DC Machine

(IIIrd Mechanical/Industrial)
Generator and Motor
Electrical
Technology
Unit 4

DC GENERATOR
 General arrangement
of a four-pole d.c. machine
Concept of simple loop generator
 Working
simple loop generator
Important – right hand rule for generator
One revolution of a coil
Slip rings are replaced by Split rings
 Action of commutator

• The emf induced in the armature conductors of a dc

generator is alternating in nature. It is rectified i.e.
converts AC into DC in the external load circuits by
slip rings also known as commutator.
• To make the flow of unidirectional in the external
load circuit split rings are used.
• Name itself indicates – it is made up of two halves
separated by an insulating material like mica.
Essential parts of DC machine
Yoke
Pole cores and Pole Shoes
Pole COILs
Pole COILs
Field winding
Armature Core
 Commutator
A commutator is a mechanical rectifier which converts the alternating
voltage generated in the armature winding into direct voltage across
the brushes. The commutator is made of copper segments insulated
from each other by mica sheets and mounted on the shaft of the
machine. The armature conductors are soldered to the commutator
segments in a suitable manner to give rise to the armature winding.
 Armature and armature
windings with commutator
 brushes and bearings
• The purpose of brushes is to ensure electrical
connections between the rotating commutator
and stationary external load circuit. The
brushes are made of carbon and rest on the
commutator.
• The brush pressure is adjusted by means of adjustable
springs; If the brush pressure is very large, the
friction produces heating of the commutator and the
brushes. On the other hand, if it is too weak, the
imperfect contact with the commutator may produce
sparking.

The function of brushes

to collect current from
the commutator and
deliver same to the
external load circuit (in
case of dc generator) or
the lead the current to it
(in terms of dc motor)
 Bearings
• It is a device which gives free and smooth
rotation to the armature.
• The function of the bearing is to support the
rotating armature and to reduce the friction.
• Ball bearings are commonly used in small and
medium size dc machines.
• In large heavy duty dc machines, roller
bearings are used.
 Shaft
• The shaft is made of mild steel. The shaft is
used to transfer mechanical power from or to
the machine.
• The rotating parts such as armature,
commutator and cooling fan keyed to the shaft.
A commutator is fixed on one side of the shaft
and on the other side, a light aluminum fan is
fitted for the circulation of cooling air.
Brushes and
commutator
Schematic representations of a dc machine. (a) Schematic arrangement. (b) Circuit
representation.
Lap and Wave Windings
 Simplex lap winding
• For a simplex lap winding the commutator
pitch Yc = 1 and coil span Ys≈Pole pitch.
• Thus the ends of any coil are brought out to
adjacent commutator segment and the result of
this method of connection is that all the coils
of the armature are in sequence with the last
coil connected to the first coil.
 Simplex wave winding
• Yc≈2, the coils under consecutive pole pairs
will be joined together in series their emfs.
• After passing once around the armature, the
winding falls in a slot to the left or right to the
starting points and thus connecting up another
circuit.
• All conductors are connected in single closed
winding.
Armature winding

Prerequisite
Pitch & POLE PITCH
 COIL and winding element

Single turn Multi

turn
Coil Span or Coil Pitch (YS)

Coil pitch is 3/4th –

Fractional Pitch
 ARMATURE WINDING
 Pole pitch (YP)
= No. of conductors per pole.
 Front Pitch (YF)
= No. of conductors between two
conductors which are connected to the same
commutator.
 Back Pitch (YB)
= No. of conductors between two conductors
of any coil.
 Resultant Pitch (YR)
= No. of conductors between first conductor
of first coil and first conductor of second
coil.
 Commutator Pitch (YC)
= No. of commutator segments between two
segments at which two conductors of one
coil is connected.
 Lap
winding

Wave
winding
Example of developed lap
winding
Simplex Lap winding construction
Single layer winding
double layer winding
Classification of DC machine:

DC motor
DC generator
 Revise the entire thing
DC
MACHINE

COMMUTAT
STATOR BRUSH
OR
ROTOR

FIELD
POLE YOKE
WINDING
ARMATURE
ARMATURE
WINDING
 Classifications
DC

GENERATOR MOTOR

SEPERATEL SELF
SEPERATEL SELF EXCITED
Y EXCITED
Y EXCITED EXCITED

COMPOUN
COMPOUN SHUNT SERIES
SHUNT SERIES D
D

CUMULATI DIFFERENTI
CUMULATI DIFFERENTI VE AL
VE AL
When large magnetomotive force is applied to
the core and then removed. The flux in the
core doesn't reach zero. Instead, a magnetic
field is left behind in the core. This magnetic
field is called residual flux in the core
 E.M.F. EQUATION
Let
Ø=flux/pole in Wb
Z = total number of armature
conductors
P = number of poles
A = number of parallel paths
= 2 … for wave winding
= P … for lap winding
N = speed of armature in r.p.m.
Eg = e.m.f. of the generator
= e.m.f./parallel path
BRUSH
No load curve for self excited generator
Voltage build up in DC generator
Voltage build up process
Critical field resistance
Losses in DC machine
DC MOTOR
 Basic Principle

It should be noted that the function of a commutator in the motor is

the same as in a generator. By reversing current in each conductor as

it passes from one pole to another, it helps to develop a continuous and

unidirectional torque.
Comparison of Generator Action and Motor Action
Force is in opposite to the armature
rotation – magnetic drag

Force of Rubber Band on Catapult

Significance of back emf
Voltage equation of motor
 Torque equation of dc motor
• But first of all What is torque? By the term torque is
meant the turning or twisting moment of a force about an axis.
It is measured by the product of the force and the radius at
which this force acts.
• Consider a pulley of radius r metre acted upon by a
circumferential force of F Newton which causes it to rotate at
N r.p.m.
Armature torque of a motor
SHAFT torque of a motor
Speed of a d.c. motor
Characteristics of motor
 Characteristics of DC series motor

Ta/Ia Characteristics
 Characteristics of DC series motor
N/Ia Characteristics
 Characteristics of DC series motor

N/Ta or mechanical characteristics

 Characteristics of DC shunt motor
Ta/Ia
Characteristics
For dc shunt motors;
Ia=IL-Ish,
Ish=V/Rsh;
V=Eb+IaRa

From second equation the field current

remains constant so the flux per pole is
proportional to field current will also
remains constant.
 Characteristics of DC SHUNT motor

N/Ia Characteristics
 Characteristics of DC shunt motor

N/Ta or mechanical characteristics

 Characteristics of compound motors

Cumulative-compound Motors
Differential-compound Motors
Characteristics of compound motors with comparison
 Comparison of Shunt and series motors

• Shunt Motors:
(a) speed of a shunt motor is sufficiently constant.
(b) for the same current input, its starting torque is not a
high as that of series motor. Hence, it is used.
(i) When the speed has to be maintained approximately
constant from N.L. to F.L. i.e. for driving a line of shafting
etc.
(ii) When it is required to drive the load at various speeds,
any one speed being kept constant for a relatively long
period i.e. for individual driving of such machines as lathes.
The shunt regulator enables the required speed control to be
obtained easily and economically.
 Comparison of Shunt and series motors CONT…
• Series motor: These motors
1. have a relatively huge starting torques.
2. have good accelerating torque.
3. have low speed at high loads and dangerously high speed at
low loads.
Hence, such motors are used
1. when a large starting torque is required i.e. for driving hoists,
cranes, trams etc.
2. when the motor can be directly coupled to a load such as a
fan whose torque increases with speed.
Where not used????
Power Stages in DC machines
DC Generator
Condition for max. Efficiency
Power Stages in DC machines
DC motor
DC motor speed control
dc shunt motor
 NEED

• It is obvious that the speed can be controlled by varying ;

(i) flux/pole, f (Flux Control)
(ii) resistance Ra of armature circuit (Rheostatic Control) and
(iii) applied voltage V (Voltage Control). These methods as
applied to shunt, compound and series motors.
Variation of Flux or Flux Control Method:

• It is seen from above that N ∝ 1/f. By decreasing the

flux, the speed can be increased and vice versa.
Hence, the name flux or field control method.
• The flux of a d.c. motor can be changed by changing
Ish with help of a shunt field rheostat. Since Ish is
relatively small, shunt field rheostat has to carry only
a small current, which means I2R loss is small, so that
rheostat is small in size.
• This method is, therefore, very efficient. In non-
interpolar machine, the speed can be increased by this
method in the ratio 2 : 1.
 Cont.
• As R is increases by sliding contact from Ish
decreases; Increases in motor speed N.
• So as flux increases Speed decreases and vice
versa according to the emf equation of DC
machine.
 Rheostatic Control or Armature Control Technique
• This method is used when speeds below the no-load
speed are required.
• As the supply voltage is normally constant, the voltage
across the armature is varied by inserting a variable
rheostat or resistance (called controller resistance) in
series with the armature circuit as shown in Fig.
• As controller resistance is increased, p.d. across the
armature is decreased, thereby decreasing the armature
speed. For a load constant torque, speed is
approximately proportional to the p.d. across the
armature.
• From the speed/armature current characteristic, it is
seen that greater the resistance in the armature circuit,
greater is the fall in the speed.
voltage is normally constant, the voltage across
the armature is varied by inserting a variable
rheostat or resistance
Additional control resistance
Armature control technique
 Ward-Leonard System
• This system is used where an unusually wide (upto 10 : 1) and
very sensitive speed control is required as for colliery winders,
electric excavators, elevators and the main drives in steel mills
and blooming and paper mills.
• The arrangement is illustrated in Fig.
• M1 is the main motor whose speed control is required. The
field of this motor is permanently connected across the d.c.
supply lines.
• By applying a variable voltage across its armature, any desired
speed can be obtained.
• This variable voltage is supplied by a motor-generator set
which consists of either a d.c. or an a.c. motor M2 directly
coupled to generator G.
 Ward-Leonard System

• The motor M2 runs at an approximately constant speed. The

output voltage of G is directly fed to the main motor M1. The
voltage of the generator can be varied from zero up to its
maximum value by means of its field regulator.

• By reversing the direction of the field current of G by means

of the reversing switch RS, generated voltage can be reversed
and hence the direction of rotation of M1. It should be
remembered that motor generator set always runs in the same
direction.
DC motor speed control
dc series motor
 Field Diverter Method
• Variable R is connected across field winding called field
diverter.
• Parallel path for the field current, by adjusting the value of R
we can adjust the current flowing through winding
• At point A field winding shorted R=0 and flux will be min and
speed will be maximum so at A max speed.

Gradually R decreases
Armature Diverter
 Variable Resistance in Series with Motor
• By increasing the resistance in series with the armature the
voltage applied across the armature terminals can be decreased.
• With reduced voltage across the armature, the speed is reduced.
However, it will be noted that since full motor current passes
through this resistance, there is a considerable loss of power in it.
Starters of DC machine
Need of starters
Need of starters
Cont....
Shunt motor starter
Three point starter
Four point starter
No of coils and commutator segment – winding diagarm