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Paper 2
Paper 2
Quantitative Techniques
Very Short Questions
3. The standard deviation of a series is 28.6. Find out mean deviation and quartile
deviation.
Ans
4. Determine the Harmonic mean of the following series:
20, 25, 10, 15, 5
Ans
5. If the two regression coefficients are (-) 0.9 and (-)0.5 respectively, then find the
coefficient of correlation.
Ans
6. Define partial correlation.
Ans . Partial correlation is the measure of association between two variables, while
controlling or adjusting the effect of one or more additional variables. Partial
correlations can be used in many cases that assess for relationship, like whether or
not the sale value of a particular commodity is related to the expenditure on
advertising when the effect of price is controlled.
Ans If the determinant of a matrix is 0 then the matrix has no inverse .It is called
a singular matrix.The following diagrams show how to determine if a 2x2 matrix is
singular and if a 3x3 matrix is singular.
13 Population
Ans A population is the number of living people that live together in the same
place. A city's population is the number of people living in that city. These people
are called inhabitants or residents. The population includes all individuals that live
in that certain area.
14 Ideal index number
Ans Changes in the general level of prices can be measured by a statistical device
known as ‘index number.’
15 Quantity Relative
Ans
A quantity relative is the ratio of the quantity of a specific product in one period to the quantity of the same
product in some other period.
16 Variable
Ans
A variable is a characteristic of a unit being observed that may assume more than one
of a set of values to which a numerical measure or a category from a classification can
be assigned (e.g. income, age, weight, etc., and “occupation”, “industry”, “disease”, etc.
18 Frequency Distribution
Ans a frequency distribution is a list, table or graph that displays the frequency of
various outcomes in a sample.[1] Each entry in the table contains the frequency or
count of the occurrences of values within a particular group or interval.
19 Skewness
Ans skewness is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of
a real-valued random variable about its mean. The skewness value can be positive or
negative, or undefined.
20 Standard Deviation
Ans Standard deviation is a number used to tell how measurements for a group are
spread out from the average (mean), or expected value. A low standard deviation
means that most of the numbers are close to the average. A high standard deviation
means that the numbers are more spread out
21 Index Number
Ans An index number is the measure of change in a variable (or group of variables)
over time. It is typically used in economics to measure trends in a wide variety of
areas including: stock market prices, cost of living, industrial or agricultural
production, and imports. Index numbers are one of the most used statistical tools in
economics.
22Multiple Correlation
Ans multiple correlation is a measure of how well a given variable can be predicted
using a linear function of a set of other variables. It is the correlation between the
variable's values and the best predictions that can be computed linearly from the
predictive variables.
23 Range
Ans the range of a set of data is the difference between the largest and smallest
values.[1] Difference here is specific, the range of a set of data is the result of
subtracting the smallest value from largest value.
24 Census Method
Ans Census method is the method of statistical enumeration where all members of the
population are studied. A population refers to the set of all observations under concern.
For example, if you want to carry out a survey to find out student’s feedback about the
facilities of your school, all the students of your school would form a part of the
‘population’ for your study.
25 Regression
Ans Regression is a statistical measurement used in finance, investing, and other
disciplines that attempts to determine the strength of the relationship between one
dependent variable (usually denoted by Y) and a series of other changing variables
(known as independent variables).
26 Function
Ans
27 Parameter
Ans a parameter is something in an equation that is passed on in an equation. It
means something different in statistics. It’s a value that tells you something about
a population and is the opposite from a statistic, which tells you something about
a small part of the population.
28 Cumulative frequency
Ans if the frequency of first class interval is added to the frequency of second class
and this sum is added to third class and so on then frequencies so obtained are
known as Cumulative frequency
29 Geometric mean
Ans The geometric mean is the average of a set of products, the calculation of which
is commonly used to determine the performance results of an investment or
portfolio. It is technically defined as "the nth root product of n numbers." The
geometric mean must be used when working with percentages, which are derived
from values, while the standard arithmetic mean works with the values themselves.
30 Coefficient of standard deviation
Ans The standard deviation is the absolute measure of dispersion. Its relative
measure is called the standard coefficient of dispersion or coefficient of standard
deviation. It is defined as:
31 Partial correlation
Ans partial correlation measures the degree of association between two random
variables, with the effect of a set of controlling random variables removed. If we are
interested in finding whether or to what extent there is a numerical relationship
between two variables of interest, using their correlation coefficient will
give misleading results if there is another, confounding, variable that is numerically
related to both variables of interest.
32. Bivariate distribution
Ans A bivariate distribution, put simply, is the probability that a certain event will occur when there are
two independent random variables in your scenario. For example, having two bowls, each filled with two
different types of candies, and pulling one candy from each bowl gives you two independent random variables,
the two different candies. Since you are pulling one candy from each bowl at the same time, you have a
bivariate distribution when calculating your probability of ending up with particular kinds of candies.
33 Regression coefficient
Ans The regression coefficients are a statically measure which is used
to measure the average functional relationship between variables. In
regression analysis, one variable is dependent and other is
independent. Also, it measures the degree of dependence of one
variable on the other(s).
34 Price relative
Ans A price relative is the ratio of the price of a specific product in one period to the price of
the same product in some other period.
35 Time Series
Ans A time series is a set of observation taken at specified times, usually at equal
intervals .In other words ,a series of observations recorded over time is known as
time series .
36 Sets
Ans A set is a well-defined collection of objects
37 Homogeneous function
Ans
38 Logarithm
Ans
A logarithm is the power to which a number is raised get another number.
39 Primary data
Ans Primary data is data that is collected by a researcher from first-hand sources, using methods
like surveys, interviews, or experiments. It is collected with the research project in mind, directly from
primary sources.
40 Differentiation
Ans
41 Harmonic mean
Ans the harmonic mean (sometimes called the subcontrary mean) is one of several
kinds of average, and in particular one of the Pythagorean means. Typically, it is
appropriate for situations when the average of rates is desired.
42 Coefficient of variation
Ans the coefficient of variation (CV), also known as relative standard deviation (RSD), is
a standardized measure of dispersion of a probability distribution or frequency distribution. It is often
expressed as a percentage, and is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean (or
its absolute value, ). The CV or RSD is widely used in analytical chemistry to express the precision
and repeatability of an assay.
43 Interpolation
Ans Interpolation is the process of finding a value between two points on a line or
curve. To help us remember what it means, we should think of the first part of the
word, 'inter,' as meaning 'enter,' which reminds us to look 'inside' the data we
originally had. This tool, interpolation, is not only useful in statistics, but is also
useful in science, business or any time there is a need to predict values that fall
within two existing data points.
The Fisher Price Index is the geometric average of the Laspeyres and Paasche Price indices, and
the formula is rendered as:
Where:
Ans
1. Distinguish between Absolute and Relative measures
Ans
2. Find the correlation between the two series if it is known:
∑ 𝐝𝐱𝐝𝐲 = (−)𝟏𝟔, 𝛔𝐱 = 𝟐. 𝟑, 𝛔𝐲 = 𝟐. 𝟕, 𝐍=𝟖
3. From the following fixed base index numbers, prepare chain base index number:
Year Fixed Base Index Number
2012 94
2013 98
2014 102
2015 95
2016 98
2017 100
𝟏 𝟓 𝟖 𝟐
4. If 𝐀 = [𝟕 𝟑] and 𝐁 = [ ], find out AB.
𝟒 𝟑
𝟎 𝟐
5. Find the combined mean wage of the two factories given below:
Factory A Factory B
r value variation:
Long Questions
A Team B Team
0 27 17
1 9 9
2 8 6
3 5 5
4 4 3
Class Frequency
4-8 6
8-12 10
12-16 18
16-20 30
20-24 15
24-28 12
28-32 10
32-36 6
36-40 2
3. Estimate the likely production for 1970 and 1980 from the following data:
Year Production(Lakh
Tons)
1955 200
1960 230
1965 270
1970 -
1975 380
1980 -
1985 460
4. a. The regression equations of two variables X and Y are given below. Find the
mean values of X and Y and coefficient of correlation between X and Y:
𝟑𝐱 + 𝟐𝐲 − 𝟐𝟔 = 𝟎 … … … … . (𝐢)
𝟔𝐱 + 𝐲 − 𝟑𝟏 = 𝟎 … … … … … (𝐢𝐢)
X Y
75 120
88 134
95 150
70 115
60 110
80 140
81 142
50 100
5. a. Solve the following equations by Crammer’s rule:
−𝐱 + 𝟑𝐲 + 𝟑𝐳 = 𝟔
𝟑𝐱 − 𝟐𝐲 + 𝟓𝐳 = 𝟏𝟎
𝟐𝐱 + 𝟑𝐲 − 𝐳 = 𝟏𝟏
b. Find the inverse of the following matrix:
𝟏 𝟒 𝟑
[𝟒 𝟐 𝟏 ]
𝟑 𝟐 𝟐
6. From the following data calculate Fisher’s Ideal Index Number. Does it satisfy the
both factor and time reversal tests:
A 2 40 5 75
B 4 16 8 40
C 1 10 2 24
D 5 25 10 60
𝐝𝐲
7. a. Find 𝐝𝐱 of the following:
1. 𝐲 = 𝟏𝟐𝐱 𝟑/𝟐 + 𝟔𝐱 𝟏/𝟐 + 𝟐
𝐱 𝟑 + 𝟑𝐱+𝟏𝟓
2. 𝐲 = 𝐱𝟐 + 𝟐𝐱+𝟐
b. Integrate the following:
1. ∫ √𝟐 + 𝟓𝐲 dy
𝟑
2. ∫(𝟑𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟐) 𝐱𝐝𝐱
8. a. Find the inverse of the following matrix:
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
[−𝟏 𝟎 𝟒]
𝟎 𝟐 𝟐
Ans Primary sources provide a first-hand account of an event or time period and are considered to be
authoritative. They represent original thinking, reports on discoveries or events, or they can share new information.
Often these sources are created at the time the events occurred but they can also include sources that are created
later. They are usually the first formal appearance of original research.
Secondary sources involve analysis, synthesis, interpretation, or evaluation of primary sources. They often attempt
to describe or explain primary sources.
Scholarly journals, although generally considered to be secondary sources, often contain articles on very specific
subjects and may be the primary source of information on new developments.
Primary and secondary categories are often not fixed and depend on the study or research you are undertaking. For
example, newspaper editorial/opinion pieces can be both primary and secondary. If exploring how an event affected
people at a certain time, this type of source would be considered a primary source. If exploring the event, then the
opinion piece would be responding to the event and therefore is considered to be a secondary source.
Primary sources
Examples of primary resources include:
diaries, correspondence, ships' logs
original documents e.g. birth certificates, trial transcripts
biographies, autobiographies, manuscripts
interviews, speeches, oral histories
case law, legislation, regulations, constitutions
government documents, statistical data, research reports
a journal article reporting NEW research or findings
creative art works, literature
newspaper advertisements and reportage and editorial/opinion pieces
Library collection
Primary sources for history subject guide
Secondary sources
Secondary sources offer an analysis, interpretation or a restatement of primary sources and are considered to be
persuasive. They often involve generalisation, synthesis, interpretation, commentary or evaluation in an attempt to
convince the reader of the creator's argument. They often attempt to describe or explain primary sources.
12.5 28
17.5 42
22.5 54
27.5 108
32.5 129
37.5 61
42.5 45
47.5 33
Here the calculated standard deviation (σ) is 8.96. Calculate Karl Pearson’s
coefficient of Skewness.
10. a. What is the concept of trend in time series analysis?
Ans
b. Fit the straight line trend by the method of least squares:
Years Production (in tones)
1991 24
1992 25
1993 29
1994 26
1995 22
1996 24
15. Find out standard deviation and coefficient of variation from the following series:
0 100
10 90
20 75
30 50
40 25
50 15
60 5
70 0
Below 40 250
40-60 120
60-80 100
80-100 70
100-120 50
17. Compute the Fisher’s ideal Index Number from the following data. Does it satisfy
the both Factor and Time Reversal Tests:
A 2 40 5 75
B 4 16 8 40
C 1 10 2 24
D 5 25 10 60
𝐝𝐲
18. a. Find 𝐝𝐱of the following:
√𝐱+𝟐
1. Y = 𝐱𝟐 +𝟒𝐱−𝟑
2. Y= (𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐱 + 𝟓)(𝐱 − 𝟓)(𝟒𝐱 𝟐 )
b. Integrate the following:
1. ∫(𝟑𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟒𝐱 + 𝟏𝟎)𝐝𝐱
(𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐱)
2. ∫ 𝐱𝟐 𝐝𝐱
19. a. Solve the determinant:
𝟏𝟎 𝟖 𝟑
|𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟎 𝟕|
𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟐 𝟓
b. Find inverse of following matrix:
𝟑 𝟒 𝟑
|𝟐 𝟑 𝟐|
𝟐 𝟏 𝟒
20. Calculate mode and median from the following data:
X Y
0-10 6
10-20 10
20-30 22
30-40 23
40-50 4
50-60 1
22. Given:
X Y
7 10
10 15
12 18
15 20
6 17
Ans
𝐝𝐲
24. a) Find 𝐝𝐱of the following:
1. 𝐘 = (𝐱 𝟒 + 𝟐𝐱 − 𝟕)(𝟑𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟓𝐱 + 𝟐)
𝟏−𝐱
2. 𝐘 = √𝟏+𝐱
b) Integrate the followings:
1. ∫(𝟐𝐱 𝟓 − 𝟑𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟐)𝐝𝐱
2. ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐱𝐝𝐱
25. a) Solve the following equations by Cramer’s rule:
𝐱+𝐲+𝐳=𝟕
𝐱 + 𝟐𝐲 + 𝟑𝐳 + 𝟏𝟔
𝐱 + 𝟑𝐲 + 𝟒𝐳 = 𝟐𝟐
b) Find the inverse of the following matrix:
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
A=[𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 ]
𝟏 𝟓 𝟏𝟐
26. The median and mode of the following data are Rs. 33.5 and 34.5 respectively but
three frequencies are missing. Find the missing frequencies and verify the result:
Wages Frequency
0-10 4
10-20 16
20-30 ?
30-40 ?
40-50 ?
50-60 6
60-70 4
Total 230
27. From the following data, calculate the coefficient of correlation between age of
students and their playing habit:
Age group No. of Students No. of regular
(Years) players
28. The following data relate to heights of 8 fathers and their sons:
Height of father Height of son
66 68
67 64
67 68
68 72
69 70
71 69
73 70
29. Find the following data estimate the life expectancy at the age of 22 years:
Age Life expectancy
(Years)
(Years)
15 32.2
20 29.1
25 26.0
30 23.1
35 20.4
[2014]
𝐝𝐲
1. a) Find of the following:
𝐝𝐱
𝐱𝟑
1. 𝐱𝟐 +𝟏
2. 𝐱 𝟐 𝐲 + 𝐱𝐲 𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓
b) Integrate the followings:
1. ∫ 𝐱 𝐧 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐱𝐝𝐱
𝐱+𝟑
2. ∫ 𝐱+𝟓 𝐝𝐱
2. a) Solve the following equations by Cramer’s rule:
𝐱+𝐲+𝐳=𝟔
𝐱−𝐲+𝐳=𝟐
𝟐𝐱 + 𝐲 − 𝐳 = 𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
b) If A= [𝟐 𝟏 𝟐]then prove 𝐀𝟐 - 4A-5I = 0.
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
3. a) Calculate the Arithmetic mean and standard deviation and its coefficient from
the following series:
Marks No. of Students
Less than 10 10
Less than 20 25
Less than 30 50
Less than 40 75
Less than 50 85
Less than 60 95
Marks 18 19 20 21 22
20-25 3 2 - - -
15-20 - 5 4 - -
10-15 - - 7 10 -
5-10 - - - 3 2
0-5 - - - 3 1
5. Calculate Fisher’s Index number and test for factor reversal test and time reversal
test:
Base year
B 1 10
C 4 16
D 2 40
Current Year
A 10 60
B 2 24
C 8 40
D 5 75
[2012]
𝐝𝐲
1. a) Findout the differentiation of any two of the following:
𝐝𝐱
𝟏
1. 𝐲 = √𝐱x 𝐱
√
2. 𝐲 = (𝐱 𝟒 + 𝟐𝐱 − 𝟕)(𝟑𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟓𝐱 + 𝟐)
𝐱𝟒
3. 𝐲 = 𝐱𝟐 +𝟑
b) Integrate any two of the followings:
𝐱
1. ∫ ((𝐱−𝟏)(𝐱−𝟐)) 𝐝𝐱
2. ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐱𝐝𝐱
3. ∫(𝟐𝐱 𝟓 − 𝟑𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟐)𝐝𝐱
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
2. a) If A=[ 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑] find A-1 and prove that A x A-1 = I
−𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
b) Solve the following equation by Crammer’s rule:
𝐱+𝐲+𝐳=𝟕
𝐱 + 𝟐𝐲 + 𝟑𝐳 = 𝟏𝟔
𝐱 + 𝟑𝐲 + 𝟒𝐳 = 𝟐𝟐
3. a) From the following data calculate the Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Skewness:
Waves No. of Workers
(more than)
5 120
15 105
25 96
35 85
45 72
55 58
65 32
75 12
85 0
b) A cyclist covers his first three miles at an average speed of 8 m.p.h. another two
miles at 3 m.p.h. and the last two miles at 2 m.p.h. Find his average speed for the
entire journey.
4. a) From the following data, calculate the coefficient of correlation between age of
students and their playing habits and say whether it is significant or not:
Age No. of Students Regular Players
15 250 200
16 200 150
17 150 90
18 120 48
19 100 30
20 80 12
b) If Q1=58 and Q2=64, find the quartile deviation and it’s coefficient.
5. a) From the following data calculate the number of workers earning wages more
than Rs. 60 but less than Rs. 70:
Wages No. of Workers
(000)
Below 40 250
40-60 120
60-80 100
80-100 70
100-120 50
b) Estimate the value of y when x= 36, from the data given below:
x series y series
Mean 30 45
Standard Deviation 4 10
Coefficient of correlation between x and y series = +0.8.
6. a) Calculate Fisher’s Ideal Index Number from the following data and show that it
satisfies time reversal and factor reversal tests:
Base Year Current Year
A 6 50 9 55
B 2 100 3 125
C 4 60 6 65
D 10 30 14 25
b) Write down four methods for the measurement of secular trend in a time se