COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT, SOLIDARITY, AND CITIZENSHIP

Definitions of Community o Importance or feeling valued

3. Integration and Fulfillment of Needs
1. As shared political territory and heritage
o Feeling of fulfillment from personal
o Institutional and grassroots
investments
perspectives (sitios and other
o Participate in community affairs
people organizations
4. Shared Emotional Connection
2. As network of interpersonal ties based on
o Cultural and historical heritage;
common interest
common experience will be shared
o Mutual support, sense of
in the future
belongingness, and identity for its
members Community Typologies
o Civil Society Organizations
1. Gemeinschaft and Gesselschaft
 Organizations founded on
2. Urban, Rural, Suburban, and Rurban
common interest to address
3. Local and Global Communities
social problems
4. Community Sectors
3. As profound sharing of spiritual and/ or
a. Public Sectors
emotional connection
b. Private Sectors
Community c. Voluntary Sectors
d. For-Benefit Sectors
 A social construct
5. Social Space
 A social organization characterized by a set
of patterned human interactions Gemeinschaft and Gesselschaft

Sense of Community  Ferdinand Tonnies (1887)

 Ideal types of human association found in
 A feeling that members have of belonging; a
communications
feeling that members matter to one another
 Gemeinschaft (Communal Society)
and to the group, and a shared faith that
o Intimate, informal, caring,
members’ needs will be met through their
homogenous, group – welfare
commitment to be together
oriented
Community Structures  Gesselschaft (Associational Society)
o Impersonal, formal, rational,
 Composed of structures that make it intact heterogeneous, individualistically –
and whole oriented
1. Social Structures
o Institutions, statuses, roles, groups Urban, Rural, Suburban, Rurban
2. Cultural Structures
 Urban
o Languages, norms, values, symbols,
o Cities or big towns where there is a
beliefs, rituals
large, high-dense, and
3. Political Structures
heterogeneous population
o Leadership, power relations
 Rural
4. Economic Structures
o Territorial enclaves or villages where
o Capital assets, trade, vulnerability
there is a small, low-density, and
complex, business climate
homogeneous population
Elements of Sense of Community  Suburban
o Residential or mix-used areas
1. Membership
located at the city outskirts or within
o Personal relatedness
the commuting distance of a city
2. Influence
  Rurban Community Population Composition (CPC)
o Communities that both have urban
 Common demographic variables (size,
and rural characteristics
distribution, and characteristics of the
o Relocation sites; rurban
population)
communities are often places where
 Age, ethnicity, marital status, educational
marginalized people exist
attainment
Local and Global Communities
Factors Affecting Changes in CPS
 Local Communities
1. Authority
o Geographically – bounded
o By virtue of an elected position or an
community such as territorial
office appointed
enclave, village, barangay, town,
o Formal power structure
city, municipality, province, region
 Community power structure
 Global Communities
changes when the person in
o Interconnectivity of people or
authority changes
countries all over the world
2. Influence
o Concept of global community
o By virtue of other people’s positive
became popular with the integration
perception of the former’s
of economies among countries
competence and ability
Community Sectors o Informal power structure

 Subdivisions of society that represent Routes to Informal Power

clusters of social institutions according to
1. Status
their social, economic, political functions
2. Wealth
 Public Sector
3. Expertise
o Government and its agencies
4. Charisma
 Private Sector
o Businesses and enterprises Factors Affecting Changes in CPC
 Voluntary Sector
1. Fertility
o Non-profit organizations; CSOs
o Number of child births; birthrate,
 For-Benefit Sector
reproductive performance that can
o Merger of public and private sector
be expected of a population in a
Social Space woman’s child bearing years
2. Mortality
 Physical or virtual areas were people gather o Death rates, survival rates, life
and interact with one another expectancy
Community Dynamics o Low death rate = high survival rate =
long life expectancy = low fertility
 Changes that occur in the community power 3. Migration
structures, community population o Process of moving from one place to
composition another; movement across a
specified boundary
Community Power Structures (CPS)
o Internal Migration is within the
 Hierarchical interrelationships that govern same geographical area/ region
the interaction of individuals among each  R-U; U-R; R-R; U-U
other within a localized group setting o External Migration is from a
national boundary to another
  Global South to Global
North
 S-N (employment); N-S
(vacation/settlement); S-S,
N-N
External and Internal Determinants of Fertility
1. Social and legal preconditions of marriage
o Stricter standards of social and legal
preconditions of marriage = low
fertility rare
o Low age for marriage – high fertility
rate
a. Social preconditions
 Parental consent
 Dowry
b. Legal preconditions
 Age
2. Use of birth control methods
o High use of birth control methods =
low fertility rate
3. Level of education
o High education for women = low
fertility rate
4. Level of economic and social development
o High level of development = low
fertility rate
Power Actors
 Interactions of individuals involved in CPS
1. Pluralist
o Widely distributed with members of
community; equal in influence;
multiple centers of power;
participatory democracy
o Participatory Democracy – and strengthen communities
participate in community affairs and
elect officials for representation
2. Elitist
o Power conforms to the system of
hierarchical stratification
o Corporate wealth or prestige
according to traditional and religious
authorities
o Local aristocracy – control over
financial, industrial, commercial
sectors
o Business people – high society clubs
3. Factional
o Power resides in numerous interest
groups
o Struggling to control or dominate
influence
o Ousting one another rather than
solving community issues
4. Amorphous
o Absence of an identifiable power
structure; maintain status quo
o Dormant; sleeping giants
o Do not see necessity for change and
lacks direction
o Slum communities
Community Action
 Collective efforts done by people toward
addressing social problems in order to
achieve social/ collective well-being
1. Community Engagement
2. Solidarity
3. Citizenship
4. Social Change
Community Engagement
 Process of developing partnerships and
sustaining relationships with and through
groups of people affiliated
Forms of Community Engagement
1. Service Learning
o Reaching methodology that employs
community service and reflection on
service to teach community
engagement, develop greater
community and social responsibility,
2. Community Outreach
o Refers to the voluntary services
done by students, faculty, school
employees, or alumni in response to
social, economic, and political needs
of communities
3. Community Engaged Research
o Collaborative process between the
faculty and/ or student researchers
and the partner community in
conducting research
Forms of Community Outreach 5. Climate and Environmental Justice

1. Community Service Citizenship

o One-way occurrence from the one
 Full membership in a community in which
who devotes time and resources to
one lives, works, or was born
community; short-term
2. Community Development Dimensions of Citizenship
o Requires fostering particularly and
sustaining relationships with 1. Legal
community o Enjoys civil (right to speech,
o Activated by volunteerism property), political (suffrage), social
(education, health) rights
Solidarity 2. Political
o Citizen participates in influencing
 To commit oneself to the common good by
behavior of policy makers
mutually supporting and sustaining
o Everyone must be political agents
movements for social change and social
3. Identity
justice
o Member that actively shapes
 Emancipation of the vulnerable, oppressed,
cultural identity
and/ or marginalized sectors
o Equivocal to national identity
Vulnerable, Oppressed, and Marginalized Sectors
Citizenship Education in Philippines
1. Rural Poor
 The core Filipino values can be derived from
o Fishermen, farmers
the Preamble of the 1987 Constitution:
2. Urban Poor
o Maka-Diyos
o Contractual workers
o Makatao
3. Migrant Workers
o Makabayan
o Victims of human trafficking
o Makakalikasan
4. Indigenous People
5. Persons with Disability Bill of Rights
6. Prisoners and Inmates
7. Victims and Survivors of Disaster 1. Due process of law and equal protection
8. Poor Youth and Women 2. Right against unreasonable search and seizure
3. Right to privacy
Advocacies Anchored towards the Emancipation of the 4. Freedom of speech, of expression, and of the
Vulnerable, Oppressed, and Marginalized press
5. Freedom of religion
1. Health for All
6. Liberty of abode and travel
o Health is a fundamental human right
7. Right to information on matters of public
(vaccines, contraceptives)
concern
2. Education for All
8. Right to form unions and associations for
o Benefits of education to every
purposes not contrary to law
citizen
9. Right to just compensation when private
3. Good Governance for All
property is taken for public use
o Manage and regulate own
10. Freedom of access to the courts
government (security and cultural
preservation) Citizenship Education
4. Economic Justice for All
o All people, especially the poor  Nationally-mandated programs for service-
excluded from growth processes learning
o To rise above the poverty line 1. Citizenship Advancement Training (CAT)
 2. National Service Training Program (NSTP) – RA o Communities always operate on an
9163 equilibrium
o To help students engage in their 4. Conflict
community oChange takes place when there is
o Reserved Officers Training Corps conflict
(ROTC) 5. Symbolic Interactionism
o Literary Training Service (LTS) o Meanings are influenced by
o Civic Welfare Training Service interaction; to alter existing
(CWTS) structures

Social Change Human Rights

 Alteration of social interactions, institutions, 1. Civil Rights

stratification systems, and elements of 2. Political Rights
culture over time. 3. Social Rights
4. Cultural Rights
Characteristics of Social Change

1. It is ubiquitous, but it is uneven due to the

phenomenon of culture lag. It often creates © ladygaga
controversy and conflict; it also cannot totally
erase the past.
2. It is value neutral – neither good nor bad.
3. The duration of social change can either be rapid
or gradual.
4. The onset and consequences are often unseen.

Factors of Social Change

1. Demographic Factors
o Brought about by population
2. Cultural Factors
o Brought about by diffusion
(spreading), fission (breaking down
of subgroups and creating new
ones), and convergence (fusion)
3. Political Factors
o Brought about by reformist and
radical approaches
4. Economic Factors
o Brought about by modernization
and industrialization

Theories of Social Change

1. Evolutionary
o Survival of the fittest – Charles
Darwin
o Social change is linear; from simple
to complex
2. Cyclical
o Cycle of birth, maturity, and death
3. Functional