R Bilges and why the type?

51.) SDNR valve?

52.) Difference between Valve and cock?

53.) Boiler water test complete procedure?

54.)

FUNCTION 6

1.) What are the reasons for foaming in refrigeration compressor

crankcase?

Due to rapid boiling out of the refrigerant dissolved in the oil when the pressure is
suddenly reduced.

When the compressor starts operating, if a large quantity of refrigerant has been
dissolved, larger quantity of refrigerant boils out and can be carried through the
refrigeration lines. Reasons:

a.Liquid in the suction line (viz. TEV stuck open, incorrect super heat setting, sensing
bulb not closing, overcharge etc.,)

b.Crankcase heater not working.

c.Compressor capacity too high at the start.

d.Expansion valve giving too small superheat

e.Oil charge is less.

2.) What are the various windlass safeties?
ELECTRIC:

a.Electromagnetic brake.

b.Motor overload protection.

c.Short circuit protection.

d.Restart delay timer.

e.A Restart stop.

MANUAL:

a.Manual brake / mech. Brake.

b.Cable stopper.

c.Slipping clutch (torque limiter)..

Relief valve

3.) Why Tappets clearances are taken, How do you measure

tappet clearances? What is the normal value of clearances on
tappets?

4.) What is Boiler blow down? Why it is done and How will you
carry out Boiler blow down?

5.) Scavenge Fire : Reasons? Symptoms? What action you will

take? What arrangements are provided to fight scavenge fire?

6.) What are onboard tests for L.O.?

7.) How will you take Bottom end bearing clearances on A/E?

8.) If OMD alarm comes in your watch what action you will take?
 9.) What are the overhead crane safeties?
Current to motor‟s field coils passes through solenoid coil of a brake which is
magnetized and holds a brake against spring and releases the rotor. Incase of power
failure the solenoid is demagnetized and brake is applied.

SAFETY:

a.Limit switch on the f‟wd, aft, port, s‟tbd, hoisting and lowering prevents movements
more than the allowed limits.

b.Overload trip.

c.Dead man‟s handle.

d.Guards over the pulley.

e.Locking device on the lifting hook.

f.Mechanical locking (to avoid crane movement during heavy weather)

10.) What actions do you take incase of stern tube of the ship starts leaking?
a.Maintain low head.

b.Use higher viscous oil.

c.Replenish periodically to counter for the oil loss.

d.Drain off the water periodically.

e.Try to remove foreign particles by changing direction of shaft.

11.) Why is the fridge compressor belt driven?

a.A slight misalignment is a problem or vibration of the electric motor may lead to shaft seal leakage,
leading to loss of the refrigerant. So minimize these the fridge compressor is belt driven.

b.In case of the liquid entry into the refrigeration compressor, the belt drive gives a limitation of the
damage owing to the slip in the belt and flexibility of the belt material.

12.) If viscotherm is absent or damaged how do you maintain the fuel oil
viscosity?
The required viscosity prior injection and the viscosity of the fuel oil at 50°C are provided by the fuel
oil analysis report. Basing on the viscosity nomogram the required fuel oil heating is determined. The
steam inlet to the fuel oil heater is manually adjusted to maintain the temperature and a close
observation has to be maintained on the steam pressure and temperature of the fuel oil at the
outlet of the heater.

What are the reasons for the error between the helm order and the angle
13.)
shown locally on the steering gear unit?
a.Air in the hydraulic telemotor system

b.Buffer spring too weak or stiff, faulty hunting gear

c.Instrument error/defective

d.Worn out linkages

14. ) How will you know the presence of air in the refrigeration system? Explain
the procedure for purging air
a.High condenser pressure

b.Small bubbles in the sight glass

c.Compressor discharge pressure high/running hot

d.More superheat

e.Pressure fluctuations

f.Inefficient working

PROCEDURE FOR PURGING AIR

a.In the normal operation of the system, measure the liquid refrigerant pressure, temperature at the
outlet of the condenser/reservoir

b.Check the corresponding saturation temperature for the recorded pressure of the liquid
refrigerant from the P-T chart for the same refrigerant

c.Compare the measured temperature with the determined saturation temperature for

any sub-cooling and adjust the flow of the cooling water through the condenser to achieve near
saturation condition inside the condenser,

Then,

d.With the condenser liquid refrigerant outlet valve closed, circulate cooling water, start the
compressor and pump down the liquid to the condenser/reservoir, checking the pressure in the
suction line. If this pressure is allowed to drop down below the atmospheric pressure then there
could be chances of air ingress into the system

e.Circulate the cooling water till the cooling water outlet and the inlet temperatures equal, a check
to ensure complete pump down operation

f.Check the condenser sea water out let temperature, check the refrigerant pressure corresponding
to its temperature from the P-T chart of same refrigerant

g.Due to the presence of air they don‟t agree

h.Release air from the condenser, through the vent cock until the pressure of the refrigerant in the
condenser corresponds to the saturation pressure at the sea water outlet temperature

15. ) Explain the purpose of the hunting gear

a.To put the pump on stroke gradually

b.To stop the pump at the end of the stroke gradually

c.To lock the rudder at desired position till further movement is given at helm

d.To transmit movement of telemotor to pump

e.Spring in the hunting gear store extra control movement to ensure that the pump operates at the
maximum capacity for major part of the turning operation

16.) Reciprocating pump is getting over heated, what checks should be carried
out?
a.Inlet and outlet valves are to be examined

b.Inspect the seat and lapping should be done if required

c.Valve lift should be checked

d.Inspect piston and piston rings

e.Spring (valves should be checked for tension and springing action)

f.Liner wear down should be checked

g.Driving belt should be checked for wear down or damage

17.) Soon after complete overhauling a generator engine, its lube oil
consumption increases. What checks do you carry out in this regard?
a.Check that the lube oil system valves are set back to normal, and that the concerned valves are
correctly holding

b.Verify dip stick bottom for any blockage which can give erroneous results

c.Check for normal operation of the purifier

d.Ensure that the piston scraper ring is set correctly, if this ring is boxed back upside down, the oil
scraping action of the ring is lost and uncontrolled lube oil enters the combustion chamber. This
presents a significant oil loss

e.Ensure that the cylinder head valves are correctly boxed back. Misalignment of the valve spindle
with their guide also causes lube oil to enter the combustion chamber causing oil loss

18.) Generator lube oil sump level increases, what are the checks you would
carry out?
a.Check that the generator lube oil systems valves are correctly positioned and that the sump filling
valve is holding

b.Ask the personnel for if they have carried out any transfers just before, related to the sump oil of
the generator

c.Check the purifier for correct operation and that no water is being discharged with the purified oil

d.Change over the generator concerned, isolate it and check the sump for any contamination like
water. Basing on the findings further inspections can be carried out, like checking the cylinder liner
jacket cooling water sealing O-ring etc.,

19.) What checks do you make if a compressor trips on low lube oil pressure?
Incase of reciprocating compressor

a.Direction of rotation, in case the motor is overhauled or some maintenance carried on the motor

b.Suction filter should be cleaned

c.Check the pressure switch

d.Inspect the lube oil pump

e.Check if any lube oil pipe is holed

f.Check for excessive foaming

Incase of rotary compressor,

 a.Check whether the lube oil pump is rotating with the compressor

b.Check the condition of vanes and the elliptical casing for scoring damage

c.Check the compressor is free to turn, no seizure of rotor, no wear on the vanes and the casing

20.) Difference between Valve and a cock?

21.) Boiler Gauge glass and what happens if the glass breaks?

22.) Why PO4 correct level is required?

23.) How will you carry out Boiler Blow down?

24.) How will you overhaul A/E Fuel Injector?

FUNCTION 5

.) What are the safety precautions when working on electrical equipments?

Switch off power, wear proper protective clothing, safety shoes, Notice board : Do not switch
on – Men at work, stand on rubber mat, remove metal rings, watch bracelets, use proper
insulated tools, check power supply with voltmeter and double check the voltmeter with known
power supply, keep one person stand-by with proper safety gears, inform authority and get
proper work permit. In case of electrical shock, give proper first aid, check heart beat and pulse.

2.) What is a current transformer and voltage transformer?

Current transformers used for sensing load currents and as inputs to indicating instruments.
Voltage transformers used for step-up / step-down voltages.

3.) What is the specific gravity of electrolyte used in lead acid battery?
1280 at full charge and 1180 at discharge.

4.) How can the direction of rotation of an AC motor be reversed?

By interchanging any two supply lines.

5.) What would a clampmeter indicate if clipped around a 3-core cable which is
known to be carrying 100 A a.c. to a motor?

Zero. This is because the clampmeter monitors the magnetic flux around the cable which is
produced by the current. In a balanced 3-core (or 2-core for that matter) cable, the net flux is
zero - hence no indication. This is why the clampmeter is only connected around a single
conductor.
6.) Why should the measurement of the insulation resistance of a machine
ideally be made while the machine is hot?

Insulation becomes more leaky (its IR value falls) at high temperatures. So testing while hot
shows the realistic IR value dt, or near, its working temperature. Insulation resistance can
vary considerably with changing atmospheric conditions. A single reading gives little
information. However, the regular recording of test results may show a downward trend
which indicates impending trouble which canbe remedied by preventive maintenance.

7.) Why do we close the switch at 11 o'clock and not at 12 o' clock?
When the synchroscope is approaching 12 o'clock the "slip" (differential) between the sine
waves is approaching minimum (slip is zero when the synchroscope is at 12 o'clock) and the
voltage differential between the phases is minimal (it's zero when the synchroscope is at 12
o'clock). Due to time taken to close the synchronoscope switch, it is generally done at 11
o’clock. Due to the small delay to close, by doing at 11 o’clock, we are achieving closing close
to 12 o’clock.
8.) Why is a Megger used for insulation test and not a multi meter?
With a megger, a voltage of not less than 500 volts DC is used for testing the insulation
resistance of windings. With a multi-meter, the voltage used is not more than 3-volts DC.
Megger uses high impedance testing and is therefore more accurate than a multi-meter
9.) What are the safeties on MSB?
Circuit breakers, fuses and over current relays are used. The panels are dead front panel, that
Rupturing Capacity and High Breaking capacity.

10.) What is “Dead Front” Switch board?

11.) What is HRC & HBC fuses???

12.) What is a magnetic contactor? Where is it used?

A contactor is an electrically controlled switch used for switching a power circuit, similar to
a relay except with higher current ratings.
Contactors are used to control electric motors, lighting, heating, capacitor banks, and other
electrical loads.
13.) What is a relay? How is it different from a magnetic contactor?
Contactor is a heavy duty switch whereas the relay is light duty switch. Relays can be as simple
as 12 V DC solenoids with 12 V, 0.5 A rated contacts. They are used to detect faults on the
power system and signal a local or remote switching device (breaker) to trip the circuit.

14.) What is the meaning of ACB, MCCB, NFB?

Air circuit breaker for 400V higher current ratings.
Moulded case circuit breaker for 400V medium current ratings.
No Fuse Breaker – 75 A capacity
15.) How will you correct frequency on MSB???

16.) What safety procedures you will take step by step for overhauling a
motor??

17.) What precautions to be taken prior to entering Battery room??

18.) Explain how self starting motor works??

19.) Solas requirement for Emergency power??

20.) How is 440V 3phase is converted to 220V single phase???

21.) How is protection provided for OL and SC?

Damage from short circuits and overloads can be reduced or prevented by
employing fuses, circuit breakers, or other overload protection, which disconnect the power in
reaction to excessive current. The tripping time is much less (in milli seconds) for short circuit
due to very high currents but can higher (a few seconds) due to currents say 1.1 to 1.5 times
the normal current.
22.) What is the function of a fuse?
Fuse places a limit on the amount of current that can be drawn by an electric circuit by opening
(blowing or melting) when the current exceeds a preset limit. This protects the circuit and the
surroundings from fire or damage in the case of an overload or short circuit.
23.) What is the normal setting of overload relays?
Normally 90-100% of rated normal current. Sometimes can be set to 105% of rated current.
24.) How does a thermal overload relay work?
The bi-metallic strip in the relay heats up by the over load current and the movement in the bi-
metallic strip causes the breaker to trip. The breaker has to be reset (turn off) before turning on
again. Sometimes it takes a time delay for the bi-metallic strip to cool down after which the
breaker can be reset and switched on.
25.) What is single phasing?
Single phasing is a condition in three phase motors and transformers wherein the supply to one
of the phases is cut off.
26.) How can it happen?
Single phasing is caused by the use of single-phase protection devices such as fuses. Three
phase loads should be protected by devices which cause the interruption of power to all three
phases simultaneously when a fault occurs. Defective contacts or loose connections in three
phase breakers can also cause single phasing.
27.) What is the harm caused by this?
Single phasing causes higher than rated currents in the healthy phases of loads such as motors
causing over heating of the motor and consequently motor failure.
Single phasing can sometimes cause excessive noise and vibration in motors.
28.) What protection is provided against this?
Single phasing can be identified by special protective relays which can identify and isolate the
connected loads. Smaller motors rely on over current and negative phase sequence relays.
Motor protection relays for larger motors come readily fitted with protection against single
phasing.

29.) What is dark lamp and bright lamp method for synchronizing? How is the
connection made?
Formerly, three light bulbs were connected between the generator terminals and the system
terminals. As the generator speed changes, the lights will rise and fall in intensity at a rate
proportional to the difference between generator frequency and system frequency. When the
voltage at the generator is opposite to the system voltage (either ahead or behind in phase), the
lamps will be bright. When the voltage at the generator matches the system voltage, the lights
will be dark. At that instant, the circuit breaker connecting the generator to the system may be
closed and the generator will then stay in synchronism with the system.

30.) What is Neutral in 3Phase and Single phase???

In multiphase circuits, the conductor used to carry unbalanced current. In single-phase systems,
the conductor used for a return current path.

31.) What is a thyristor? What is an SCR?

A thyristor is a solid-state semiconductor device with four layers of alternating N and P-
type material. They act as bistable switches, conducting when their gate receives a current
trigger, and continue to conduct while they are forward biased (that is, while the voltage across
the device is not reversed).
A silicon-controlled rectifier (or semiconductor-controlled rectifier) is a four-layer solid
state device that controls current. It is a type of thyristor.

32.) What is Residual magnetism??

Residual magnetism is a property in which certain amount of excitation remains back in the
conductor even after the removal of the magnets.
It is required as we need some magnetism to start off the generation before the field winding
has power to produce the full field.

33.) What is a brush less alternator?

A brushless alternator is composed of two sections: main alternator and the smaller exciter.
The exciter has stationary field coils and a rotating armature (power coils). The main alternator
uses the opposite configuration with a rotating field and stationary armature. A bridge rectifier,
called the rotating rectifier assembly, is mounted on a plate attached to the rotor. Neither
brushes nor slip rings are used, which reduces the number of wearing parts. The main alternator
has a rotating field as described above and a stationary armature (power generation windings).

34.) How is the excitation achieved in this?

Varying the amount of current through the stationary exciter field coils varies the 3-phase
output from the exciter. This output is rectified by a rotating rectifier assembly, mounted on
 the rotor, and the resultant DC supplies the rotating field of the main alternator and hence
alternator output. The result of all this is that a small DC exciter current indirectly controls the
output of the main alternator.

35.) What is a synchronous motor?

A constant-speed motor, the speed being dependent on the frequency of the ac supply and the
number of poles for which it is designed.
36.) Where is it used?
Synchronous motors find applications in all industrial applications where constant speed is
necessary. Improving the power factor as Synchronous condensers. Electrical power plants
almost always use synchronous generators because it is important to keep the frequency
constant at which the generator is connected. Low power applications include positioning
machines, where high precision is required, and robot actuators.

37.) What is an induction motor?

An induction motor is an alternating current motor in which the primary winding on one
member (usually the stator) is connected to the power source and a secondary winding or a
squirrel-cage secondary winding on the other member (usually the rotor) carries the induced
current.

38.) Can you draw a DOL starter circuit?

39.) What is Fleming's Left Hand Rule

Hold the thumb, the fore finger and the central figure at right angle to each other of the
left hand as shown in Fig. ii.2 (c). If the fore-finger points in the direction of magnetic field
and the central finger to the direction of current, the thumb will point to the direction of force
or motion.

40.) What is Lenz’s Law???

Lenz law states that this induced current always develops a flux which opposes the very
cause it is due to.

41.) What is Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic Induction??

Faraday's laws state that an emf is induced in a circuit which is
(i) Directly proportional to the time rate of change of flux enclosed by the circuit.
(ii) Directly proportional to N the no. of turns of the circuit.
Combining, the two laws, Faraday's laws of induction can be expressed mathematically as
dcp
e = - N d / dt - volts

42.) What is Fleming Right hand rule??

Hold the thumb, fore-finger and the central finger of the right hand at right angles to each
other. If the thumb points to the direction of motion and forefinger to the direction of field, the
central finger will point in the direction of induced emf. i.e. the central finger will point to the
positive terminal of emf or will indicate the direction of current flow if the ends of the
conductor are connected to the external circuit i.e., the load.