FEATI University

Helios Street, Sta. Cruz Manila City

Gymnastic

Submitted by: Ephraim Poe V. Javier

Submitted to: Sir Henry Cueva

1. What is gymnastics?

Gymnastics is a sport that requires balance, strength, flexibility, agility,

coordination and endurance. The movements involved in gymnastics contribute to the
development of the arms, legs, shoulders, back, chest and abdominal muscle groups.
Alertness, precision, daring, self-confidence and self-discipline are mental traits that can
also be developed through gymnastics (Loken & Willoughby, 1977).
Gymnastics are exercises developing or displaying physical agility and
coordination. The modern sport of gymnastics typically involves exercises on bars, beam,
floor, and vaulting horse (Gymnastics, n. d.).

2. Types of gymnastics

2.1 Therapeutic/Remedial Gymnastics

Figure 1. Therapeutic Gymnastics

Therapeutic gymnastics is a unique holistic method which helps patients

improve their locomotive problems, strength, endurance and coordination. Other
benefits related are Proprioceptive facilitation, improvement of lymphatic
drainage and blood flow and pain relief. Some of the techniques used are Gait
analysis, posture analysis, mobilization techniques, strength, build-up, balance,
coordination and condition training (Kraftwerk-Berlin, 2018).
Remedial Gymnastics is a special treatment method that involves the
means of preventative physical training to accelerate patients working capacity
and avoid consequences of pathological process. It uses movement as the basic
means for the purpose of prevention and correction (France, 2016).
2.2 Educational Gymnastics

Figure 2. Educational Gymnastics

Educational gymnastics component seeks to provide students with an

understanding and aesthetic appreciation of artistic and expressive movement.
Skills learnt are never an end in themselves but add to an individual’s movement
vocabulary, enabling a response to open-ended tasks. The process of educational
gymnastics emphasizes affective, cognitive and psychomotor development.
Sequencing is a strategy to be used continuously from the very beginning to
harness the various skills and content of the syllabus. Group work and partner
interaction are encouraged so that students work cooperatively and support each
other to create novel responses to tasks that may often be beyond their individual
physical limits and abilities. Examples of this are rolls, jumps, balances, transfer
of weight, and vault (Edgefield Primary School, 2015).

2.3 Competitive/Rhythmic Gymnastics

Figure 3. Competitive Gymnastics

 Competitive artistic gymnastics is the best known of the gymnastic events.
It typically involves the women's events of vault, uneven bars, balance beam and
floor exercise as well as the men's events of floor exercise, pommel horse, still
rings, vault, parallel bars and horizontal bar (Competitive Gymnastics, n. d.).
This is a sport that combines elements of ballet, gymnastics, dance, and
apparatus manipulation. The sport involves the performance of five separate
routines with the use of five apparatus; ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope—on a floor
area, with a much greater emphasis on the aesthetic rather than the acrobatic.
There are also group routines consisting of 5 gymnasts and 5 apparatuses of their
choice. Rhythmic routines are scored out of a possible 30 points; the score for
artistry (choreography and music) is averaged with the score for difficulty of the
moves and then added to the score for execution (Fédération Internationale de
Gymnastique, 2009).

3. Objective of gymnastics

Some objectives of gymnastics are to learn how to take instruction, be part of a

team and learn the value of being physically fit. In addition, someone involved in
gymnastics learns how to be disciplined and how to set and achieve goals. Physical
objectives that are obtained through participation in gymnastics include increased
flexibility, muscle strength and cardiovascular fitness. Also to develop movement skills
and improve motor skills, which improve the healthy development of the body, to give an
opportunity to develop sport culture and improve sport performance, to arouse and
maintain the interest towards active and regular training and doing sports (Mejorado,
2014).

4. History of gymnastics

Gymnastics developed in ancient Greece, in Sparta and Athens, and was used as
method to prepare men for warfare. In Sparta, among the activities introduced into the
training program was the Agoge or exhibition gymnastics made up of gymnastic elements
in the form of the Pyrrhic-a dance in a military style-performed for state dignitaries in the
final year of a student's training. The maneuvers were performed naked except for the
tools of war. Athens combined this more physical training with education of the mind. At
the Palestra, a physical education training center, the discipline of educating the body and
educating the mind were combined allowing for a form of gymnastics that was more
aesthetic and individual and which left behind the form that focused on strictness,
discipline, the emphasis on defeating records, and focus on strength (Judd et al., 1969).
In the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Germany, two pioneer
physical educators – Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759–1839) and Friedrich Ludwig
 Jahn (1778–1852) – created exercises for boys and young men on apparatus they had
designed that ultimately led to what is considered modern gymnastics. Don Francisco
Amorós y Ondeano, was born on February 19, 1770 in Valencia and died on August 8,
1848 in Paris. He was a Spanish colonel, and the first person to introduce educative
gymnastic in France. Jahn promoted the use of parallel bars, rings and high bars in
international competition (Goodbody, 1982).

5. Biography and contributions to gymnastics of the ff.

5.1 Johann Bernhard Basedow

Johann Bernhard Basedow was born on September 11, 1724 in Hamburg

Germany and died on July 25, 1790 in Magdeburg in Bradenburg. He was an influential
German educational reformer who advocated the use of realistic teaching methods and
the introduction of nature study, physical education, and manual training into the schools.
He also called for an end to physical punishment and to rote memorization in language
learning. His greatest contribution is changing the systems of public schools
(Encyclopedia Britannica, 2006).

5.2 Johann Friedrich Gutsmuths

Born on August 9 1759 in Quedlinberg and died on May 21 1839 in

Waltershausen, he was a teacher and educator in Germany, and is especially known for
his role in the development of physical education. He is thought of as the "grandfather of
gymnastics" – the "father" being Friedrich Ludwig Jahn. GutsMuths introduced
systematic physical exercise into the school curriculum, and he developed the basic
principles of artistic gymnastics (Goodbody, 1982).

5.3 Pehr Henrik Ling

He studied different subjects and became a fencing-master. After studies of the

antique Greece and, above all, after being informed of the German physical functional
training, he created the Swedish gymnastics, in part according to antique model. In 1813
he founded the Gymnastic Central Institute in Stockholm with the obligation to educate
gymnastic teachers for military and school needs. He was a versatile person, lively,
sensitive, original and choleric with intense manners, excellent judgment and an
extraordinary pedagogic capability (Brodin, 2008)

5.4 Friedrich Ludwig Jahn

He was born in Lanz in Brandenburg, Prussia. He studied theology and philology

from 1796 to 1802 at the Halle, Göttingen, and at the University of Greifswald. After the
 Battle of Jena-Auerstedt in 1806 he joined the Prussian army. In 1809, he went to Berlin,
where he became a teacher at the Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster and at the Plamann
School (Günther et al., 1995).

Jahn promoted the use of parallel bars, rings and the high bar in international
competition. In honor and memory of him, some gymnastic clubs, called Turnvereine
(German:Turnvereine), took up his name, the most well-known of these is probably the
SSV Jahn Regensburg (Goodbody, 1982).

5.5 Adolf Spiess

Born on February 3 1810 in Lauterbach Hesse and died on May 9 1858 he was a
German gymnast and educator, contributed to the development of school gymnastics for
children of both sexes in Switzerland and Germany. He contributed to the development of
school gymnastics for children of both sexes in Switzerland and Germany (University of
Chicago, 2016).

5.6 Franz Nachtegall

He was born in Copenhaghen on October 3, 1777. He took lessons of fencing and

vaulting in the childhood. Nachtegall was apparently stimulated or motivated to begin
teaching gymnastics after reading the GutsMuths manual of gymnastics. In 1799 he was
invited to teach gymnastics at the Vesterbro school.During 1804 he was appointed as the
first director of a Training School for the teaching of gymnastics to the army of Denmark.
This school provided instructions for future NCOs in both the army and navy. In 1805 he
prepared a detailed gymnastic manual for the military course. He was an early proponent
and directly responsible for introducing Physical Education in schools of Denmark
(Shephard, 2014).

5.7 Dr. Dudley Sargeant

He was born on September 28 1849 in Belfast, Maine and died on July 21 1924.
He was a US educator, lecturer, and director of physical training. When he was a boy he
joined with some other high school boys in putting up a horizontal bar and other
apparatus on the high school grounds, and they started a gymnastic club. They were
additionally inspired by reports of exhibitions given at Bowdoin College, 60 miles away
in Brunswick, and gave similar public exhibitions themselves at the town hall, and in
towns nearby. He is the inventor of gymnasium apparatus (Leonard, 1923).

5.8 Francisca Aquino Reyes

She is a Filipino folk dancer and academic noted for her research on Philippine
folk dance. She is a recipient of the Republic Award of Merit and the Ramon Magsaysay
Award and is a designated National Artist of the Philippines for Dance. Among Reyes-
 Aquino's most noted works is her research on folk dances and songs as a student assistant
at the University of the Philippines (UP) (Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation, 2016).

5.9 Candido Bartolome

He is the Father of Physical Education of the Philippines, a graduate of the

University of the Philippines then later studied in Springfield for his graduate degree, and
upon his return he established the department of physical education in the UP system
(Answers.com, n. d.).

6. Phases of gymnastic
6.1 Conditioning Program

Figure 4. Conditioning Program

Gymnastic conditioning exercises are designed to help you strengthen your core,
leg and arm muscles in an effort to improve your flexibility and control during a
gymnastics routine. Conditioning exercises for gymnasts target the parts of your body
you are specifically looking to exercise and tone. This includes improving flexibility,
strength, endurance, and core (Aberdeene, 2017).

6.2 Rhythmic Gymnastics

Figure 5. Rhythmic Gymnastics

 Rhythmic Gymnastics is the perfect combination of sport and art, linking
expressive dance steps with skillful manipulations of the ball, rope, ribbon, hoop or clubs:
throw, spin, spiral, roll and catch (Gymnastics Australia, 2018).
It is also a form of gymnastics emphasizing dancelike rhythmic routines,
accentuated by the use of clubs, balls, ribbons, or hoops (Rhythmic Gymnastics, n. d.).

6.3 Stunts

Figure 6. Stunts
Stunts are activities in the forms of play that test one’s self on flexibility, agility,
balance, coordination, strength, and endurance. Stunts can also be activities that serve as
conditioning exercises and can also be introductions to some gymnastic skills and
tumbling skills. These are classified into three types namely individual, dual, and group
stunts which are depending on the number of people who will act on a stunt (Saviv, 2013)
.
6.4 Tumbling

Figure 7. Tumbling

Tumbling is a gymnastics sporting discipline which combines skills of artistic

gymnastics with those of trampolining. It is sometimes practiced on a 25-meter-long
spring track. Tumbling, which originated for entertainment purposes, is now codified,
 regulated, judged, and performed using standardized special acrobatic equipment
(Tumbling, n. d.)

6.5 Apparatus Exercise (Heavy and Light)

Figure 8. Apparatus Exercise (Heavy)

It is a gymnastic exercise with the use of apparatus such as pommel horse, still
rings, vault, parallel, etc. for heavy and ribbon, rope, hoop, ball etc. for light.

6.6 Pyramid Building

Figure 9. Pyramids

Pyramid is an acrobatic formation of three or more people in which two or more

people support a tier of higher people, who in turn may support other, higher tiers of
people. People above the bottom tier may kneel or stand on the shoulders, backs or thighs
of the people below them. Typically, the number of people in each tier is one greater than
the tier immediately above it, resulting in a triangular structure reminiscent of the
formation's namesake (Wikipedia, n. d.).
7. Ten titleholder gymnasts
Table 1
Gymnasts Title Holders

Name Country Event and Year Title/s

Gold Medalist in all-

1956 Melbourne around, Individual
Larisa Latynina Soviet Union
Olympics and Team, Vault,
Balance Beams
1962 Helsinki Bronze Medalist in
Margit Korondi Hungary
Olympics Individual
Bronze Medalist in
Sophie Scheder Germany 2016 Rio Olympics
Uneven Bars
Gold Medalist in
Team
2008 Beijing
Cheng Fei China
Olympics Bronze Medalist in
Vault and Balance
Beam
Gold Medalist in all
around
2008 Beijing
Nastia Liukin United States
Olympics Silver Medalist in
Team, Uneven Bars,
and Balance Beam
Gold Medalist in All-
around
2004 Athens
Carly Paterson United States
Olympics Silver Medalist in
Team and Balance
Beam
Gold Medalist in
Team all-around
2012 London
McKayla Maroney United States
Olympics
Silver Medalist in
Vault
2012 London Gold Medalist in
Gabby Douglas United States
Olympics Team and all-around
Gold Medalist in All-
Simone Biles United States 2016 Rio Olympics
around, Individual
Gold Medalist in
1996 Atlanta
Shannon Miller United States Team all-around and
Olympics
Balance Beam
8. Examples of apparatus used in gymnastics

8.1 Heavy Apparatuses

8.1.1 Vault

Figure 10. Vault

8.1.2 Balance Beam

Figure 11.Balance Beam

8.1.3 Parallel Bars

Figure 12.Parallel Bars

8.2 Light Apparatuses

8.2.1 Ribbon

Figure 13. Ribbon

8.2.2 Hoops

Figure 14. Hoops

8.2.3 Ball

Figure 15. Ball

 References

Loken, Newton C.; Willoughby, Robert J. (1977). The Complete Book of Gymnastics (3rd ed.).
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN 0-13-157172-9.

Kraftwerk-Berlin. (2018). Kraftwerk Physiotraining. Retrieved from http://www.kraftwerk-

berlin.com/en/offer/physiotherapy/therapeutic-gymnastics/

France, R. (2016). Remedial Gymnastics. Retrieved from

https://www.biomechanicseducation.com/remedial-gymnastics/

Edgefield Primary School. (2015). Educational Gymnastics. Retrieved from

https://www.biomechanicseducation.com/remedial-gymnastics/

Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique. (2005). 125th Anniversary - The story goes on... FIG.
p. 84.

Mejorada R. P. (2014). Objectives of Gymnastics. Retrieved from

https://www.scribd.com/doc/233648688/Objectives-of-Gymnastics

Judd, Leslie; De Carlo, Thomas; Kern, René (1969). Exhibition Gymnastics. New York:
Association Press. p. 17.

Goodbody, John (1982). The Illustrated History of Gymnastics. London: Stanley Paul & Co.
ISBN 0-09-143350-9.

Encyclopedia Britannica. (2006). Johann Bernhard Basedow (German Educator). Retrieved

from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johann-Bernhard-Basedow

Brodin, H. (2008). Per Henrik Ling and his impact on gymnastics. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19848036

Günther Jahn, Die Studentenzeit des Unitisten F. L. Jahn (1995). Darstellungen und Quellen zur
Geschichte der deutschen Einheitsbewegung im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Volume 15.
Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter. pp. 1–129. ISBN 3-8253-0205-9

University of Chicago. (2016). Adolf Spiess Essay. Retrieved from

https://studymoose.com/adolf-spiess-essay
Shephard, R. J.(2014). An Illustrated History of Health and Fitness, from Pre-History to our
Post-Modern World. Springer. ISBN 3319116711.

Leonard, F. E. (1923). A Guide to the History of Physical Education. Philadelphia and New
York: Lea & Febiger. pp. 279–284.

The Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation. (2016). Francisca Aquino Reyes. Retrieved from
http://rmaward.asia/

Answers.com. (n. d.) Who is candido bartolome?. Retrieved from

http://www.answers.com/Q/Who_is_candido_bartolome

Aberdeene, J. (2017). Gymnastic Conditioning Exercises. Retrieved from

https://www.sportsrec.com/455326-gymnastic-conditioning-exercises.html

Gymnastics Australia. (2018). What is Rhythmic Gymnastics?. Retrieved from

https://www.gymnastics.org.au/ga/Gymsports/Rhythmic_Gymnastics/Shared_Content/Gymsport
s/RG/Rhythmic_Gymnastics.aspx

Saviv, N. (2013). Gymnastics. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/kathrynv3/gymnastics-

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