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A Brief History of Islamic Economic Thou
A Brief History of Islamic Economic Thou
A Brief History of Islamic Economic Thou
Lecture Notes
1. Opening Remarks
So far as jurists are concerned most of the jurists have been giving their
verdicts on the economic matters of their respective times. Thejuridical literature is
a vast treasure of such verdicts. It is not possible to cover the juridical literature in
this study. Moreover, the present study takes into account the application of
juristic thought to concrete economic situations and therefore excludes mention of
legal literature.
We can study the present subject under following headings:
A. Early thinkers
B. Thinkers of recent past
C. Orthodox religious scholars. (Ulema)
D. Professional economists and bankers
E. Orientalists and western economists
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A. EARLY THINKERS
2
Caliph can take back the land if not cultivated for 3 years.
God's ownership on land. This principle still survives in Iraq, Jordan,
Pakistan. (Miri Aradi)
Revival of dead lands.
Right of preemption.
Fai': Taxation of minerals - 1/5th of the output.
3
- Land management, ihya al- mawat, hima, iqta' and irrigation ;
Baitulmal administration.
Opposes hereditary feudal rights.
4
Tusi wrote a memorandum for Mongol Kings on finance. Stressed
primacy of agriculture over trade and commerce. Emphasized savings and
opposed expenditure on jewelry or uncultivable land. Stressed well being of the
land tiller and advised against conspicuous consumption. Emphasis division of
labor and public welfare.
5
same thing as just price. Price of the equivalent can be determined by
studying the market while the concept of just price in western economic
literature of medieval times is more of a theoretical concept.
Opposes hoarding and monopoly.
Recommends state intervention to streamline market. ( al- Hisba)
State can delimit property rights if it is a source of injustice.
Gives importance to social interest but does not up-hold total public
control.
States' responsibility to provide basic needs, if market fails. Public welfare,
the prime duty of the ruler.
Price control if necessary (Tas’ir)
Supervision of production and distribution.
Economic activities relating to basic needs are fard kifaya. If individual
fails then state to intervene.
6
Role of Government expenditure to avoid slumps (Precursor of Keynse).
Relation of taxes with economic growth. (Opposes high taxation)
Explanation of differences in prices across borders. (Anticipates modern
theory of international trade).
When wages rise, supply of labor is reduced. An example of backward
sloping labor supply curve. Vested interests groups try to restrain the
supply of labor to support high wage rates. This is seen these in the form
of various professional bodies which try to keep their numbers restricted.
Money as a medium of exchange and not a commodity
International division of labor based on differences in skill and expertise of
the people of different regions.
7
They perceived life as a totally, economic aspect being one
dimension.
Their thought was deeply influenced by Islam's worldview.
They were concerned about the economic well-being economic
justice and fulfillment of basic needs of the people.
The economic thinking was mainly of the nature of policy
recommendations.
They had a problem solving bias.
Mainly through his poetry he raised voice against the poverty of the
Muslim Ummah. Opposed social injustice especially in the agriculture.
Wrote against interest.
Economics should be subservient to ethics as the material resources
are meant to promote man's spiritual well-being and help him actualise
his potentialities. If the material resources do not lead to the growth of
human personality, they are of no use to man. Wealth, by itself is not
an end. It is a means to achieve higher ends.
Rejected Socialism. Had the notion that socialism plus God is equal to
Islam. Capitalism is also alien to Islam. The cure lies in holding fast to
the Islamic teachings.
8
3. Khalifa Abdul Hakim (1895-1959)
Islam and Communism
Compares Islam and Communism. Supports Islamic Socialism by which
he means social justice ensured through peasant proprietorship, prohibition of
riba, enforcement of zakah, inheritance and state interference where necessary.
Modernist.
5. Ghulam A. Pervaiz
6. Nasir A. Sheikh:
Islami Dastur and Islami Iqtisadiyat Ke Chand Pehlu (1959)( Some aspects
9
of Islamic constitution and Islamic economics)
Socialistic interpretation of Islam on the foot- steps of Perwaiz.
Prohibition of riba
Zakah on machinery.
Nationalization of all land.
Zakah is negative interest on idle wealth.
Banks on the basis of profit/loss sharing and bank charges.
Basic needs: responsibility of the state.
Price controls by the state.
Public works for employment.
7. (Dr.) Fazal-ur-Rehman
Riba and Interest(1964)
Methodology for studying the Qur'an. Thinks that the Qur'an gave specific
solutions to actual problems of the Prophet's days. We need to analyze
those solutions and segregate the general from the temporal and then
apply the general content to our specific problems.
Riba and Interest are not synonymous. Interest on productive loans is
acceptable in Islam. Interest of banks is not riba. Zakah nisab and rates
need revision. Expenditure of zakah on all state activities.
8. Syed Yaqub Shah
Islam aur Chand Ma'ashi Masa’il (1967) (Islam and some economic issues)
On interest, same views as those of Fazalur Rehman (above)
Expenditure from Zakah: Zakah to be available for all development
activities of the state.
9. Syed Qutb: (d.1966)
Social justice in Islam (1949)
Collection of Zakah by the government;
Establishment of mutual social responsibility
Levying of additional taxes on the rich to provide for public services
10
Nationalization of natural resources
Public services and transport; abolition of extremes of wealth and
poverty
Equal provision of health care and education for all
Worker participation in the ownership of enterprises
Prohibition of gambling, prostitution and alcohol
11
12. Na'eem Siddiqi
Ma'ashi Nahumwariyon Ka Islami Hall: (Islamic solution of economic
inequalities)
Basically in the mould of Mawdudi: A problem- solving approach to
distribute wealth more evenly. A lot of idealism and romanticism.
Interest free banking
Cooperative movement
Zakah, Its collection and distribution
Abolition of feudalism
Industrial relations in Islam. Applies ahadith relating to slaves to industrial
labor.
Life Insurance in Islam, and
Application of 'slave traditions to industrial labour.
13. Isma'il Raji al-Faruqi (d.1986)
Islamization of Knowledge (1980)
Redeemed the concept of Islamic economics from fiqh
al- muamlat.
Economics needs to be rewritten within the Islamic framework.
State of the art studies of secular subjects should lead Muslim scholars to
analyze them for secular and religious content. New knowledge based on
the Islamic philosophy should be created from them.
12
'Ushr and 'Ushr Land (1980)
Zakah and Economic well- being (1981)
Nisab of Zakah (1988)
Eight heads of Zakah. Adds new insights to the meaning of Ghina:
one, who had nisab. Two, who is neither sahib- al- nisab nor deserves
zakah. Three, who does not accept zakah out of modesty.
Nisab to be equal to five wasq of food grains or its market price. To be
fixed according to each age.
Indexation of loans (1989). Thinks that the paper currency should be
treated as a qimi commodity. Then its nominal quality can differ at the
time of returning loan. In this way indexation can be provided a legal
rationale.
13
Peasant Proprietorship.
Valuable work on riba- al- fadl. Considers all malpractices in trade
as fiba- al- fadl.
14
Foreign enterprises are main exploiters. Organized trade union activities to
oppose foreign owned capitalist enterprises. A symbol of conservative
Islam.
15
Interest-free banking on the basis of mudaraba/cooperatives
Zakah
Law of inheritance.
Expenditure from Bait al- mal:
* Sadaqat
* Awqaf
* Gifts, Iqta.
Comparative study of system. Socialism and fascism
6. Yusuf al-Qardawi
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7. Ja'afar Shah Phalwarwi
Commercial interest is not riba
Abolish all property
8. Baqir al-Sadr
Iqtisaduan: A comprehensive text from Shi'i point of view.
Interst-free banking
Islamic economic system
Criticism of Marxism on philosophical ground
Criticism of dialectical materialism
Criticism of Capitalism
Basic principles of Islamic economic system
Private property. Public (social) property
Taxes (Basic principles)
Land management ushr/kharaj
Islamic banking: Rationalizes the bank's changes on the concept of
ju'ala
9. Muhammad Tasin
Muzara'a is not lawful. Peasants-proprietorship.
Mudaraba acceptable only as an undesirable necessity.
Ijara
Zakah payable on machinery
Bai' mua'jjal - difference between cash and credit prices is riba.
Joint stock company' incorporation and limited liability is not
covered by the shari'ah.
Adopts a Marxist line of argument
10. Maulvi Fazalur Rehman
Tijarti sud ki fiqhi hathiyat ( Legal nature of commercial interest) (1964)
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Orthodox interpretation of riba. Refutes Dr. Fazalur Rahman's thesis on
riba.
11. Yusufuddin
Islam ke Ma'ashi Nazariyye (1952)
Compendium of historical information on early Islamic economy.
12. Mahmud Taleqani (d.1979)
Islam and Ownership
Based on Shi'a jurisprudence.
Social justice. Taxation of all that is surplus to needs.
Criticizes Marxism and Capitalism
13. Muhammad Hanif Nadvi
Private property in Islam was tolerated as an interim institution. It does not
match the over-all philosophy of Islam. However, Marxism is also not acceptable
on theological grounds.
14. Mufti Syed Siyahuddin (d.1987)
Progressive among the orthodox ulema. Has a better appreciation of the
modern problems.
Cash and credit prices should be the same otherwise it would involve riba
A strong stand on zakah heads of account and tamlik
Welfare of the people to come by economy and simple living.
15. Muhammad Taqi Uthmani
Interest in all its forms is riba.
Incorporation of joint stock companies is allowed. Liability of private
companies should be unlimited while hose of public companies should be
limited.
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CONCLUDING REMARKS ON ORTHODOX RELIGIOUS
SCHOLARS (‘ULEMA)
Problem solving approach
Islamic system is superior to western system
Idealism
D. PROFESSIONAL ECONOMISTS
7. S. M. Hasan-uz-Zaman
Economic historian of early Islamic days
Contribution on Zakah and financing techniques as discussed in fiqh.
Liability of shareholders in a joint stock company is limited.
Indexation of loans is not allowed in the Shari'ah.
8. Ziauddin Ahmad
Islamic banking: a balanced view
Fiscal system of Islam. IMF Working Paper (1990)
9. Muhammad Uzair
Poverty and Income Distribution in Islam (1992).
Interest- free banking (Mudaraba and Profit sharing): Opposes markup
financing.
[First comprehensive model of interest-free banking (1955)]
Central banking: Monetary policy in the absence of interest
Fiscal policy: Role of zakah in fiscal policy.
10. Muhammad Abdul Mannan
Islamic Economics (1969); New edition (1987)
Application of Islamic teachings to western economic ideas and
modifying them wherever there is a clash.
Making of an Islamic Economy (1983)
Abstracts of Research in Islamic Economics (1984)
14 Hashmat Alai
- Abdul Jabbar
E. Orientalits