35 厄瓜多尔 17本帅府

Wuhan Research Institute of Posts and Telecommunications
— Communication Training Base of Asia-Pacific Telecom Union (APT)
Wuhan Research Institute of Posts and Telecommunications (WRI) is one of the two
research institutes directly under Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (predecessor of
Ministry of Information Industry). It’s one of the two foreign-aid training bases —
communication training bases of Asia-Pacific Telecom Union (APT) — under Ministry of
Industry and Information Technology, and the only qualified foreign-aid training base under
Ministry of Commerce in the field of communications. WRI is also among the first enrolling
and training units authorized by the state council to confer master’s degree, as well as a pilot
unit for co-developed doctoral programs with Ministry of Education.
WRI is an integrated organization combining R&D, manufacturing and teaching. It’s the
National Research Base for Optical Fiber Communication, the National Engineering
Research Center for Optical Fiber Communication Technologies, the Wuhan Division of the
National Research Center for Optoelectronic Technology, and a leading high-tech enterprise
in China Optics Valley, Wuhan. In 2008, WRI was listed in the first batch of system-changed
institutes and a registered unit with national key laboratory of "optical fiber communication
technology and network", constructed by an enterprise. In 2011, the "Strategic Alliance of
Fiber-Access Technology Innovation" led by WRI was officially approved by six ministries
(including Ministry of Science and Technology) as one of the first pilot units of "Strategic
Alliance of Technology Innovation". In cooperation with Huazhong University of Science &
Technology,Wuhan University and other institutes, WRI has also launched "Strategic Alliance
of Technology Innovation in Internet of Things, China Optics Valley, Wuhan". Some
Communist Party and State leaders, such as Mr.Xi Jinping,Mr Li Keqiang ,Mr. Hu Jintao, and
Mr. Wen Jiabao, have paid multiple visits to WRI — a current product and solution provider
in the field of information and communication of China — for inspection and guidance.
Since 1994, authorized respectively by Ministry of Commerce, Ministry of Industry and
Information Technology, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Science and Technology,
WRI has conducted more than 100 foreign-aid training projects, with more about 2000
participants from over 120 countries of 5 continents. The number of foreign-aid training
programs administered by WRI has increased from one to more than ten per year. From its
beginnings as an administrator of technology seminars, WRI has become capable of holding
seminars for officials at department/division level. The seminars last from 10 days, 20 days to
3 months, offered in English , French ,Russian and Arabic.
With years of foreign-aid training experience, we have developed the following features:
1.Well-planned lectures are given by a lecturer team led by government officials, experts
from WRI and well-known domestic companies, scholars and academicians.
2.There are unique visits and study tours, represented by “Tour of China Communication
Development” in China Optics Valley and “Tour of China’s Traditional Culture”, all of which
have helped participants gain a broader perspective, a better understanding of Chinese culture
and a stronger affinity toward China.
3.Impressive results have been achieved in foreign-aid training, including positive
interaction with communication enterprises, and active participation by such companies as
China Telecom, China Mobile, Fiberhome International, Accelink Technologies and Hongxin
Communications.
4.In order to better simulate realistic environments, and make the training more pertinent
and practical, Training Center has set up well-equipped network labs of local access layer,
local aggregation layer, local core layer, and national trunks, which constituted a
well-structured network for conducting experiments.
Wuhan is one of the largest cities in central China, and an important town with regard to
its science and technology, education, industry and commerce, especially in such fields as
iron and steel, automobile, petro-chemistry and high technologies. Wuhan boasts a convenient
transportation system and an advantageous location, with great strength in science and
education, particularly in the field of communications such as optoelectronic technologies.
Wuhan is a national base for photo-electronic information and industry. Also located in
Wuhan City is the second long-distance trunk center of China Telecom. “China Optics Valley,
Wuhan” has a high density of communications corporations, especially optoelectronic
corporations, which is rare in the world.
FiberHome Technologies Group is a leading product manufacturer and solution provider
in the field of information technology and telecommunications. Through continuous and
intensive development for over 40 years, our business scope has been extended to R&D,
manufacturing, marketing & sales, engineering and service in four major industries:
fiber-optic communications, data networking communications, wireless communications, and
intelligentizing applications. Furthermore FiberHome Technologies is the unique supplier
globally for end-to-end solutions with optoelectronic devices, optic fiber & cable, and optical
communication systems.
At present, Fiberhome Technologies has set up more than 20 overseas branches, selling
products to over 80 countries and regions. Its products and technologies have won wide
recognition by many developing and even developed countries. Its optical network products
have won the bids for many significant overseas projects, with its overseas sales doubling in
size every year in recent years, making “Fiberhome” a global brand. Nevertheless, we will
continue to make efforts and fully exploit our strengths and experience in terms of
communication technologies and foreign-aid training so as to conduct characteristic,
high-level and influential training projects, and make greater contribution to the
implementation of national economic trade strategies of all countries.
Vice President of Fiberhome Technology college: Tao Zhiyong

zhiyong@wri.com.cn 027-87691215
Director of WRI training center :Wu Shan
wushan3333@126.com 027-87691212
Financial Secretary :Zhang Huijuan(Karen)
18672960858@126.com 027-87681212
Secretary:Quan Zhen(Byran) ; Tian Bingxiao(Kate)
18963997510;13517102816
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2
The Introduction of BeiDou, Main Products
and Industry Application
Report Content
1、Brief Introduction of GNSS
2 、BeiDou Satellite Navigation system and development
3、General Information and advantages about Optics Valley BeiDou
4、Core Products of Optics Valley BeiDou
5、Industry application solutions of Optics Valley BeiDou
6、International Cooperation
1.1 The Four Satellite Navigation Systems
GPS GLONASS BeiDou GALILEO

(USA) (Russia) (China) (European Union)
3
1.2 The Change and Condition of in -orbit satellite of four system
2020
GPS 36
GLONASS 30
BeiDou 35
GALILEO 30
1.2 The Change and Condition of in -orbit satellite of four system
At present, There're 23 in-orbit

satellites of BeiDou system to serve for
the Asia-pacific regions.
In 2018, it serves for “One Belt and
One Road Initiative”.
In 2020, China will launch 35 BeiDou
navigation satellites with a coverage of
the whole world.
Report Content
4、 Core Products of Optics Valley BeiDou
5、 Industry application solutions of Optics Valley BeiDou
4
2.1 BeiDou Navigation Satellite system
BeiDou Navigation Satellite System( BDS) is

an automatic and independent operated system
which is compatible to the other navigation
satellite systems. It can provide the high precision
and reliable location, speed testing and time
services in all-weather and all day and it also has
the short message function(120 chinese
characters each time ) and it shoulders the
national strategy and safety, information safety
and historical task of globalization.
Introduction of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
Three parts of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System: space constellation,

control ground segment and user terminals.
Space • 5 GEO
constellation • 30 Non-GEO
Ground • Master Control Stations (MCS)

• Uplink Stations(US)
control • Monitoring Stations(MS)
segment
User • BeiDou user terminals

• BeiDou terminals compatible with other GNSS
terminals
2.2 The service region of BeiDou Satellite Navigation System
北斗一代服务范围
The first generation BeiDou service region
东经180° ~ 东经55°
E longitude180° ~ E longitude55°
北纬55° ~ 南纬55°
N Latitude55° ~ S Latitude 55°
北斗二代服务范围
The second generation BeiDou service region
东经70° ~ 东经140°
E longitude70° ~ E longitude140°
北纬5° ~ 北纬55°
N Latitude5° ~ N Latitude55°
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Introduction of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
It formally provides satellite navigation service in 27th, December, 2012,

service covering from 55 degrees south latitude to 55 degrees north latitude, from
55 degrees east longitude to 180 degrees east longitude, covering most region in
Asian-Pacific region.
Navigation precision is better than 10 meters, velocity measurement
accuracy is 0.2 meter/second, and timing accuracy is 20 nanoseconds.
BeiDou Ground-based Augmentation System in Hubei
2.3 The Development of BeiDou Industry in China

（ 1 ）The2000
development within 5 years 1900
1800
1600
1400 1343
1200
1040
1000
810
800 700
600
400
200
38.60% 15.70% 28.40% 29.10% 41.47%
0
2011年 2012年 2013年 2014年 2015年
产值（亿元）增长率
PV(hundred million RMB) Growth rate
The average annual growth rate is 30.65%，and BeiDou industry is in rapid development.
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（2)Five Clusters:
In recent years, it has developed into

five major BeiDou development areas:
Pearl river delta and the Beijing-
Tianjing -Hebei region and Central
China and Yangtze river delta regions
which made up of an initial industrial
pattern.
Report Content
3.1 Brief Introduction to Optics Valley BeiDou

Registration Time: May,2013. Four Advantages：
Registerd capital : 200 million.
Sub-companies : Eight.
Academician Li Deren as the company‟s chief
Company Orientation : General Contracting of
Core Technology scientist; seven academicians consultant team
BeiDou Application. on 3s areas of Wuhan University.
Development Path: Market-Product-Industry
Development Target: 5 Years, 1-2 IPO. National geo-spatial information industry base
Hi-tech company important business; five Chinese Beidou
Industrilization industrial clusters, central Beidou industrial
clusters leading enterprise.
The first company to introduce Chinese
“BeiDou Go-Out” BeiDou system abroad (Thailand); partners
throughout Asia, Europe, North America and
Vanguard other eight countries.
Undertake the BeiDou application projects:

bridges, subsidence, underground pipelines,
Market Orientation mining and other BeiDou demonstration.
Main Building of Wuhan Optics Valley BeiDou
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Introduction of Wuhan Optics Valley Bei Dou Holding Group Co., Ltd.
Wuhan Optics Valley Bei Dou Holding Group Co., Ltd. was jointly established by
Wuhan Information Technology Outsourcing Service and Research Center and
Wuhan University State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying,
Mapping and Remote Sensing. Mr. Li Deren, the only dual academician of
Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering in Hubei, is
in the post of Board Chairman and chief scientist of the company personally. The
company has a registered capital of two hundred million RMB.
It is the only undertaker of Sino-Thai BeiDou and geo-spatial cooperation.
The only state-level geo-spatial information industrialization base in China

specialized in technology output and assistance projects.
Introduction of Wuhan Optics Valley Bei Dou Holding Group Co., Ltd.
As a platform company of Chinese geo-spatial information industry going

abroad, the company has a technical team lead by 7 academicians in the field of
satellite navigation and geo-spatial information industry, and has strong technical
strength.
The company is committed to provide satisfying BeiDou satellite Navigation and

complete sets of comprehensive solutions to geo-spatial information industry.
The business of the company covers 3S, especially in GNSS field, it owns BeiDou
whole industry chain products from core chips and board card to terminal
equipments and to applications.
It has developed in-depth cooperation with GISTDA in the field of BeiDou and
geo-spatial information industry.
3.2 Main Qualification

The company has achieved ISO quality certification system, National high-tech enterprise certificate, the
national post-doctoral workstations, the national mapping B qualification, Enterprise Technology Center of Hubei
Province, Science and technology international cooperation base in Wuhan, China Beidou Technology Innovation
Strategic Alliance chairman applications, System integration grade III certificate and a series of qualification
certificates.
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The Identification and Awarding of National International Scientific
and Technological Cooperation Base
November 28, 2016,

Optics Valley Beidou was
identified and awarded the
unique national
international scientific and
technological cooperation
base characterized by
“BeiDou”.
The Approval of Enterprise Qualification about Beidou Navigation Civilian Service
January 10, 2017,

WuhanOptics Valley Beidou won the approval by the CNAG
A(China National Administration of GNSS and Applications): Optics
Valley Beidou was awarded "BeiDou Navigation Civil Branch Level
Service Experimental Unit " with the right to
develop Beidou navigation civilian services business. As the unique uni
t in HuBei Province owning Beidou navigation civilian operating
qualification, it gave full play to the advantages of Beidou navigation
applications, and promoted the Beidou navigation
in the national economics and social applications.
Intellectual Property
National Provincial Science and Technology

Intellectual Property Beidou Standard Beidou Standard Achievement Awards
134 1 1 6
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Experts&Partner
Dr.Chen Junyong Dr. Liu Jingnan

State Key Laboratory of Surveying and Wuhan University of
Mapping Remote Sensing Information Technology
Wuhan University
Dr. Zhang Zuxun Dr. Gong

Academician Li Deren
Jianya
chief scientist
Wuhan University Satellite Hubei Province Road

Dr. Ning Dr. Li Jiancheng Navigation Locating
Jinsheng Bridge Engineering
Technology Research Center Laboratory
Major Honorary Awards

The 1st Prize in Science and Technology The 2nd Technological Progress
awards in Navigation Satellite of Surveying and Mapping
The 16th CHTF awards of
Best products
(BeiDou Ground-Based
Augmentation System )
The 2nd Prize in Science and Technology Science and Technology Award in China
awards in Navigation Satellite Railway Constuction Corporation
Core Technology： BeiDou Ground-Based Augmentation System

1. Basic Description: BeiDou Ground-Based Augmentation System, also known as the BeiDou CORS station, it has
continuous and stable Beidou satellite signal reception.
2. Function: a substantial increase in the accuracy of the Beidou navigation, Beidou terminals within its coverage
area to provide continuous and stable reference coordinate Beidou satellite, the Beidou positioning accuracy can reach
to sub-meter, centimeter and even millimeter level.
3.Significance: It is the basis for high-precision industrial applications, irreplaceable constructive.
Technical Features:
Independent, secure, controllable
 Real-time
 All-weather Operation
 Unattended, automated operation
 It offers a variety of combinations of
location technologies
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The actual Picture of BeiDou Ground-Based Augmentation System
BeiDou CORS Station in Wuhan BeiDou CORS Station in Huangshi BeiDou CORS station in Thailand
Since December 6, 2013 to now, the company have been established respectively in Wuhan, Huangshi, Thailand three
regional BeiDou Ground-Based Augmentation System , and provides high-precision positioning and navigation services
for the local coverage area, supports a variety of industrial applications.
BeiDou Ground-Based Augmentation System project in Thailand , it is the only overseas infrastructure projects
approved by the Ministry of Commerce with a total investment of 1.5 billion RMB, covering the whole territory of
Thailand.
Productions
BeiDou Ground-Based Beidou mobile CORS station Beidou RTK

Augmentation System
BEIDOU Wisdom
student card
GNSS Reference BEIDOU Smart BEIDOU Positioning Device

Station Receiver Watch
Report Content
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The Product Technology System of Optics Valley BeiDou
BeiDou Bridge Safety BeiDou surface Subsidence
BeiDou Slop Monitoring
Monitoring Monitoring
Industry BeiDou Mobile CORS smart
Beidou Smart Mining
control platform ………….
Application
BeiDou Smart elderly care BeiDou Smart Campus BeiDou Smart Tourism
Integrated BeiDou Mobile CORS Station

Product
3star 8 requency BeiDou Locator
receiver High Precision BeiDou stedentCard
2 Star 5requency BeiDou OBD
Basic Product receiver CORS Managment Locaiton Service
RTK Receiver BeiDou Watch Platform
High Presicion Normal Precision
Core Technology
High Precision Differential Decompositon Algorithm,BeiDou Ground Argumentaiton System
High Precision Product1: GNSS Reference Station Receiver
Three-star, Eight-frequency High Precision GNSS Receiver

Support BDS B1/B2/B3+ GPS L1/L2/L5 + GLONASS G1/G2.
GNSS Reference Station Receiver
High Precision Product 2： GNSS Monitoring Station Receiver

Double Star, Five Frequency High Precision GNSS Receiver
Support BDS B1/B2/B3+ GPS L1/L2.
GNSS Monitoring Station Receiver
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High Precision Product 3：GNSS Board Card
BDS B1/B2/B3+ GPS L1/L2/L5 + GLONASS G1/G2
OEM
Board Card BDS B1/B2/B3+ GPS L1/L2
For GNSS Refernce Station Receiver For GNSS Monotoring Station Receiver
High Precision Products 4：BeiDou RTK
Based on real-time dynamic positioning technology of

carrier phase observation value, it can reveal the positioning
result within 1 s.
Properties of Products：
Data Update Rate is 20Hz.

Integrated main board design, build the world's smallest, light weight
and easy-carry GNSS receiver.
High Precision Product 5：

BEIDOU Mobile CORS Station — Receiving high precision positioning information in real-time
Optics Valley Beidou produces the 1st and only high precision positioning product-Mobile CORS
station in the world. It will be used in the situations when there is no benchmark station or the original
BeiDou Ground-Based Augmentation System is not working. It can set up temporary benchmark station
in short time, which can fulfill emergency situation demands to achieve “centimeter” or after-event‟s
“millimeter” level high precision positioning.
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Normal precision procuts: Hardware
BEIDOU Positioning Device BEIDOU Smart Watch
BEIDOU OBD BEIDOU Wisdom student card
Normal precision procuts: ：Platform

Optics Valley BeiDou positioning service platform ， it combines BeiDou ‟s positioning,
telecommunications advantages ,computer networks, smart traffic and monitoring features. It provides
positioning, monitoring and dispatch functions for cars and ships. Also it gives stable transmission
channels for multi applications information system‟s setup.
管理云
北斗终端软件及APP
Optics Valley BeiDou positioning service platform-Main design interface
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Real-time positioning/Trail replay
Phone APP
Report Content
15
1、Beidou bridge safety monitoring 6、Beidou Mines Monitoring
system System
2、Beidou surface subsidence 7、Beiodu slopes Monitoring

monitoring system System
Focus on
8、Beidou Mobile CORS smart
3、Beidou city pipeline system Ten control platform System
Industrial
4、Beidou smart field 9、Beidou sea service system
management system Applications
5、Beidou smart elderly care system 10、Beidou smart tourism system
5.1 Beidou bridge safety monitoring system

Using BeiDou satellite high precision positioning technologies to combine sensors monitoring, it
can provide a new way to test bridge safety. And it has advantages such as high precision, full
coverage, all-weather, all-time, automatic and big data.
Wuhan Baishazhou Bridge safety monitoring project

Feb,2016，Wuhan Hengji bidding company was
authorized by Wuhan road and bridge management
centre to send deal notice to Optics Valley Beidou.
Project Name : Wuhan Bishazhou Bridge safety
monitoring project
The winning amount：15.48 million RMB
Wuhan Zhiyin Bridge safety monitoring project
March ,2016， Wuhan Hengji bidding company was
authorized by Wuhan bridge repair management to send
deal notice to Optics Valley Beidou.
Project Name：Zhiyin bridge safety monitoring project
The winning amount ：9.88 million RMB
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The scientific and technological achievements appraisal meeting on
Beidou bridge three-dimensional deformation monitoring key technology
research and engineering application
December 30, 2016, Hubei Provincial Science and Technology

Department organized the "Beidou bridge monitoring research appraisal
meeting", the appraisal committee agreed that: the results reached the
international advanced level as a whole, and the integrated processing
technology of Beidou bridge three-dimensional deformation monitoring is
in the international leading position. It is proposed to further promote the
popularization and application.
5.2 Beidou surface subsidence monitoring system

Based on high precision satellite technologies, monitoring system has high precision, high speed,
all-weather, long distance advantages ,which combines sensors for providing new way to test surface
subsidence.
北斗典型行业应用
Beidou surface subsidence

monitoring project for
Hubei sanxin gold copper 地表沉降塌陷
mine company
无线通信坐标信息实时监测
运营中心
车辆精准定位
北斗地基增强系统
矿上定位
边坡形变监测
矿下定位
室内定位技术矿上矿下一体化尾矿库溃坝
北斗智慧矿山工作示意图
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Beidou surface subsidence monitoring project for
Hubei sanxin gold copper mine company
The system has run for about

two year normally , and we
have received good user experien
ce from the customer.
The project starting ceremony
5.3 City underground pipeline survey and informatization
Use high precision satellite positioning technologies to meet pipeline online inspection, quantitative
evaluation and smart acquiring research, which will ensure the safety operation of underground pipeline.
Based on Beidou satellite navigation positioning

technologies, city pipeline survey and information
management will has great advantages, especially
in pipeline survey, pipeline antiseptic , pipeline
construction, pipeline inspection and urgent
repair. It provides high precision positioning data
which improves the city safety informatization
management.
Huangshi city underground pipeline

survey and information construction
SEP 2015，Huangshi Government

purchase centre send deal notice to Optics
Valley Beidou.
Project Name ：Huangshi city underground

pipeline survey and information
construction
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5.4 Beidou smart field
Beidou high precision applications can improve project management informatization level. It will
realize green building and safety construction.
Secretary Ruanchengfa mentions innovation about geo-spatial and internet of things at construction
nation innovation innovative city mobilization meeting . Optics Valley Beidou attends the „Wuhan smart
field‟ meeting which is hold by Wuhan city construction committee as the industrial representative.
At „smart field‟ ,traditional internet of things and internet

can play an important role. But it still has some „blind
areas‟. Using Beidou navigation technologies can support Mixer truck positioning
the blind areas of the traditional technical ways. management
Tower crane smart management
Beidou+：
1、Staff and Car Positioning
2、Tower crane smart management
3、Mixer truck positioning management
4、High Building subsidence monitoring
5、Deep foundation pit surface subsidence

High Building subsidence
monitoring
monitoring
Deep foundation pit surface
subsidence monitoring
Wuhan city construction committee

technology plan project
March 2016， Wuhan city construction

committee reach cooperative research intention
with Optics Valley Beidou about deep foundation
pit surface subsidence monitoring. Both sides will
launch research and demonstration projects about
deep foundation pit surface subsidence monitoring
in smart field.
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5.5 Beidou smart elderly care
 Based on high precision positioning, it combines with cloud platform, internet of things, geo-spatial
and Intelisence to setup elderly care platform and modern home call centre
 Based on Beidou smart wearable device, it can provide housework, rehabilitation and health care
and emergency rescue service.
 Offices high precision positioning

service for the aged
 Provide full coverage elderly care
service
 Gain interactive relationship
among elder, children and
community
Huangshi city elderly care service

for 100 old man
May 2015，Huangshi city 12349
home elderly care service call centre
send Beidou smart elderly care
products contract to Optics Valley
Beidou.
Product Name：Beidou smart

elderly care call terminals device
Quantity：100 PCS
5.6 Beidou Mobile CORS station smart management system

Beidou Mobile CORS station can deliver high precision positioning information to mobile devices
within 50KM, which can meet police, fire department, drone and unmanned surface vehicle applications.
GPRS Network
Beidou High precision handheld
positioning device
GPRS
Fixed Mobile CORS site

CORS argumentation site
Data Monitoring control

Beidou High precision positioning device centre
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Beidou Mobile CORS station typical project cooperation
March 2015，Thailand Kasetsart
University and chulalongkorn
University Sign Mobile CORS station
contract with Optics Valley Beidou.
Each University purchases 3 Beidou
mobile CORS stations from Optics
Valley Beidou.
It will be used for promotion in
Thailand logistic industry, vehicle and
motor industry.
5.7 Beidou sea service applications

Optics Valley Beidou sea service system can monitoring real-time ship location, history trail, ship
status and target ship updates . It presents new technical method to sea activities, sea management, sea
rescue, sea development and sea protection. System provide multi formats map, which has e-fence, ship
route monitoring, real-time tracking functions.
（Optics Valley Beidou sea service system interface：ship-tracking and ship details ）
Optics Valley Beidou sea service system typical projects

introduction
Oct 2015,Wuhan port and shipping
management government purchased Beidou
ship route monitoring platform and ship
terminal devices for Wuhan-Japan- Korea
ship route from Optics Valley Beidou. It is
installed in the first stage ships. In the future,
all ships shall deploy Beidou sea service step
by step.
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5.8 Oil Tank Trucks of Beidou Demonstration Project
Research and Application on the Key Technology of Oil Tank Trucks Intelligent
Dispatch System Based on Beidou Navigation System
In the year of 2015, Geo-informatics and Space Technology Development

Agency and Wuhan Optics Valley BeiDou Holding Group Co., Ltd have friendly
communication on developing project of Oil Tank Trucks and reach cooperative
intention of jointly developing this project.
The both sides have set up project teams for this project and have
communicated in several times on requirement and technical aspect of the project.
On November 11th and December 29th of 2015, we have fully communicated
with each other in the special meetings with related details.
5.8 Oil Tank Trucks of Beidou Demonstration Project

Consensus and Cooperation
A. Thai Oil Company has explicit requirement on monitoring the route of oil tank trucks and queuing
management system of oil tank trucks.
B. Wuhan Optics Valley BeiDou Holding Group Co., Ltd and GISTDA have reached a consensus on
the technical proposal of the project of Oil Tank trucks.
C. Wuhan Optics Valley BeiDou Holding Group Co., Ltd is responsible for completing the project
including software development, technical support and purchasing and supplying on hardware.
D. GISTDA is willing to progress the demonstration in SKP area and to invite oil-tank trucks
companies, logistic companies and other related companies and organizations to inspect the
demonstration and to recommend.
E. The both sides will actively communicate and progress the project.
5.9 BeiDou Intelligent Park
Satellite Positioning
Big
BeiDou Data Sky
Intelligent Park is
Center UAV Remote Sensing
oriented to construct
“Sky-Space-Earth” Ground Object Census Management
modern advanced Earch

intelligent park 运 Ground Pipe Network Census manage
centerring on GNSS, 营 The
调
command
GIS and RS 度center
call Park Security Intelligent Parking New Energy
呼 Management Development
intergrated technology.
叫 Space and
中 Environmental safety Utilization
Park Intelligent
心 monitoring
Logistics
22
Hubei Polytechnic
University
Optics Valley BeiDou

International School
Overview
Optics Valley BeiDou International School was founded in March of 2015 by

Wuhan Optics Valley BeiDou Holding Group Co.,Ltd and Hubei Polytechnic
University. It is a dependent secondary school.
It aims at promoting industry-education integration and school-enterprise

cooperation, supporting the development of Opyocs Valley BeiDou and providing high
level applied personnel and pushing forward the internationalization of Hubei
Polytechnic University.
湖北理工学院光谷北斗国际学院地址：湖北省黄石市桂林北路16号
Talent Training Objectives and

Employment Direction
Education aim：to meet the demands of geospatial informatic industry and train high
level applied personnel
employment orientation：geospatial informatic industry, information and

communication, electronic technique, engineering surveying, intelligent control,
computers & internet, Remote sensing and navigation technology, etc.
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In China：
Undergraduate majors ： software engineering（BeiDou project）, Electronic
and Information Engineering（BeiDou project）, International economics and trade
（BeiDou project），surveying and mapping engineering、Remote Sensing Science and
Technology、Satellite application engineering（BeiDou project）.
The candidates who apply and been accepted for Optics Valley Beidou International
College and have good behave, outstanding student could get scholarship in 4 year of study
(Undergraduate exchange students). And study abroad in top rank University for one year.
And can participate in the "Beidou scholarship" award. After graduate, under the same
conditions, graduated student may give priority to work in Wuhan Optical Valley Beidou
Holding Group Co., Ltd. in the domestic and foreign branches.
Oversea department
Wuhan Optical Valley Beidou Holding Group Co., Ltd. after consultation with the
Moscow National Surveying and Mapping University, Thailand Chulalongkorn
University, Thailand Chiang Mai University, Mexico St. Louis Poseidon Autonomous
University and other foreign famous schools from the autumn of 2017, Hubei Institute
of Technology Optical Valley Beidou International College to recruit the first
undergraduate students, and the above schools to run undergraduate exchange
program; gradually set up 2 +2,3 +1,1 +1 +1 cooperation project; and Chinese
international education and other cooperative school projects.
Optical Valley Beidou International

College academic leaders
Dr. He Yan Xiang, Second degree Professor (2007), doctoral tutor, national teaching teacher (2009), under the
special allowance of the State Council (1996). Former Wuhan University Computer Dean, the incumbent Wuhan
Optical Valley Beidou Holding Group Co., Ltd. Vice Chairman, Optics Valley Beidou International College
Dean. He is currently Vice Chairman of Wuhan Optic Valley Beidou Holding Group Co., Ltd and Dean of the
Optics Valley Beidou International College.
Dr. Xu Zheng Quan, Wuhan University, State Key Laboratory of Surveying and Mapping Remote Sensing
Information Engineering, Ph.D., Chief Engineer of Wuhan Optics Valley Beidou Holding Group Co., Ltd.
Under the State Council allowance experts, communications and information systems direction academic
leaders. He has served as the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Stanford University visiting scholar, Wuhan
University campus information construction experts, Wuhan city government information construction
experts, Hubei provincial government information construction experts.
Wang Wei Jun, doctoral tutor, "the Ministry of Education of the new century talent support plan" in 2007 selected.
Huazhong Normal University School of Information Management Professor, the current Wuhan Optical Valley
Beidou Holding Group Deputy General Manager. Wuhan University School of Information Management. China
Information Economics Society of e-commerce professional committee director, Secretary-General, National Science
and Technology Information Society of the theory and methodology committee, executive director of Hubei
Provincial Information Society, Hubei Province, information technology expert advisory committee.
24
Academician Xu Hou Ze was appointed honorary president
of Beidou International College
On the morning of May 10, 2017, Academician

Xu Houze of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
was invited by the Hubei Polytechnic Institute to
be appointed honorary director of the Hubei
Polytechnic Optical Valley Beidou International
College (referred to as the Beidou International
College) and held a ceremony at the Auditorium
The Hubei University of Science and Technology
President Li social education, vice president of
Yin Nian Dong, Beidou International College
Dean He Yanxiang, party secretary Zhang
Linxian, vice president Wu Jian, Guangrong,
Deng Binwei participated in the appointment
ceremony. Vice President Yin Nian Dong
presided over the ceremony.
International Cooperation of Optoelectronics

and Beidou International College
Picture: Optical Valley Beidou

International College Dean and
Optics Valley Beidou Vice
Chairman He Yan Xiang (Front
row middle). And signed a
cooperation agreement with the
leadership of the University of
San Luis Pondo, Mexico (front
row, left one), Vice Minister Cao
Jianlin, Ministry of Science and
Technology (left one)
International Cooperation of Beidou International

College
Picture: Optics Valley Beidou

International College academic
leaders, vice president of
Guangbei Beidou Wang Weijun
(fourth from left) and the Moscow
State University Surveying and
Mapping representatives of the
photo.
25
Cooperation with the Moscow State Surveying and
Mapping University
Actively promote cooperation between Beidou International

College and Moscow National Surveying and Mapping University.
One is to exchange students, to jointly develop a joint training
program. Second is to jointly develop undergraduate students,
including 2 +2, or 3 +1 and other models. And the good planned
introduction of the school personnel training model, training
standards, professional courses, teaching materials system and
other high-quality educational resources. Third is in the teachers,
disciplines, Chinese international education and other aspects of
cooperation and exchanges, and as a basis for expanding and
other international schools of communication and cooperation.

Mapping situation University
Picture: Representatives
from 8 countries from
Thailand, Malaysia,
Brunei, Indonesia,
Cambodia, Laos, North
Korea, and Pakistan went
to Optics Valley Beidou
and Beidou International
College.

Mapping situation University
On February 22, 2015, fromer

Chinese Ambassador to Thailand
and his wife Wu Huiqing Counselor,
Dean of the Optics Foundation of
Hefei Fortress He Yanxiang (fifth
from left), executive vice president
Mao Daofu (right) and Thailand
Chulalongong University Pi Long
(left six) and other school leaders to
discuss cooperation in school
matters.
26
Cooperation with the Moscow State Surveying
and Mapping situation University
Picture : February 23, 2015,

China's former Thai ambassador to
Thailand and his wife Wu Huixing
counselor, Optics Valley Beidou
International College Dean He
Yanxiang (fifth), executive vice
president Mao Daofu (second from
left) and Thailand Chiang Mai
University vice Principal Xue Kate
Qiao Junyong (fourth from left)
and other school leaders to discuss
cooperation matters.
Report Content
International Cooperation
Optics Valley BeiDou is the advocator and practitioner and it is the vanguard of national strategy of
“BeiDou Go-Out” and it is the first company practicing “BeiDou Globaliztion” to conduct oversea
investment of BeiDou project approved by China , supported by the ministry of science and technology,
ministry of foreign affairs and the Ministry of Commerce. It has conducted cooperation with the following
countries and the regions
Thailand Sri Lanka Malaysia

Nepal
Cambodia Russia
Mexico
Indonesia
27
Sino-Thailand Beidou
Cooperation
Sino-Thailand Cooperation
On March 29, 2013, Wuhan Information

Technology Outsourcing Service and
Research Center，State Key Laboratory
of Information Engineering in Surveying,
Mapping and Remote Sensing of Wuhan
University and Ministry of Science and
Technology of Thailand signed
Cooperation Agreement of Thailand Geo- Academician Li Deren (left), Wuhan University, Dr. Anond
Snidvongs (middle), Director of Geo-informatics and Space
spatial Disaster Monitoring, Assessing Technology Development Agency of Ministry of Science and
Technology, Mr. Liu Junyi (right), Executive Deputy Director of
and Predicting System in Bangkok. Optics Wuhan IT Outsourcing Service and Research Center
Valley BeiDou is the sole undertaker of

Sino-Thai BeiDou and geospatial
information industry cooperation.
On June 20, 2014, the first batch of three

BeiDou CORS stations which has been
constructed by the optical valley Beidou
launch successfully . 200 BeiDou CORS
stations are planned to construct in Thailand
before 2016 construction 220, covering
Arnold , director ,Thailand's ministry of science and
industry application across Thailand and
technology of geographical space technology (No. 5 left)
mature industrial chain. takes photos with Gao Wenkuan, the Chinese embassy
commercial counselor (No.3 left), and Liu Junyi,GM,
optical valley Beidou (No.3 right), in front of Beidou
CORS stations in Thailand.
28
On Nov.19th ,2014, the Thailand 5th Sovereign Royal

Military Academy, princess Sirihorn has
communicated with Dr.Liu Junyi, the chairman of the
board of OpticsValley BeiDou she said that Asian
countries shall use Asian satellites and she hoped
that there will be more intense cooperation between
Thailand and China and expand the navigation
technology and service to more industries and Pic: Mr. Liu Junyi, Chairman of the Board of Optics Valley
BeiDou (right 2),
regions of Thailand. Princess Sirihorn (left 2) introduces smart agriculture.
On March,20th,2015,Mr. Yongyuth
Wichaidit the vice prime minister visited
the Optics Valley BeiDou platform when
he attended the opening ceremony of
the Sirindhorn Geo-information center
building and confirmed the series of
BeiDou cooperation
Pic: Mr.Liu Junyi ,the chairman of the Board of Optics

Valley BeiDou introduces the company to Mr.
2015,Mr.Yongyuth Wichaidit, the vice prime minister
In September, 16th, 2014 Optics
Valley BeiDou has signed the cooperation
agreement of “Sino-Thailand BeiDou
Navigation Center” withGISTDA and
China Satellite Navigation Office in

Wang Li, director, international cooperation research center of China
Nanning, China. “Sino-Thai BeiDou satellite navigation system management office director (middle), Liu Junyi,
GM ,optical valley BeiDou (right), Arnold, director, Thai ministry of science
Navigation Center” is an international and technology, general manager of the geographical space technology
development (left) represent the three parties respectively to sign the
platform to implement and strengthen cooperation agreement “SINO-THAIS BeiDou navigation center. "
BeiDou and geo-spatial industry technical
transfer and industry cooperation

29
On January 13, 2015, the delegation
headed by Dr. Weerapong Pairsuwan,

Permanent Secretary of Ministry of Science
and Technology of Thailand ,hold the meeting
themed “Hubei-Thailand Technology Transfer

Center” with the people's government of
Hubei province, Wuhan optical valley BeiDou

Mr. Alongkorn Laowngam (left) ,assistant of permanent secretary,
holding group co., LTD and reached an the ministry of science and technology in Thailand signed the
meeting minutes of joint construction of Hubei -Thailand
technology transfer center with Mr Du Yun, deputy director of
agreement to built Hubei-Thailand strategic Science and technology department of Hubei province (right)
cooperation and technology transfer center

with Hubei province government, the optical
valley BeiDou and signed the minutes of

meeting
BeiDou Ground-based argumentation system
On June 3rd, the ministry of commerce

has issued the approval document of Optics
Valley BeiDou Holding Group Co.,Ltd of
establishing “BeiDou Ground-based
argumentation system (commerce safety
management 【2015】397）.
On July,15th, the ministry of commerce

Mr. Guanggang, the deputy director general
of industry safety and import and export
management visited and investigated the
Optics Valley BeiDou
Beidou Mobile CORS station typical project cooperation
March 2015，Thailand Kasetsart University and chulalongkorn University Sign Mobile CORS station
contract with Optics Valley Beidou. Each University purchases 3 Beidou mobile CORS stations from
Optics Valley Beidou.

It will be used for promotion in Thailand logistic industry, vehicle and motor industry.
30
“China-ASEAN BeiDou Science and Technology City
Constrution Planning
►Area Planning ：coverage of 50 square kilometers(75000 Mu), the construction duration is 10 years . In
2016, it will initiated 2000 Mu
► Industry Planing : geo-spatial information, photoelectron information, high-end equipment
manufacturing, modern agriculture and food, tourism, traditional Chinese medicine, pensions, culture,
education and other nine industries. 2016-2025，ten years , 3 construction sections
►Cosntruction Duration ：
BeiDou Intelligent Park Project
On Oct17,2016, Mr Liu Junyi, chairman of

Wuhan Optics Valley Beidou Holding Group Co.,Ltd
and Mr. Chai Vinichbutr, vice chairman of Thailand
large listed industrial garden development company
signed a memorandum of cooperation in Bangkok on
supplying comprehensive services by the Optics
Valley Beidou Company to industrail park.
Project phase I scale is 200 million RMB.
BeiDou Ground-based Augmentation System for Thailand
BeiDou ground-based
augmentation system is continuous
reference station network using
multi-base stations RTK technology.
It provide differential correction
information to users that need
measurement and navigation by
data processing. It can improve
satellite navigation precision to cm
level.
Digital Network
DomeNet Software
GSM Network
31
BeiDou Ground-based Augmentation System consists of five parts:

reference station network system, data processing system, data transmission
system, base station management system, and user application system.
BeiDou Ground-based
Augmentation System that cover the
whole Thailand consists of 200 fixed
reference stations.
Considering Thailand locates in

the area of active ionosphere, in
order to reduce effect of ionosphere,
the average base line length of
CORS stations is set from 30 to 50
kilometers.
As high-precision application is popularized in ASEAN region, the company plans to

construct more than 1000 ground-based augmentation stations in ASEAN region, to
provide high-precision positioning services of cm-level to ASEAN countries, and
develop integrated application services of all industries.
32
item content index
Network RTK horizontal≤3cm vertical≤5cm
Precise positioning afterwards horizontal ≤5mm vertical ≤10mm
Precision Deformation monitoring horizontal ≤5mm vertical ≤10mm
navigation horizontal ≤1.5m vertical ≤3m

Precision of single
timing Multi-receiver≤10ns。
receiver≤100ns
Navigation 95.0% （within 365 days）；95.0% （within one day）

availabili
ty注3
Positioning 95.0% （within 365days）；95.0% （within one day）
Alrm time ＜ 6 seconds，

Integrity
Rate of false alarm ＜ 0.3%
compati Satellite signal BD2(B1、B2、B3)/GPS(L1、L2)/GLN (L1、L2)

bility
Differential data RTCM v2.3, v3.0, v3.2，CMR，RINEX
Real-time user GSM、GPRS、CDMA method：user number is not limited

volume
Afterwards user Not limited
BeiDou Ground-based Augmentation System for

Thailand
In December 2013, Thailand CORS demonstration station was founded in SKP to

provide the application demonstration and experience of high precision navigation
and positioning to Thailand people based on BeiDou navigation system. This
demonstration station has great significance for research, application and promotion
of high-precision satellite navigation and positioning in Thailand.
Demonstration station of BeiDou Ground-based Augmentation System for Thailand
33
• Frequency range:
BDS: B1/B2/B3
GPS: L1/L2/L5
GLONASS: L1/L2/L3
GALILEO: E1/E5/E6
• impedance：50Ω
• Polarization mode：right-handed circular
• Antenna axis ratio：≤3dB
• Output standing wave：≤2.0
• Gain ：40dB/50dB/60dB optional
• Noise factor：≤2.0dB
• Water cover angle：3600
• Phase center error：±1mm
•Main board type

Compatible with BD970、BD920、OEMV-2、
OEM615 and other multi-frequency main boards
•Tracking channel
220 channel：
GPS：L1 C/A code，L2C，L1/L2/L5
GLONASS：L1 C/A and P code，L2P code，L1/L2
192 channel：
BD：B1+B2 +B3
GPS：L1 C/A code，L2C,L1/L2/L5
•Positioning precision
RTK：horizontal：±（1cm+1×10-6D）
vertical：±（2cm+1×10-6D）
static、quick static
horizontal：±（2.5mm+1×10-6D）
vertical：±（5mm+1×10-6D）
34
Precision analysis of Thailand BeiDou Ground-based
Augmentation Test System
Accuracy and performance of BeiDou in low latitude area ASEAN
such as Thailand are better than that of GPS
Precision analysis of Thailand
BeiDou CORS stations
GPS BDS GPS+BDS
Number of visible
6-8 13-14 19-22
Single satellites (PCS）
Number of using
station 6-8 13-14 19-22
satellites (PCS）
test
HRMS（meter） 3.55 1.65 1.60
In November, 2013, the first
overseas BeiDou satellite RMS（meter） 7.84 3.44 3.03
demonstration stations was Contents Indicator
build in Chunburi, Thailand by
the Center. Vehicle-mounted, maximum speed
Three Test vehicle
80km/h
stand
Positioning
test Plane 2 cm, elevation 5 cm
accuracy
第 97 页
Navigation Plane 0.5m(can realize lane level
precision precision navigation)
Sino-Sri Lanka Beidou

Cooperation
On May 19, 2015 -20, Optics Valley BeiDou with

Mr. Zhang Changer, the vice secretary of CPPCC of
Hubei Province visited Sri Lanka. During Optics
Valley BeiDou visited the Sri Lankan Ministry of
Land, Chinese Embassy in Sri Lanka, and the Sri
Lanka Bureau of Surveying and Mapping,.the
Optical Valley became the first company to
introduce Beidou satellite navigation technology Sign the MOU with the Sri Lanka Bureau of Surveying and Mapping
in Sri Lanka. The future, the two sides will carry out
cooperation in the construction of CORS station,
remote sensing, mapping, GNSS application
technology joint research and development and
industrialization, and other fields.
35
On June 5, 2016, Deputy Minister of Land Department of Sri Lanka , Mr Dayarante, Mr. Dapegama send
Gamaliel, deputy director of Sri Lanka National Mapping Agency, Mr. Dissanayake invited by the Optical Valley
BeiDou to participate in the Forum on Global Production Capacity and Business Cooperation in Wuhan” at the
opening ceremony, Optics Valley Beidou signed strategic cooperation agreement on ground-based
augmentation system construction projects with mapping Agency of Sri Lanka Sri Lanka. During their stay in
Wuhan, the delegation of Mr. Dayarante visited the Optics Valley BeiDou and had a talk on project
Pic :Mr L.B.S.B. Dayaratne, Addl. Secretary of Ministry of Lands(right 2)

Mr. S.D.P.J. Dampegama, Addl. Surveyor General(left 1)
Mr. A.Dissanayake, Deputy surveyor General(right 1 )
Mr.Liu Junyi Chairman of the Boeard of Optics Valley BeiDou
Sino-Malaysia Beidou
Cooperation
In November, 2014, the Malaysian

investment development agency, chief
executive officer Azman Dato’paid a visit to
optics valley BeiDou, both have discussed about
constructing Beidou ASEAN data and service
center in Malaysia. In the same month, optics
valley BeiDou, deputy general manager ,Wang
Weijun paid a visit to Malaysia ,Malaysia space
agency, innovation of science and technology
commission of Malaysia, Malaysia mapping
agency, etc., held the meeting bout constructing
the China-ASEAN BeiDou and geospatial industry
demonstration base, establishing the BeiDou Chief executive officer Azman Dato’, Malaysian investment development
agency (No.4 on the right) had a meeting with Liu Junyi, General
CORS demonstration station, etc. Manager ,Optics Valley BeiDou (No.3 on the left) and other leaders.
36
Sino-Nepal Beidou
Cooperation
October , 2014 , vice chairman of the
Optical Valley BeiDouGroup HeYanxiang
Shao Weimin, vice mayor of Wuhan visited
Nepal. During this visit, Optical Valley
BeiDou and has expand exchange and
cooperation with Nlepa Lalitpur City on

Pic:Mr,Shaoweiming ,the deputy mayor of Wuhan city(left 5),the
ground argumentation stations in Nepal chairman of he board of Optics Valley BeiDou took a photo with
the leaders of Lalitpur Government
and the construction of smart city and
other matters in Lalitpur .
Sino-Mexico Beidou
Cooperation
37
In September 2014, in the sixth meeting
of the standing committee of Sino - Mexico,
under the witness of Mr Cao Jianlin ,Ministry
of science and technology of China, Vice
minister of Mexico science and technology

Vice chairman He Yan-xiang,Optics Valley BeiDou (No.2 on the front row)
signed a cooperation agreement with the leaders of St. Louis Potosi
cooperation department, Optics Valley autonomous university( No.1 left on front row), under the witness of Mr
Cao Jianlin ,Ministry of science and technology of China, Vice minister of
Mexico science and technology cooperation department, Optics Valley
BeiDou and St. Louis Potosi autonomous university, Wuhan polytechnic
BeiDou formally signed a cooperation university .
agreement with St. Louis Potosi
autonomous university, Wuhan
polytechnicuniversity.
Sino-Cambodia Beidou
cooperation
On 5 September 2016, Optics Valley Beidou visited to Cambodia along with Science and Technology Department of Hubei Province, Wuhan city Science and Technology Bureau delegation. During the time, for Beidou widely application prospect in Southeast Asi
On 5 September 2016, Optics Valley Beidou

visited to Cambodia along with Science and
Technology Department of Hubei Province,
Wuhan City Science and Technology
Bureau delegation. During the time, for
Beidou widely application prospect in
Southeast Asian countries, the China
delegation has talks with the Cambodia
Ministry of Industry and Handicraft Industry,
the director of industry and handicraft
industry bureau, Secretary of the Ministry of
Science and Technology, Science and
Technology Committee, Sino-Cambodia
Technical Center Deputy Director and the The delegation and Cambodia Ministry of
Industry and Handicraft Industry have a
relevant departments etc. meeting
38
Sino-Indonesia Beidou
Cooperation
On 18 January 2017, Optics Valley

Beidou and Indonesian President
special envoy, Dr. Eddy Pratoma
spoke on the Indonesia fishing
vessel surveillance program. The
special envoy expressed great
interest in applying the Beidou
technology to the regulation of
Indonesian fishing vessels, and
hoped that the Beidou would enter Talks site: Photo taken by both parties
Indonesia and applied in the civil

field in the future.
Sino-Russia Beidou
Cooperation
39
In November 2014, the group of Moscow national geodetic survey and mapping university, paid a visit
to Optics Valley BeiDou, the two sides signed the agreement of constructing BeiDou CORS station in Russia.
On June 22nd, 2015,the delegatio team of Mr. Shao Weiying, the vice mayor of Wuhan city and Optics
Valley BeiDou visited Russia. Optics Valley BeiDou signed the Mou with National Surveying University of Mosco
and held the opening ceremony of BeiDou Scientific and Research base station.
Wang Weijun, Deputy General Manager, Optics Valley BeiDou

the opening ceremony of BeiDou Scientific and Research base
(No.4 on the left) took photos with the group from Moscow
station
national geodetic survey and mapping university.
Latin America and the Caribbean division
Arab League
Latin America and the Caribbean division,
2015 March 26 to 28, in support of the Ministry of

foreign affairs of Latin America and the Caribbean
division, Optical Valley BeiDou hosted "in Latin
America and the Caribbean envoys" Optics Valley
Beidou, '"activities held in Wuhan, from 11
countries, Mexico, Bolivia, Trinidad and Tobago,
Barbados, Chile, Argentina, Peru, Venezuela, Cuba,
Ecuador, Brazil and other diplomatic envoys to China
to visit Otpics Valley BeiDou, made field trips to
investigate BeiDou Satellite navigation technology Latin American and Caribbean diplomatic envoys to
China and leader s of Optics Valley BeiDou
and applications
40
Arab League
On October 13, 2015, Arab envoys

delegation organized by the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs visited Hubei,
representatives from Iraq, Algeria, Libya,
Djibouti, Somalia, Jordan, Tunisia, Bahrain,
Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, Yemen,
Morocco, Sudan 15 diplomatic envoys
Pic: Head of Optics Valley BeiDou and Arab envoys
from 13 Arab countries, visited the delegation in front of the main building of Beidou Optical
Valley BeiDou
Optical Valley BeiDou.
Thank you！
41
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43
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China’s National Condition
◎ WWW.FIBERHOME.COM.CN 光通信专家
Outline
☻China Briefing
☻China’s Politics
☻China’s Economy
☻Social Progress of China
☻China’s Foreign Policy
☻China’s Science and Technology
☻China’s Education
☻China’s Sports
☻Chinese Festivals
China Briefing
45
Country Name
 Conventional long form

—The People’s Republic of China
 Conventional short form
— China
 Abbreviation
— PRC
China’s Location in the World
China is situated in the eastern part of Asia, on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean.
China’s Territory
China has a land area of

9.6 million sq. km,
ranking third in the world,
about 6.5 percent of the
world’s total.
46
China’s Topography
Climate
Extremely diverse
Tropical in the south Subarctic in the north

The highest in Turpan, 48.7 degrees Celsius，
the lowest Mohe, minus 53.3 degrees Celsius
Tourism in China
Thanks to its rich tourist resources -- high mountains, elegant rivers, springs and waterfalls, rich and
varied folk customs, rare species, scenic spots and historical sites, distinctive opera, music and
dance, and world-famous Kongfu-- China attracts a large number of domestic and foreign tourists
every year.
47
National Flag and National Emble of the People's Republic of China
☻ The national flag of the PRC is a red rectangle emblazoned with five stars.
☻ The contents of the National Emblem of the People's Republic of China are the
national flag, Tiananmen Square, Gears and ears of wheat.
The Great Wall of China
China’s Administrative Divisions
China has 34 administrative units, 4 municipalities directly under the central

government, 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 2 special administrative regions.
48
2 Special Administrative Regions
Hong Kong’s Flag and Emblem Macao’s Flag and Emblem
Taiwan Province
Located to the southeast of the Chinese mainland opposite Fujian Province,

the island province of Taiwan is flanked by the Pacific Ocean to the east
and the Taiwan Straits to the west. It covers an area of 36,000 sq km.
China’ s Population
Total Population
By the end of 2016, China had a population of 1.38 billion, the largest population in the world.
49
China’s Population Distribution
Density Map of China’s

population
Most of the population of China lives in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, Yangtze River and
Pearl River valleys, and the Northeast Plain. In 2000, a “go-west” campaign was launched by the government
to help its relatively backward western and central areas catch up with more affluent eastern China.
Structure of Population in China
Structure of population(%)
M 51.2
By sex F 48.8
Urban 58.52
By urban & rural Rural 41.48
0-15 : 17.8
By age 16-59: 64.9

>60: 17.3
>65: 11.4
Population Policy of China
50
Family Planning ≠ One-child policy
Before the full opening of the second child

in 2016, in addition to the second child
allowed by the policy, China generally
implemented a one-child policy in cities,
which made many people equate family
planning with the one-child policy.

Two-child Policy
By the beginning of the 21st century, China’s

family planning policy has made some
adjustments.
Before 2011, the one-child policy coverage of the

mainland accounted for about 35.4% of the total
population.
51
China’s Ethnic Group
China is a multi-national country, peopled by 56 ethnic groups. The Han people is the
largest nation, in 55 minority ethnic groups, 15 number over a million people each.
Geographic Distribution of Minority Nationalities

No. Nationality Population No. Nationality Population No. Nationality Population No. Nationality Population
(person) (person) (person) (person)
1 Mongolian 5813,947 16 Kazak 1250,458 31 Mulam 207,352 46 Bonan 16,505
2 Hui 9816,805 17 Dai 1158,989 32 Qiang 306,072 47 Yugur 13,719
3 Tibetan 5416,021 18 Li 1247,814 33 Blang 91,882 48 Jing 22,517
4 Uygur 8399,393 19 Lisu 634,912 34 Salar 104,503 49 Tatar 4,890
5 Miao 8940,116 20 Va 396,610 35 Maonan 107,166 50 Drung 7,426
6 Yi 7762,272 21 She 709,592 36 Gelao 579,357 51 Oroqen 8,196
7 Zhuang 16178,811 22 Gaoshan 4,461 37 Xibo 188,824 52 Hezhen 4,640
8 Bouyei 2971,460 23 Lahu 453,705 38 Achang 33,936 53 Moinba 8,923
9 Korean 1923,842 24 Shui 406,902 39 Pumi 33,600 54 Lhoba 2,965
10 Manzhu 10682,262 25 Dongxiang 513,805 40 Tajik 41,028 55 Jino 20,899
11 Dong 2960,293 26 Naxi 308,839 41 Nu 28,759
12 Yao 2637,421 27 Jingpo 132,143 42 Ozbek 12,370
13 Bai 1858,063 28 Kiegiz 160,823 43 Russian 15,609
14 Tujia 8028,133 29 Tu 241,198 44 Ewenki 30,505
15 Hani 1439,673 30 Daur 132,394 45 De’ang 17,935
The National language of China
The national language of China is Mandarin Chinese （the common speech）, which
is used by the largest number of Chinese, but many of the 55 minority nationalities
have their own languages.
52
The giant panda is considered a Chinese national treasure. Just over
1,000 survive in the wild, most of them in Sichuan Province.
religions
The number of religious worshippers in China is estimated

over 100 million, most of whom follow Buddhism. Other
major religions are Daoism, Islam and Christianity in both
its Catholic and Protestant forms.
China’s Politics
53
State Organs
National People’s Congress （NPC）
NPC Standing Committee
PRC Presidency
State Council Central Military Supreme People’s Supreme People’s

Commission Court Procuratorate
Power of NPC
National People’s Congress （NPC）
Power to Make Power to Make

Legislative Power Power of Supervision
Appointments and Removals Decisions
The Communist Party of China （CPC）

Party Flag Party Emblem
The Communist Party of China （CPC）was founded on July 1,1921, in Shanghai. It is the ruling party in China.
Multi-Party Cooperation & Political Consultative System
54
The Eight Democratic Parties
No. Party
1 Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomindang
2 China Democratic League
3 China Democratic National Construction Association
4 China Association for Promoting Democracy
5 China Peasants and Worker’ Democratic Party
6 China Zhi Gong Dang
7 Jiu San Society
8 Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League
China’ s Economy
Economy System
A socialist market economy system has now taken shape, and

the basic role played by the market has been improved in the
sphere of resource allocation.
At the same time, the macro-control system continues to be
perfected. The pattern has basically been formed in which the
public sector plays the main role alongside non-public sectors
such as individual and private enterprises to achieve common
development.
China is now working at a perfect and mature socialist market
economy with Chinese characteristics.
55
China’s agriculture
China is a country with a large population and less arable land. With only 7 percent of the world's
cultivated land, China has to feed one fifth of the world's population. Therefore, China's agriculture is
an important issue and draws wide attention of the world.
The research achievements in hybrid rice of scientist Yuan Longping, internationally regarded as the
"father of hybrid rice," rewrote the history of rice cultivation in China in the second half of the 20th
century.
World Position of China’s Economy
GDP Foreign Trade

In 2017 China’s GDP reached US$ The total import and export volume of
12.2. trillion ranking No.2 in the world. China was US$ 4.1 trillion in 2017
ranking No.1 in the world.
World Position of
China’s Economy
Forex Reserves Actual Utilization of Foreign Capital
By the end of 2017, China’s foreign From 1993 to 2017, China remained the second
exchange reserves was US$ 3.1 trillion, largest foreign capital inflow country, coming
ranking No. 1. . only after USA.
Data Source : China Statistics Year Book
China’s GDP
GDP
China’s GDP registered

US$ 12.2 trillion in
2017,up 6.9% over the
previous year.
Primary Industry Secondary Industry Tertiary Industry
7.9 40.5 51.6

The add value of the The add value of the The add value of the
primary industry was secondary industry was tertiary industry was
6.3 trillion RMB in 2017, 29.6 trillion RMB in 2017, 38.4trillion RMB in
a rise of 3.3%. a rise of 6.1%. 2017, a rise of 7.8%.

56
2013 ~ 2017 GDP and Increase Rate
Annual GDP
RMB100 million
Annual GDP Year-on-year Increase

Broadband Subscribers (10 thousand)
10 thousand
Fixed Broadband Internet Subscriber
Mobile Broadband Subscriber

China’s Foreign Trade (US$100million)
US$ 100 million
Gross Export Gross Import

57
China’s Forex Reserve （US$ 100 million ）
US$ 100 million

The Belt and Road Initiative
One Belt: Silk Road Economic Belt
One Road:The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road
Principle: join consultation, mutual development and equal benefit

Purpose: peaceful coexistence and common prosperity
Vision：The Belt and Road Initiative is aimed at Breaking the bottleneck of

weak growth and imbalanced development to achieve common development
and benefit people of all concerned countries.
https://www.yidaiyilu.gov.cn
The Ancient Land Silk Road

58
The Ancient Maritime Silk Road

Social Progress of China
59
Per Capita Income of Chinese Citizens ( 2013~2017）
10 thousand
RMB Yuan
Per capital income Year-on-year increase

Per Capita Income of Urban and Rural Citizens in China

（1999~2017）
RMB Yuan
36000
36396
36000 33614
32000 29129
28844
28000 24565 26955
24000 21810
20000 19109
15781 17175
16000
13786
12000 11422 11422 11969
6859.6 7917 8896 10489
8000 5854 6280 4761 5153 5919 6977
4140
4000 2366
2210 2253
0
1999 2001 2002 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Urban Citizens Rural Citizens

Poverty Population of the Country ( 2013~2017）
10 thousand 10 thousand

60
Annual Increase of Payroll Employees
10 thousand

Urbanization of China（1981~2017）
60.00%
55.00%
50.00%
45.00%
40.00%
35.00%
30.00%
25.00%
20.00%
15.00%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
1981 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

People’s Modern Lives ----Private Cars
private
cars civilian cars
As of the end of 2016, China's national car ownership was 194.4 million (including
3.81 million three-wheeled vehicles and low-speed trucks), including 165.59 million
private cars and 98.76 million civilian cars.
61
People’s Modern Lives ----Private Cars
In China, an average of 8.88 people owns a car.

An average of 6 people owns a in the 15-59 age group.
People’s Modern Lives ----Public bicycles
By the End of 2017
More than25 million bikes in China
More than 220 million people

registered
More than1.5 billion

people served
People’s Modern Lives ----China Internet Directindustry
62
People’s Modern Lives ---- Online payment
People’s Modern Lives ----Online shopping

Online Shopping
On November 11, 2014, Alibaba's double-day trading volume was 57.1 billion yuan.
On November 11, 2015, Tmall double eleven trading volume was 91.217 billion yuan.
On Nov 11, 2016, Tmall double eleven trading volume exceeded 120.7 billion.
According to data released by Alibaba at 0:00 on November 12, the total turnover of
“Double Eleven” Tmall and Taobao in 2017 was 168.2 billion yuan, a new record.
People’s Modern Lives ----Express Business
China’s Express Business (2013-2017)

Article(100 million)
Business Year-on-year
volume increase

63
Terminal Logistics Distribution Y3 UAV Logistics - Unmanned Sorting Center
Scale of online catering takeout market in 2011-2018
Market Scale growth rate

(RMB 100 million)
The online catering takeout market in 2018 has exceeded 240 billion yuan
People’s Modern Lives ----

Convenient Software & service
Data from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology shows that by the
end of March 2019, the total number of APPs in China's market is close to 5 million.
64
China’s Railways Map
By end of 2017, total length of railways in operation was over 127,000km in China
China’s high-speed Railways Map

High-speed Railway
Network By 2020
By 2017, total length of high-speed railways in operation was over 25,000 km in China
Map of Expressway and Class I to IV Highways in China
By end of 2017, total length of expressways was over 136,000 km in China

65
Highways Map of China
By end of 2017, total length of highways was over 4,770,000 km in China
China's Foreign Policy
The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
☻ Mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty

☻ Mutual non-aggression
☻ Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs
☻ Equality and mutual benefit
☻ Peaceful coexistence
66
China’s Science and Technology
China’s Space Technology
South-to-north Water Diversion Project
The giant water-diversion project on the Yangtze River －will deliver some 44.8 billion
cubic meters of water every year to Beijing and Tianjin and other northeast parts of China.
67
South-to-north Water Diversion Project
China's Three Gorges Project
China’s Manufacturing Automation Technology
Industry Robot
Industry Robot
68
China’s Education
China’s Education Mechanism
☻ 9-year compulsory education

☻ Admission age — over 6
☻ 6-3-3 three-stage fundamental education
☻ Examination- oriented
☻ Equal competition
2013 ~ 2017 Number of Enrollment (10 thousand)
10 thousand
■ High Education ■ Vocational Education ■ Senior School

69
Promotion Rate of Graduates of School of All Levels
Year Primary School Junior high School Senior high School
2017 99.0 % 89.9 % 88.3 %
2016 99.5 % 89.8 % 87.5 %
2015 98.3 % 88.9 % 86.5 %
2014 98.7% 87.5% 83.3%
2013 99.1% 85.6% 77.6%
2012 99.7% 82.1 % 72.7 %
2011 99.9 % 80.5 % 70.3 %
2010 100.0 % 75.7 % 75.1 %
2009 98.4 % 69.7 % 76.3 %
2008 98.1 % 63.8 % 82.5 %
2007 97.9 % 59.6 % 83.4 %
China’s Sports
World Location of China’s Sport
China has kept the status of the No.1 sports powerful country in Asia
70
2008 Beijing Olympic Games
Chinese Seal, Dancing Beijing

Slogan for 2008 Olympic Games: One World One Dream
The 7th CISM Military World Games
The 7th CISM Military World Games will be held in Wuhan, China, from October 18 to
27, 2019. The competition period will be 10 days, with 27 major and 329 minor events
such as shooting, swimming, track and field, basketball, etc. By then, nearly 10,000
servicemen from more than 100 countries will be competing on the same platform.
Chinese Festivals
71
National Day (October 1st)
At 3 pm on October 1, 1949, 300,000 people from Beijing gathered in Tiananmen

Square to hold a grand opening ceremony.
Chairman Mao Zedong solemnly declared to the world on the Tiananmen Gate, "The
Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China was established
today!" announced to the world the establishment of the People's Republic of China.
Traditional Festivals
Chinese traditional festivals
Chinese New Year Lantern Festival Cold Food Festival Tomb-sweeing Festival Dragon Boat Festival
Qixi Festival Mid-autumn Festival Double Ninth Festival Laba Festival New Year's Eve
Traditonal Festivals for ethnic minorities
★In addition, all ethnic minorities in China also keep their own traditional festivals,
such as the Songkran Festival of the Yi people, the Nadam meeting of the Mongolian,
the Torch Festival of the Yi, the Danu Festival of the Yao, the March Street of the Bai,
the song of the Zhuang, and the Tibetans. Tibetan calendar year and hope fruit festival,
Miao nationality flower jumping festival, etc.
72
THANK YOU
73
74
75
76
Learn to Speak Chinese
Outline
About Chinese
How to Learn
High-frquency words
About Chinese-- What's Chinese
China is a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-

ethnic country, there are 56 ethnic groups, a
total of more than 80 languages, about 30 kinds
of words.
Chinese is one of the most widely used languages in

our country and one of the most widely used
languages in the world. It is one of the six official
working languages of the United Nations.
Modern Chinese has standard language (Mandarin)

and dialects. Putonghua to Beijing voice as the
standard tone, the dialect in the north, to the typical
modern vernacular as grammar norms.
77
About Chinese：History of Chinese
1. Mandarin(Chinese) is based on the Beijing dialect .

(The Capital of China switched from Nanjing to Beijing in the latter
part of the Ming Dynasty, and remained in Beijing during the Qing
Dynasty (1644 – 1912)
2. It was not until 1909 that Mandarin became the national language
(guó yǔ) of China.
the Republic of China

3. When the Qing Dynasty fell in 1912,
maintained Mandarin as the official language.
4. It was renamed pǔ tōng huà (common speech) in 1955.
About Chinese：Chinese dialect
01 Mandarin dialect Wu dialect 02
03 Hunan dialect Gan dialect 04
05 Cantonese
Hakka dialect 06
dialect
07 Xiang dialect Minnan 08

dialect.
About Chinese：Chinese dialect
78
Chinese characters :Oracle Bone
Chinese characters :Hieroglyphic
Chinese characters :Hieroglyphic
79
Different characters
Outline
What’s Chinese
How to study
High-frquency words
Study 1: Chinese Pinyin
Introduction to
Mandarin Chinese Pronunciations
拼音 Pin Yin
80
Pin Yin--Initial, Final and Tone
Each Chinese character has a specific
syllable. Each syllable is composed of
three parts: initial, final, and tone. For
example:
Initial rén Tone mark
人
Final
Chinese Character
Initial, Final and Tone
There are 23 initials, 24 finals in the Pinyin system, which has 5 tones.
Pinyin
Initial Final Tone
b p m f d t l n aoeiuü first,
second ,
g k h j q x ai ei ui ao ou ui ie ü e
third,
er an en in un ün fourth
z c s zh ch sh
ang eng ing ong toneless
r y w
Initial
b p m f
d t n l g k h
j q x
z c s zh ch sh
r y w
81
Final
Pinyin Finals are similar to the Vowels in English
a o e i u ü
ai ei ui ao ou iu
ie üe er
an en in un ün
ang eng ing ong
Chinese tones Picture
Tone
Tone Pinyin tone Description of tone Example
mark
First ˉ Highest and level pitch mā (mother)
tone
Second ／ Starts high and rises máfan
tone (trouble)
Third v Falls first and then rises mǎ
tone (horse)
Fourth ﹨ Starts high and then falls mà
tone (scold)
Toneless (no mark) Unstressed a
(ah)
82
Tone Pratice
a ā á ǎ à
o ō ó ǒ ò
Tone Pratice
i īíǐì
u ūúǔù
exercise
With
second tone
bao tui hai ni zhao huan
With
third tone bao tui hai ni zhao huan
With
forth tone bao tui hai ni zhao huan
83
Study 2: personal pronouns
wǒ我 I
nǐ 你（您） you
tā 他，她，它 he , she, it
Study 2: personal pronouns 人称
Practice:
Get all to stand , gesturing :
wǒ point to self (=1st. person)

nǐ point to partner ( =2nd. person)
tā point to another (=3rd.person)
Time of a Day
早上 zǎo shàng morning

上午 shàng wǔ a.m.
中午 zhong wǔ noon
下午 xià wǔ afternoon
晚上 wǎn shàng evening;night
84
Study 3： Number
0 1 2
3 4 5
líng yī èr sān sì wǔ
6 7 8 9
10
百
liù qī bā jiǔ 千 shí 万
亿
bǎi qiān wàn yì
hundred, thousand, ten thousand, a hundred
million
Study 4： Greetings
你好！nǐ hǎo (how are you!)
早上好！zǎo shàng hǎo （Good morning)

下午好！xià wǔ hǎo (Good afternoon)
很高兴认识你！
hěn gāo xìng rèn shí nǐ （I’m glad to see you!/
Nice to meet you!)
Study 4 : Greetings
你好吗？nǐ hǎo mɑ
How are you?
很好，你呢？hěn hǎo, nǐ nē
Fine, and you?
你叫什么？nǐ jiào shěn me
What’s your name?
我叫玛丽。 wǒ jiào mǎ lì
My name is Mary.
85
Study 5: To Bid Farewell
再见！zài jiàn
Goodbye!
晚安！wǎn ān
Good night!
一会儿见！yí hùi’er jiàn
See you later!
保重！bǎo zhòng
Take care!
Study 5: To Bid Farewell
祝你好运！zhù nǐhǎo yùn

Good luck!
一路顺风 yì lù shùn fēng
Have a good trip!
Study 6: To Express Thanks
谢谢！xiè xie
Thank you!
不客气！bú kè qi
You’re welcome!
86
Study 6: To Express Thanks
非常感谢！fēi cháng gǎn xiè
Thank you very much!
多谢！duō xiè
Many thanks!
Study 7: To Apologize
对不起！dùi bù qǐ
I’m sorry!
非常抱歉！fēi cháng bào qiàn
I’m terribly sorry!
不好意思！bù hǎo yì si
Excuse me!
Study 8 Daily Chinese-Restaurant
饭店 fàn diàn restaurant

吃饭 chī fàn have a meal
服务员 fú wù yuán waiter/wairess
茶 chá tea
咖啡 kā fēi coffee
菜单 cài dān menu
米饭 mǐ fàn rice
筷子 kuài zi chopsticks
87
你吃了吗？nǐ chī le ma? Hello or how are you?
肉 ròu meat
水果 shuǐ guǒ fruit
饮料 yǐn liào drinks
辣 là spicy
甜 tián sweet
酸 suān sour
苦 kǔ bitter
付账 fù zhàng pay the bill
好吃 hǎo chī taste good; delicious
Words You Should Know
English Chinese Pin Yin (Pron.)

1 pan fried noodles 炒面 chǎo miàn
2 fried rice 炒饭 chǎo fàn
3 pot stickers 锅贴 guō tiē
4 small steamed 烧卖 shāo mài
dumplings
5 steamed buns 鸡虾包 Jī xiā bāo
6 spring roll 春卷 chūn juǎn
7 fortune cookies 幸运饼 xìng yùn bǐng
Words You Should Know

English Chinese Pin Yin
1 eat 吃 chī
2 want to 要 yào
3 want to 想 xiǎng
4 Please give me/ 请给我 qǐng gěi wǒ

May I have … please
5 May I ask 请问 qǐng wèn
6 tasty/delicious 好吃 hào chī
7 to taste 尝 cháng
88
请慢用。qǐng màn yòng
Enjoy your meal.
干杯。gān bēi
Cheers.
为友谊干杯。wèi yǒu yì gān bēi
Drink to our friendship.

吃饱了吗？chī bǎo le mā
Are you full?
很好吃。hěn hǎo chī
It’s delicious.
Study 9: Shopping 购物
商场在哪？shāng chǎng zài nǎ
Where is the market?
你要买什么？nǐ yào mǎi shén me
Can I help you?
89
有多远？yǒu duō yuǎn
How far is it from here?
不远。 bù yuǎn
Not far.
我要买这个 wǒ yào mǎi zhè gè
I’ll take this.
对不起，我不喜欢。
dùi bù qǐ, wǒ bù xǐhuān
Sorry, but I don’t like it.
我可以试穿吗？
wǒ ké yǐ shì chuān mā?
May I try it on?
怎么卖？zěn me mǎi
How much is it?
90
太贵了。tài gùi le
It’s too expensive.
便宜点。pián yì diǎn
Can you make it less?
光谷广场 Opticals Valley square

guang gu guang chang 810/709 8 stations
司门口 si men kou 572 11stations
江汉路 jiang han lu No.2 metro 5stations
汉街 han jie 724 4 stations
Study 10：Sightseeing 观光
我可以照相吗？
wǒ ké yǐ zhào xiàng mā
May I take a picture?
可以 ké yǐ
Sure.
卫生间在哪里？
Wèi shēng jiān zài nǎ lǐ
Where is the toilet / restroom?
91
Study 10：Sightseeing 观光
可以帮我照张相吗？
ké yǐ bāng wǒ zhào zhāng xiàng mā
Can you take my picture?

没问题 méi wèn tí
No problem.
Confucius Institute
HSK
HSK
Hanyu shuiping kaoshi
http://www.hanban.edu.cn/
92
THANK YOU
93
94
95
96
CAO ZHEN (Elaine)
caozhen_0926@163.com
Contents
GPON Technology
EPON V.S. GPON
FiberHome FTTH Solution and Reference Projects
NG-PON Technology
GPON Technology
1. Overview of Access Network

2. GPON Technology and Features
97
Distance and Bandwidth
……
xDSL Technology
How to solve
the problems for
‘Distance’ and
‘Bandwidth’?
Q：How to do？
A：Optical Access Network！
Bandwidth Demand
Solutions for Optical Access Network
(a) Point to Point

CO
L km
Curb switch
(b) Curb Switch

N subscribers
CO L km
Passive
optical
splitter
(c) PON
L N subscribers
km
CO
98
Why FTTx?
Bandwidth Capacity More Services
SL
ON
SL
PO
AD
ON
p
VD
p2
EP
GE
EP
10G
Cheaper ‘bit’ Lower OPEX
The History of PON

• First PON activity initiated by the PON
FSAN (FullServiceAccessNetworks)
group in the mid-1990s.
• Initial standard covered 155Mb/s
transmission based on ATM known as BPON EPON GPON
the APON/BPON standard. Standard
ØProposed by ØIEEE EFM ØProposed by
enhanced later to cover 622Mb/s as FSAN and standardized， FSAN，
well. standardized by 802.3ah standardized by
ITU-T Ø Ethernet ITU-T
• In 2001, the IEEE ( Institute of Ø ATM encapsulation Ø GEM
Electrical and Electronics Engineers ) encapsulation ØStandard mature encapsulation
Ø Standard most Ø Rapid growth in Ø Standard on
started the development of an Ethernet mature market going
based standard---EPON. Ø Used in US and Ø Widely used in Ø Few vendors
Japan Japan and China
Ø To be replaced
• In 2001 the FSAN group started the
development of a gigabit speed
standard, GPON, to be ratified by the
ITU-T. Different encapsulation
APON/BPON
• FSAN found in 1995

• In 1998，ITU-T took FSAN’s results into ITU-T G.983
series standards，the first broadband PON standard in the
industry
• In 2001，FSAN renamed APON as BPON
99
GPON Technology
1. Overview of Access Network

2. GPON Technology and Features
10
What is PON?
Passive Optical Network

Optical
Network Termination
Passive Optical
... ...
Splitter
Optical Network
Optical Line Unit
Terminal
... ..
.
p PON: Passive Optical Network

p PON architecture: Passive optical network featuring one-to-multiple-point;
• Optical Line Terminal (OLT)
• Optical Network Unit (ONU)
• Optical Distribution Network (ODN).
11
Passive Modules in PON
Ø WDM Coupler
Ø 1*N Splitter
Ø Optical fiber and cable
Ø Connector
Ø ODF/Cabinet/Subrack
100
Active Modules in PON
in OLT:
– Laser transmitter (1490-nm);
– Laser receivers (1310-nm);
– For CATV application
• Laser amplifier (1550-nm )
• EDFA (Erbium-doped Optical Fiber Amplifier)for amplifying video signal
……
in ONU:
– Power/ Battery for ONU
– Laser transmitter (1310-nm);
– Laser receivers (1490-nm);
– Receivers for CATV signal (1550-nm);
……
PON System Deployment
ODN MAN
……
10G/1G
Ethernet Port
OLT
FiberHome
PDP
ONU
Wavelength Division in PON
• 1310nm window
for uplink
• 1490nm window
for downlink
• 1550nm window
for CATV
101
Why GPON?
<1Mbps 3M 8M 25M 2.5G
Access ADSL/ADSL2+ VDSL / ADSL2+ PON

Technology Copper Based Copper Based Fiber Based
Coverage ~20km
<3km <2km <1km
diameter
Internet VoD Live TV

Service Video conference HDTV VoD
requiremen Game
Remote control HDTV
ts
2002 2003 2006 2018
Time
p GPON supports :
– Triple-play service
• HDTV:
• Data:
• Video Conference:
p GPON is the choice of large carriers in the international market.
16
GPON Network Model Reference
UNI R/S ODN S/R SNI
ONU/ONT
ONU/ONT OLT Service node
IFpon WDM
WDM WDM IFpon V reference point
T reference
point Optical
splitter NE
NE
• ONU Optical Network Unit

• ONT Optical Network Terminal
• ODN Optical Distribution Network
• OLT Optical Line Terminal
• WDM Wavelength Division Multiplex Module
• NE Network Element
• SNI Service Node Interface
• UNI User Network Interface
17
GPON Principle---Data Multiplexing
p GPON adopts Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology,

facilitating bi-direction communication over a single fiber.
1310nm
ONU/ONT
OLT ODN
1490nm
p To separate upstream/downstream signals of multiple users over a
single fiber, GPON adopts two multiplexing mechanisms:
l In downstream direction, data packets are transmitted in a broadcast
manner;
l In upstream direction, data packets are transmitted in a TDMA manner
20
102
GPON Principle----Downstream
Data for specified ONU
Data for specified ONU
• Broadcast mode
21
GPON Principle----Upstream
Data from specified user
Data from specified ONU
• TDMA (Time Division Multiplex Access) mode
22
DBA
n What is DBA?
l DBA, Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment
n Why DBA?
l It enhances the uplink bandwidth utilization of PON ports.
l More users can be added on a PON port.
l Users can enjoy higher-bandwidth services, especially those requiring
comparatively greater change in terms of the bandwidth.
23
103
DBA Working Principle
OLT ONU
DBA report
DBA algorithm
logic Control
platform
BW Map
Data
platform
T-CONT
Time slot T-CONT
Scheduler
T-CONT
• DBA block in the OLT constantly collects information from DBA reports, and sends the algorithm result in the form of
BW Map to ONUs .
• Based on the BW Map, each ONU sends upstream burst data on time slots specified to themselves and utilizes the
upstream bandwidth.
24
GPON Frame Structure
Downstream Framing
125us
Physical Control Block
Downstream (PCBd)
Upstream Payload
Bandwidth Map
ONT 0
AllocID Start End AllocID Start End
1 100 200 2 300 500
OLT
T-CONT0 T-CONT 0
(ONT 1) (ONT 2)
Slot Slot Slot Slot
100 200 300 500
ONT 63
PLOu PLOAMu PLSu DBRu X Payload x DBRu Y Payload y
Upstream Framing
25
T-CONT Bandwidth Terms
• Transmission Containers (T-CONTs): it dynamically receives grants delivered by

OLT. T-CONTs are used for the management of upstream bandwidth
allocation in the PON section of the Transmission Convergence layer. T-CONTs
are primarily used to improve the upstream bandwidth use on the PON.
• T-CONT BW type falls into FB, AB, NAB, and BE.
• Five T-CONT types: Type1, Type2, Type3, Type4, and Type5.
26
104
T-CONT Type and Bandwidth Type
l Type1 T-CONT is of the fixed bandwidth type and mainly used for services sensitive to
delay and services of higher priorities, such as voice services.
l Type2 and type3 T-CONT is of the guaranteed bandwidth type and mainly used for video
services and data services of higher priorities.
l Type4 is of the best-effort type and mainly used for data services (such as Internet and
email), and services of lower priorities. These services do not require high bandwidth.
l Type5 is of the mixed T-CONT type, involving all bandwidth types and bearing all
services.
27
GPON Multiplexing Architecture

• GEM Port: the minimum unit for
carrying services.
• T-CONT: Transmission Containers is a
Port
kind of buffer that carries services. It is
O T-CONT Port
Port mainly used to transmit upstream data
N
units. T-CONT is introduced to realize
U T-CONT
Port
the dynamic bandwidth assignment of
Port
the upstream bandwidth, so as to
enhance the utilization of the line.
O
IFpon Port • IF pon: GPON interface.
N T-CONT • Based on the mapping scheme, service
Port
U traffic is carried to different GEM ports
and then to different T-CONTs. The
O mapping between the GEM port and
N T-CONT Port the T-CONT is flexible. A GEM port can
correspond to a T-CONT; or multiple
U
GEM Ports can correspond to the same
T-CONT.
ONU-ID Alloc-IDs Port-ID • A GPON interface of an ONU contains
identifies identifies T- identifies
GEM ports one or multiple T-CONTs.
ONUs CONTs
28
GPON Standards
ITU-T G.984.1 ITU-T G.984.2

• Specifications of ODN parameters
• Parameter description of GPON
• Specifications of 2.488Gbps downstream
network
optical port
• Requirements of protection
• Specifications of 1.244Gbps upstream
switch-over networking
optical port
• Overhead allocation at physical layer
Simple development process
Powerful compatibility
ITU-T G-984.1/2/3/4
ITU-T G.984.3
• Specifications of TC layer in the
ITU-T G.984.4
GPON system
• OMCI message format
• GTC multiplexing architecture and
• OMCI device management frame
protocol stack
• GTC frame
• OMCI working principle
• ONU registration and activation
• DBA specifications
• Alarms and performance
29
105
Contents
GPON Technology
EPON V.S. GPON
NG-PON Technology
30
EPON V.S. GPON: Rate

n GPON supports different asymmetric rate level. The max rate of
GPON is able to reach 2.5Gbps
Ø UP 155M，DOWN 622M, 1.25G, 2.5G
Ø UP 622M, DOWN 622M,1.25G, 2.5G
Ø UP 1.25G, DOWN 1.25G, 2.5G
n EPON supports symmetric 1.25Gbps line rate for upstream and

downstream
Ø 8b10b encoding method is used for EPON system
Ø EPON tend to upgrade to 10Gbps line rate
EPON V.S. GPON: Split-Ratio
Logical vs physical split-ratio limits

• Logical
– One BPON OLT can address 253 BPON ONUs;
– One GPON OLT can address 4,000 GPON ONUs;
– One EPON OLT can address 32,000 EPON ONUs.
• Physical
– In real deployments, all technologies are limited to 1x32 or
1x64, depending on reach, condition of the fiber
deployment, service mix, optical performance.
– There is no practical split-ratio limit for any of the PON
protocols; all have ample “ONU address space.”
106
EPON V.S. GPON: Max Reach
Comments on maximum reach

• Optics performance, split-ratio, and fiber-plant deployment determine the
reach, not the PON protocol. Again, there is FUD(Fear, Uncertainty,
Doubt form of publicity) that confuses minimum requirements in the
EPON standard with what is actually achievable (and legal) in real
systems.
• Basically, you can dial up very long-reach PONs using any of the protocols,
provided you are willing to choose the right optics, reduce the split ratio,
etc.
• None of the framing definitions contain any long-distance magic; it’s all
about optics and physics.
EPON V.S. GPON: Frame

ITU-TGPON
125 sec 125 sec 125 sec
ATM GEM ATM GEM ATM GEM
ATM ATM ATM
GEM GPON is evolving GEM GEM

to look like EPON!
IEEE EPON
OAM & MPCP

No Fixed Frame
EPON V.S. GPON: Encapsulation

GPON EPON
Higher Layer Higher Layer
ATM GEM MAC client

GTC adaptor adaptor MAC
layer layer MPCP
GTC framing
sub-layer MAC
PHY Layer PHY Layer
•Based on BPON G.983 series •Specified by IEEE as Clause 64 of IEEE

Specified as G.984 series standards covering all 802.3 standard
aspects such as physical, management, and
control •Other important aspects are out of the
scope of EPON specification
•In addition to ATM,GEM, allows native TDM
and Ethernet transport
107
EPON V.S. GPON: Services
PSTN
C I S C O SY S T E M S
Core Home
Network Network
Soft Switch
Triple-Play
OLT
FTTH ONT
Video / IP
STB
MAN
PON System: A L2/L3/L4 Ethernet Switch
• Connects the Core & Home Networks
• Multi-service
• Strict enforcement of service contracts
• Designed to reduce end-to-end cost
VoD Server
Both EPON and GPON will support full round services including VOIP, data, video (IPTV and
CATV), TDM service according to the relative standards.
EPON V.S. GPON: Protection
Both EPON and GPON is able to support various protection methods
Contents
GPON Technology
EPON V.S. GPON
NG-PON Technology
42
108
Multiple Service Solution Based on GPON
NMS
HSI
IPTV / CATV Server
RESIDENT IPTV/ FE / RF
CATV
POTS MDU Middleware
Voice/
ISDN
Global Internet
Eyes
IP Core
Splitter
OLT Softswitch
PBX
E1/T1
AAA Server
BUSINESS
SBU For Resident:
HSI FE
n Flexible service mapping and VLAN
planning
For Business:
n Hierarchical QoS
Backhaul
FE SBU
n High reliability and security
E1
MOBILE IP
Voice
For Mobile:
n TDM CESoP for 4G/5G backhaul
n Clock synchronization solution
44
Triple Play Service Solution

Service Platform NMS/EMS Residential Users in green filed
Video Video
Internet Monitor Conference
WLAN
PSTN 1:32/1:64 STB STB

CATV
1550nm
SDH
FTTH
MSTP 10GE/GE/
155M/E1 OLT Internet Telephone CATV IPTV
IPTV
PBX
FTTO
FE
FE FE FE
Business Users in gray filed
Multiple Internet
MDU/ONU User( DSL/Ethernet)
Bill Application Operation
1:16/1:32
SS WLAN
System Server Platform
OSS/BSS PBX
Security Monitor
STB
IPTV
Residential Users in gray filed
45
Value-added Service Solution Overview
NMS/EMS
FTTH
WLAN Video
Video
Conference
Monitor
1:32/1:64
Outdoor ONU
OLT Residence/ Office
FE
FTTO
FE FE FE
Video Video
Company/Office Monitor Conference
Video
Video
Conference
Bill Application Operation 1:16/1:32 MDU/ONU Monitor
SS
System Server Platform
OSS/BSS
Public Area
46
109
FiberHome FTTx Global Market
FTTH deployment in FTTH project in
Norway Russia in 2007
First commercial FTTH

project in Belarus in 2006
Pilot FTTH Project in
Italy EPON project for TCT
In china before 2009 FiberHome FTTx PON
(TeleCom Tehran).
Market Share ranking No.1 , which take 40%
GPON pilot projects
market share.After 2009 FiberHome Marketing
will be deployed soon.
share is ranking No.2.
FTTH deployment in •One of the biggest

Nigeria PON TX/RX module
supplier in Japan
•Strategy Partner with
•1st EPON pilot project in Malaysia Ecuador?TVcable on
for TM FTTH deployment
•The only GPON vender for TM,
more than 70,000 lines GPON
equipments have be deployed by
FTTH Project in
FTTH deployment in the end March, 2010.
Bolivia with COTAS
Uganda
•FiberHome-SENKO Australia
Pilot EPON Project covers
•The first and biggest
FTTH,FTTB+LAN Application •First commercial
EPON supplier for
•Australian NBN program on FTTH project in
Indian BSNL, which
going Argentina with BVC
•One of the biggest
Which this project
passive part supplier in
covered 12%
BSNL GPON project
subscribers for
•EPON project for CAT Argentina Davitel
North, Cable TV operators
•4 GPON projects for
TOT
47
FiberHome FTTx Market in China

ü FiberHome is the one of biggest mainstream China Telecom
suppliers in FTTX industry
n Marketing share: over 30% till 2018 Q4
ü Marketing share: over 30% n More than 17,320,000 lines PON equipments
have be deployed in CTC access network.
Provided 7,500,000 lines EPON equipments
and 50,000 lines GPON equipments to CTC in
2010
黑龙江
China Unicom
吉林
新疆
辽宁 n More than 11,800,000 lines PON equipments
甘肃内蒙古 have be deployed in CUC access network.
河北 n Provided 4,500,000 lines EPON equipments

宁夏 and 200,000 lines GPON equipments to
青海山西山东 CUC in 2018
陕西河南江苏
西藏
安徽
四川湖北
浙江
China Mobile
江西
湖南
贵州福建
n Marketing share: over 25% till 2018 Q4,
云南
湾
rank 1
台
广西广东
n More than 960,000 lines PON equipments
have be deployed in CM access network.
Provided 220,000 lines EPON equipments
海南 and 420,000 lines GPON equipments to CM
in 2010
48
HSBB Case Share
• HSBB is Malaysia’s biggest NGN project and Fiberhome is the strategic partner for
HSBB.
• We are the sole green field national backbone supplier for DWDM, SDH& OXC.
• FiberHome is one of the largest deployment FTTH provider in TM.
MENARA TM
49
110
One-Stop FTTH Solution for Telekom Malaysia
Access Point
Central Office Outside Plant
l Next Generation Network in TM l FTTH Solution l The benefits

— High-speed Broadband project — GPON technology is preferred — The capability of supporting up to
— Digital Home Strategy 100Mb/s to user’s home
— Integrated total solution is provided,
— Access Network is the key point — Triple-play services are deployed,
including xPON & OSP &
Consultant & Implementation including Voice, HSI and IPTV
— Over 60,000 subscribers in mini
rollout phase
50
India BSNL EPON Large Distribution Purchase

Program
•Total EPON Solution covers:
-OLT : over 100 sets AN5116-06B

-ONT: over 80k
-DDN:
-OSP and related facility
-EMS (UNM2000)
BSNL EPON market share
In India Site Installation
52
Thailand FreeInternet GPON Project
§ FreeInternet is a newly developing residence network operator in Thailand,

because of the deploying of FTTH technology, the company provides highly
quality broadband access for business user .Meantime, the company also
provides competitive IPTV services.
§ Now , FreeInternet is concentrating on developping FTTH services in main city
of Thailand, like Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Pattaya. In initial project, FiberHome
provides over 7000 lines GPON equipments for the user's broadband access,
VoIP, IPTV and so on.
53
111
Brazil Brisanet FTTH Project
Fortaleza
•Communication Infrastructure Improvement : Replace current wireless solution with FTTH ;

•The project plan is covering more than 100k subs; current active subscribers reach to 10k subscribers for 1st phase;
•Services involves internet, IPTV, VoIP and WiFi;
•The services provision side covers Fortaleza city and around cities;
54
Contents
GPON Technology
EPON V.S. GPON
NG-PON Technology
55
Bandwidth Challenge for Access
2010 2016 2019
BROADEN YOUR
112 FUTURE www.fiberhomegroup.com

www.fiberhome.com
Operators Promote the Gigabit Home
BB City: “If you buy it, Introducing AT&T U-

we will build it” serve® with GigaPower
for 17 community in 2014
Most Powerful
Internet plan
(Gigabit Ready)
The world’s fastest
fiber broadband
Up to 500
Mbps
Provide 1Gbps service by 2020 1Gbps FTTH
BROADEN YOUR
FUTURE www.fiberhomegroup.com
www.fiberhome.com
Development Path of PON

1G 10G Beyond 10G 100G
4K 8K VR/AR
10M~100M 100M~1G 1G~10G
1
TDM -> WDM/TDM+WDM
Single wave rate increased
2
Capacity of single fiber
upgrade, full business scene，
BROADEN YOUR
www.fiberhome.com
GPON Technology Evolution
ITU-T G.984.x ITU-T G.987.x/988 ITU-T G.989.x

1G/2.5G 10G 40G ……
NG-PON2：uncompleted
TWDM-PON,P2P WDM,……
TDM+WDM
WDM
NG-PON1：XGPON standard was completed

10G/2.5G
NG-PON2
Technical trend meeting , FSAN
XGPON Apr 2012
ODN reuse
TDM
2.5G/10G
GPON Published
Jun 2010
~2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
1G PON 10G PON TWDM PON P2P WDM
113
XG-PON Standard Status
• G.987 & G.984：
– G.987 is based on G.984, they are compatible
– G.987 could supply full service, the same as G.984
– G.987 using the same management mechanism with G.984
• G.987：
– G.987.1， G.987.2： Oct,2009 finalized
G.984：GPON，stabilized
– G.987.3， G.988(G.OMCI)：Jun,2010 finalized
G.987/G.988：XG-PON，mature
G.988（G.OMCI） G.984.4
G.987.3 G.984.3
G.987.2 G.984.2
G.987.1 G.984.1
completed
Comparison between GPON and 10G GPON
10G GPON GPON
Standards ITUT G.987.X /G.988 ITUT G.984.X
DS 1575~1580nm DS 1480-1500nm
Wavelength US 1260~1280nm US 1290-1330nm
DS 9.95328Gbps DS 2.48832Gbps
Rate US 2.48832Gbps US 1.24416Gbps
N1: 14 to 29 dB (for applications that are not co-
existent)
Class B: 10-25dB
N2: 16 to 31 dB (used for applications that are
Class B+: 13-28dB
Power Budget coexistent;
Class C: 15-30dB
these figures include WDM1r insertion loss)
Class C+: 17-32dB
E1:18 to 33dB
E2:20 to 35dB
Distance ≥ 20km 20km
Splitter Ratio 1:128 1:64 1:64
Down：Strong FEC（Mandatory）
FEC Optional
UP：Weak FEC（Optional）
XG-PON Coexistence&Upgrade solution with GPON
114
Choice of Technology in 10G Era
ü Coexistence by WDM
ü GPON occupies the leading
position in 1G era
ü Coexistence by TDM ü More efficient over TDM
ü Earlier standardization and ETH
ü Slightly lower cost ü Farther Transmission
distance
BROADEN YOUR
www.fiberhome.com
Wavelength Planning for 10G PON
CATV
1550nm
GPON ￪ 1310nm ￬ 1490nm
XG-PON
（2.5G/10G
）
￪ 1270nm ￬ 1577nm
￬
EPON
￪ 1310nm ￬ 1490nm
10G EPON
（1G/10G ￪ 1310nm ￬ 1577nm
￪￬
10G EPON
）
（10G/10G 1270nm 1577nm
） Original Band Extended Band Short Band Conventional Long Band
1260 1360 1460 1530 1565 1625 nm
BROADEN YOUR
www.fiberhome.com
XGPON Evolution Solution
GPON ONU λ1
GPON ONU
GPON GPON
GPON
λ1 λ2 λ1
GPON ONU
Currently
OLT ONU
ONU
OLT
λ3
XGPON ONU λ3
λ4
New-built
XGPON ONU
λ2
XGPON ONU λ3 λ4
λ2
GPON ONU XGPON

λ3
λ4
XGPON
Coexistence
GPON ONU WDM1

OLT λ4
ONU
XGPON ONU
Fiberhome ONU integrated WBF
Performance
Cost per MB
BROADEN YOUR
www.fiberhome.com
115
Industry Chain of XGPON
ü Most of the manufacturers have got the

FPGA solution;
ü Fiberhome released the ASIC chip in 2014.
ü Prices of Optical modules gradually decline
ü A large number of pilot ü IOT of physical layer have

projects; been organized by FSAN in
ü Fiberhome has deployed the 2012;
largest XGPON commercial ü More and more operators
projects in the world consider about it.
BROADEN YOUR
www.fiberhome.com
FiberHome XG-PON Product
More ports in the future?
ü FiberHome has 8 ports plan

ü Using self patent ASIC
ü Dual mode : GPON/XG-
AN5116-06B XG-PON FPGA service card
PON
Any plan for SFU?
ü Heat dissipation
AN5006-20 XG-PON uplink card ü High cost
XG-PON SFU ASIC XG-PON MDU XG-PON MDU XG-PON uplink card
AN5600-04（4GE) AN5600-06/07/09/10 AN5006-30
67
ITU-T Evolution Route
TDM
TDM+WDM
BROADEN YOUR

www.fiberhome.com
Fiberhome NGPON2 Solution
PST
ONU
XG-PON N
ONU
1550 NG l GSM/3G/LTE
RF Viedo N WLAN
Internet
G-PON
ONU
XG-PON λd1 ··· λd4 ONU INTERNET AAWG
NGN
WDM PON OLT
λu1 ··· λu4
splitter High Value Family
G-PON IPTV
WDM TWDM-PON broadband
IPTV ONU
TWDM- ONU
PON PB
X
IAD
OLT Group Customer

Private Line
• Compatibility with 1G/10G EPON/GPON & P2P

• TWDM PON has been confirmed to be the main
• Single Wavelength to the Home, bandwidth updates
direction of NG-PON2.
continuously, maintenance easily
• FiberHome has been the team leader of 863
• Each users have a Specific wavelength. Service is isolated.
National Project Low-cost Integrated Wavelength
Information is safe and reliable
Ethernet Access System (λ - the EMD)
• 4 Wavelengths，DS 40G/US 10G（40G is possible）
• FiberHome WDM PON have got 32 wavelengths ,it will
increase to 80 wavelengths in the near future
BROADEN YOUR
www.fiberhome.com
NGPON Application Scenarios
40G
10G
2.5G
G.fast
Smart Home
G.fast
VDSL
BROADEN YOUR
www.fiberhome.com
Fiberhome NGPON Family
WP40G
XP8A:8x10G-GPON XP8E
XPWA:2x40G-PON
FM40G XG-PON1 XGS-PON TWDM-

XP4A:4x10G-GPON PON
OLT
XGPON TWDM-PON WDM-PON Tri-Mode Combo
ONU
AN5231-16T-EG AN6008-09
AN5221 AN5006-20/30 (16*GE+16*POTS) (8*GE+8*POTS)
XGPON ASIC
To be continued…
BROADEN YOUR
www.fiberhome.com
117
Technology Comparison of xPON
P2P
EPON GPON 10G EPON XGPON1 TWDM-PON
WDM-PON
IEEE IEEE
Standard ITU-T G.984 ITU-T G.987 - -
802.3ah 802.3av
Depending
DS rate 1.25Gbps 2.5Gbps 10Gbps 10Gbps 40Gbps on the single
wave
Depending
US rate 1.25Gbps 1.25Gbps 10G/1Gbps 2.5Gbps 10Gbps on the single
wave
Code 8B/10B NRZ 64B/66B NRZ NRZ Optional
Distance 60/20km 60/20km 60/20km 60/40km 60/40km 60-80km
Splitting ratio 1:64 1:64 1:128 1:128 1:128 32waves
Encapsulation Ethernet GEM Ethernet GEM GEM Optional
ODN Compatibl
Compatible Compatible Compatible Compatible Compatible
compatibility e
Cost Low Low Medium Medium High High
Maturity Mature Mature Mature Mature Immature Immature

BROADEN YOUR
www.fiberhome.com
Standardization of 100G PON
ØNG ØPrepare ØWavelength

EPON PAR, Obj and planning
ICAID 5C ØFirst
TF
ØMade ØSet up meeting
CFI. SG ØTF Approved
2013.6 2015.3 2015.7 2015.11 2015.12 2016.1 2016.3

ICAID SG TF
Now
NG-EPON renamed 100G

• IEEE P802.3ca Timeline EPON
Draft 1.0（201611） Draft 2.0（201707） Draft 3.0（201805） Draft （201811） Draft （201903）
• Baseline proposals selecte • WG Ballot • Sponsor Ballot • Standard to RevCom • Std !
d
2016 2017 2018 2019
BROADEN YOUR
www.fiberhome.com
Advantage of 100G PON
4 λ for 4 2 λ for 4
users users
BROADEN YOUR

www.fiberhome.com
The First Practical 100G-PON System
Fiberhome prototype of 100G PON Fiberhome 100G PON pilot project
ü 100Gb/s capacity
ü Downlink: 4*25Gb/s
ü Uplink: 4*10Gb/s
ü 40km+1:64 HWPA
（100G PON service board）
ü Colorless ONU
• The first real-time 100G PON system which is steady running
BROADEN YOUR
www.fiberhome.com
Thank you！
119
120
121
122
4G /5G technology&solution
Content
What is 4G LTE ?
LTE development in the world
FiberHome, LTE end to end provider
LTE-advanced and 5G
The evolution process of mobile communication
Evolution process 1G 2G 3G 4G
Time 1980s 1990s 21st 2010s
CDMA2000、
WCDMA/TDSC
Standard AMPS、TACS GSM/CDMA DMA TD-LTE、FDD-LTE
High quality
voice services
and mobile online video
mobile voice Internet High speed ,mobile app etc.
Sevice sevice access） data
123
What is LTE?
LTE=Long Term Evolution
Trend of wireless technology development
Drivers for LTE development
Phone Era Internet Era Multimedia Era
 The need for network capacity performance  LTE could be a tool charge more for
management and efficiency mobile data
 Opportunities for new products/service  Some new Broadband Services might be
 Opportunities for revenue growth only used in LTE
Requirements For LTE
Frequency Spectrum :
• Flexible bandwidth : 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20MHz
• Cover all frequencies of IMT-2000: 700 MHz to 2.6 GHz
Peak data rate
• DL : > 100Mb/s for 20MHz spectrum allocation
• UL : > 50Mb/s for 20MHz spectrum allocation
Capacity
• 200 active users for 5MHz , 400 users in larger spectrum allocations (5MHz-
20Mhz)
Latency
C-plane : Latency of control plane is less than 100ms from idle state to
connected state ;Latency of control plane is less than 50ms from dormant
state to connected state.
• U-plane : < 10ms from UE to UE; < 5ms fromUE to enodeB
Coverage
• Max 100KM coverage
Spectrum efficiency
• DL : 3-4 times HSDPA for MIMO(2,2)
• UL: 2-3 times HSUPA for MIMO(2,2)
124
LTE Technology Advantages
High Speed High Flexibility High Efficiency

Uplink 50Mbps Bandwidth 1.4MHZ~20MHZ Max 100KM coverage
Downlink 100 Mbps Spectrum DL:3~4 times HSDPA
High Mobility 350km/h 2G / 3G bands and the new UL:2~3 times HSPA+
bands
LTE Network Architecture
GGSN
MME SAE-GW
EPC
SGSN
S1-C S1-U
RNC RNC
RNC
Node B eNode B
UTRAN E-UTRAN X2 X2
+ =
X2
eNodeB eNodeB
NodeB NodeB NodeB NodeB
Control Plane 1 All IP

User Plane 2 Lower latency
3 Only PS ，no CS
Flattening the wireless network architecture

MME / S-GW MME / S-GW
 Mobile Managenment
EPC Entity
 Serving GateWay
S1
Evolved Packet  S1：The interface of
EPS Core MME/SGW and eNode B
Evolved
eNode B
Packet
System
E-
X2 X2
UTRAN RNC
X2
eNode B eNode B
Node B + =eNode B
Uu
 X2：Interface between
the eNode B
 There is only one in the E - UTRAN  Network flat reduce system latency，the user have
network elements——eNode B better experience
 Flat network structure，  Reduced numbers of network elements,the network
RNC+NodeB=eNodeB deployment is simple,it's easy to maintain
 All IP network structure，connectivity  Canceled the RNC centralized control, avoid a single
with traditional network point of failure,to improve the network stability
125
The key technology of LTE：OFDM
Single Carrier Multi-carrier
frequency frequency
OFDM
• OFDM：
Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing
frequency
OFDMA
Protection
bandwidth FDMA
Frequency
Carrier overlap
Save bandwidth resources

Frequency
载波重叠(正交)，合理利用频率，获得更佳网络传输性能
OFDMA
Carrier overlap (orthogonal), reasonable use of frequency, to

achieve better network transmission performance
-11-
The key technology of LTE：MIMO
MIMO： Multiple input and multiple output

Use multiple transmit and multiple receive
antennas for a single user
126
Phone call in LTE
Current solution： Final solution：
CSFB VOLTE
CS FallBack Voice Over LTE

Principle：when launching voice Voice Over LTE , using LTE
calls , 4G network will network to transmit voice call
automatically disconnect, switch
to the 2/3G network. During the high quality /short connet
call , data services will be time/vioce call and data service
disconnected.
at same time
-13-
Content
What is LTE ?
LTE-advanced and 5G
LTE Developments in China
Jun. 2007 Oct. 2007 Nov.2007 2010~2012 Dec. 2013 Feb.2015
The Chinese The Chinese

The first TD- The first TD- First verify Large-scale government
government
LTE LTE call was TD-LTE TD-LTE trials published
published
prototype is successfully theoretical were FDD-LTE
TD-LTE
released. connected peak rate. launched. licenses.
licenses
• 4G uers CM:669.3million; CU:200million;CT:212million.
127
Major performance indicators in communications industry
Index Number(unit: million)

Fixed-line telephone subscribers 192.07
Mobile phone users 1585.60
3G users 123.78
4G users 1230.88
Internet broadband access users 434.75
xDSL users 5.79
FTTH/O users 395.75
100Mbps users 335.35
Internet broadband access users in urban 305.69
area
Internet broadband access users in rural 129.07
area
Mobile Internet users 1306.58
Fixed-line telephone penetration 13.8%
Mobile phone penetration 113.6%
June,2019
Frequency Distribution of LTE
Frequency Distribution of LTE in China
China Mobile：
LTE-TDD：1880 -1900 MHz(B39)、2320-2370 MHz(B40)、
2575-2635 MHz(B38，B41）
China Unicom：
LTE-TDD：2300-2320MHz（B40）、2555-2575MHz(B41)
LTE-FDD：1955-1980MHz / 2145-2170MHz （B1）
China Telecom：
LTE-TDD：2370-2390MHz(B40)、2635-2655MHz(B41)
LTE-FDD：1755-1785MHZ / 1850-1880MHz(B3)
128
LTE Solutions leverage enterprise network
Safe City Civil Aviation Environment

Digital City Protection Intelligent Transportation
Sever
Oil Mining
Emergency Command
Smart Grid Digital Ports
Wired network Internet LTE network
Mobile phone . Video phone . Call center. Cloud . Computer , Internet, camera, RFID, Command and Scheduling
LTE solution for Civil Aviation

Highlights in this project
• Provide WIFI Service on board.

• Achieve LTE network courage in the first domestic airline.
Airplane speed：800~1200km/h.
• Aircraft height reaches 10000 meters altitude.
UNM200
Cell radius0 reaches 100 kilometers.
• Peak throughput at 5M bandwidth: Uplink rate-10Mbps，downlink rate-18Mbps.
LTE solution for Safe City
Cloud Cloud
Disaster recovery center data center
MC ECC video conferencing
CC
Command and dispatch center
Transmission Network
LTE
Video surveillance
LTE
Building monitoring
Intersection / tunnel road / Outdoor plaza / control
Bridge Intelligent Transportation
CBD/ science and Residential area /
Technology Park gymnasium
129
Content
What is LTE ?
LTE-advanced and 5G
About WRI (FiberHome)
• Company Profile
 Established:1974
 Headquarter: Wuhan, China
 Employee :21,000+
 Revenue: 26billion RMB (2015)
 State-owned, 3 companies listed in Chinese stock market
• Business Summary
 Product & Service
New R&D Base
• Optical communication
More than 1 billion RMB of Investment
• IP communication and services
Completed in 2014
• Wireless Optimization Solutions
 Over 20% market share in three major telecom operators in China
LTE project in China Success Story
Challenges and needs of customers
• The city population is 10.22 million people.

• Coverage area of the LTE network --531 km²
• TDD-LTE 1.9GHz Frequency
• Bandwidth: 20MHz
• Uplink throughput need to reach 54Mbps/km²
• The uplink rate is not less than 307Kbps at the
edge of the sectors
IP based
backhaul
FiberHome LTE solution RRU
Transport
Iub/Abis
Network
255 Macro sites

RRU
Distributed base
station(BBU+RRU) +2- BBU
Path Antenna
RRU
130
LTE project in China Success story
 Professional engineer team for construction supervision
 45 days Completed all sites installation and commission.

 40 days Completed all the Single site optimization.
Peak - 112.85Mbps Peak - 10.58Mbps
 60 days Complete all the area optimization. Avg - 99.78Mbps Avg - 8.66Mbps
LTE project in Malaysia Success story
Challenges and needs of Customers Technical support After-sale service

Training
 Technical Survey
• Difficult to deploy fibers in some areas.  Network Optimization
High cost and low efficiency  Network Planning
 Maintenance Support
• Need Stable and large throughput data  Operating Strategy Planning
services  Repair & Return Service
• Requirement to deploy network rapidly
 Project Management
24 hours Local Service
considering the pressure of market
competition
• TDD 1.9GHz Frequency
FiberHome LTE Solution
 Heavily customized ability

 An end to end solution
 To be close to customer
The coming of age of Small Cells
• Macro Cell density close to

Limited the limit
resource • Limited tower resource
• Low construction cost
The challenge
of Macro Cell
Deep
Property
coverage
coordination • Mobile data traffic
• Hard site acquisition • High Loss. Blind Area
• Difficult to renew the
contract about renting
the original site
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What is Small Cell?
Small Cell can enhance cellular network capacity and coverage
Femtocell Microcell
Nanocell Small Cell
Picocell Metrocell Macro Cell
Transmit Coverage User

Type Scenarios
power radius capacity
Small indoor
Femtocell 10-100mW 10~20m 4~8
area coverage
Medium indoor
Picocell ~250mW 30~50m 32~64
area coverage
Outdoor blind
Microcell 5W-10W 100~300m ~100
area coverage
Outdoor hot
Metrocell 5W-10W 100~300m 100~200
area coverage
Deep Coverage and Seamless Network
Macro Cell Small Cell Nano Cell  Nano Cell

 Small cell(Outdoor)
Small Cell
Nano Cell
Macro Cell
Nano Cell Macro Cell
SC-6120W/F
FH-MB4310
Company Indoor Hotel

Railway Business University Venues
Station Street
SoHo Residential areas Tunnel

Public
Airport Stadium Hotspots
Cover All scenarios of wireless access network
Easy Deployment of Small Cell
A variety of installation Compact platform
• One person to complete

• No fan , No noise
• AC/DC power supply
• Connected with the wireless
backhaul equipment
• One-click set up
Wall mounted Pole mounted
Product model ： FH-MB4310

One-click Installation
Frequency ： FDD：700Mhz(B13,14), 1.8GHz,(B3)
AWS(B4), 2.6GHz(B7)
Installation and
Bandwidth ： 5, 10, 15, 20 [MHz]
configuration
Power Output ：5W/channel
only 1 hour
Weight / Dimension ：10kg/10L
Protection Level： IP65
UE Number： Active 200 Users/cell
Application Scenario： Out-door deep coverage
and in-door hot spot coverage
Power Consumption： 120W
132
Trial of FiberHome Small Cell solution
Challenges of the scene Detailed deployment plan
• 2 Small Cell are deployed on 282m

• Deep coverage problems business hall.
• Low RSRP, SINR Indoor • Utilize existing transmission
• Poor user experience equipment. 370m
• Far away from Macro Cell • Indoor antennas are deployed

• No indoor distribution system on the first and second floor
• Near the commercial center. ceiling.
• Outdoor antenna can be
deployed in the future,
absorbing data traffic in the
FiberHome LTE Solution commercial center.
2 Small Cells+2 Distribution Systems
Content
What is LTE ?
LTE-advanced and 5G
Overview of LTE-Advanced
LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) is a further evolution of LTE
• Downlink rate-1Gbps • The average spectrum efficiency is

Spectrum
Peak speed 50% higher than LTE .
• Uplink rate-500Mbps efficiency
• The edge spectrum efficiency is
25% higher than LTE.
• Latency of control plane is less than

50ms from idle state to connected state .
• Latency of control plane is less than Latency Bandwidth • Support continuous carrier aggregation
10ms from dormant state to connected and non-contiguous carrier aggregation
state. • The maximum aggregate bandwidth is
• User plane latency less than 5ms in FDD up to 100MHz
mode. It is less than 10ms latency in
TDD mode .
• LTE-A is real 4G
• In March 2008, 3GPP submitted LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) to the ITU.
• In April 2008, 3GPP sought the requirements and technical point of view.
• In September 2008,The first verison of LTE-A was completed.
• In September 2009,The final version of LTE-A was completed.
133
key technologies of LTE-Advanced
Carrier Aggregation MIMO (Enhanced multiple antenna transmission)
Relaying SON (Self-Optimizing network)

• Self-configuration
• Self-optimization
• Self-healing
134
37
“Information a finger away, everything in touch”
38
5G Scenarios
5G will provide high-speed access and comprehensive connectivity

for the future society of information technology.
135
136
Frequency Distribution of 5G in China
China Mobile：
2515MHZ-2675MHZ/4800MHZ-4900MHZ
China Unicom：
3500MHZ-3600MHZ
China Telecom：
3400MHZ-3500MHZ
137
二、5G主要体系架构
THANKS
138
139
140
Principle of GNSS/BDS
Positioning and navigation
Yun Wu
School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University
Wuhan China
School of Geodesy and Geomatics

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Early Navigation

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An Ideal Navigation System
School of Geodesy and Geomatics Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)

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Outline
◼ How does GNSS position us
✓ Fundamental Principle of GNSS positioning
✓ Segments of a GNSS
◼ Where do GNSS positioning errors come from

✓ Error sources
✓ Error budgets
✓ Strategies against the errors

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GNSS positioning principle

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(X S2 , YS2 , Z S2 ) (X S1 , YS1 , Z S1 )
(X S4 , YS4 , Z S4 )
( X ,Y , Z )
 = ( X S − X ) 2 + (YS − Y ) 2 + ( Z S − Z ) 2
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Navigation
message
GPS
WGS84: World Geodetic System 1984
BeiDou
CGCS2000: China Geodetic
Coordinate System 2000,

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t S Time of satellite signal sent
 = c  (t R − tS )
t = t R − tS
Xll
Vl
tR Time of satellite signal received

 = t  c = t  3108 m s
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How to measure the
transmitting time

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How to measure the signal

transmitting time?
 = t  c
correlation coefficient
1
T T
R= u (T − t )  u (T −  )dt
School of Geodesy and Geomatics Signal transmitting time

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144

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Satellite clock and receiver clock should be synchronized!

What if they are not?
f
Rubidium or cesium clocks on board = 10−10 10−12
f
f
Low-cost quarts crystal clocks on user end = 10−6 10−9
f
 = ( t +  )  c = t  c +   c =  +   c
 c =   c = 10−6 s  3 108 m s =300m
 = ( X S − X ) 2 + (YS − Y ) 2 + ( Z S − Z ) 2 +  c
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 = ( X S − X ) 2 + (YS − Y ) 2 + ( Z S − Z ) 2 +  c
 = ( X S − X ) 2 + (YS − Y ) 2 + ( Z S − Z ) 2 +  c + 
(x2,y2,z2)
X =X Z c 
T
Y
1 = ( X S1 − X ) 2 + (YS1 − Y ) 2 + ( Z S1 − Z ) 2 +  c + 1
 n = ( X Sn − X ) 2 + (YSn − Y ) 2 + ( Z Sn − Z ) 2 +  c +  n
User position is estimated by applying Least Squares

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Positioning accuracy
Uncertainty due to the
unavoidable errors
S2
S1
( ˆ   ˆ = 68%
P − Xˆ  X X )
P ( −2 ˆ
X
X X )
ˆ  2 ˆ = 95%

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carrier phase + pseudorange

pseudorange
pseudorange
Ranging code carrier phase + pseudorange
SPP: Single Point Positioning RTK: Real - time kinematic

School of Geodesy and Geomatics PPP: Precise Point Positioning WASS: Wide Augmentation Satellite System 18
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SPS: Standard Positioning Service

PPS: Precise Positioning Service
Each GNSS supporter has specified performances for the SPS and PPS

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Relative Positioning

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Accuracy of Relative Positioning

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Segments of a GNSS
• Space Segment
• Control Segment
• User Segment

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Segments of a GNSS
Space Segment

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Segments of a GNSS
Space Segment System GPS GLONASS BeiDou Gallileo QZSS IRNSS
Orbit MEO MEO MEO,IGS MEO IGSO,GEO IGSO,GEO
O,GEO
• MEO: Medium Earth Orbit, Nominal 24 24 27,3,5 30 3,1 4,3

1500 to 35,888 km Satellites
• IGSO: Inclined Geosynchronous
Constellatio 6 planes Walker(24/3/1) Walker(24/3 Walker(24/3 IGSOs with IGSOs with
Satellite Orbit, 36000 km n 56 ° 64.8° /1) /1) 43° 29°
• GEO: Geostationary Orbit Satellite inclinatio inclination 55° 56° inclination inclination
Orbit ,36000 km n inclination inclination
Services SPS,PP SPS,PPS OS,AS,WA OS,CS,PR GCS,GAS, SPS,RS

S DS,SMS S PRS,EWS,
• SPS: Standard Positioning Service MCS
• PPS: Precision Positioning Service
• OS: Open Service; Coverage Global Global Global Global East Asia Lat(-30,50)
Oceania Lon(30,13
• AS: Authorized Service;
region 0)
L1 / E1 / B1 Frequency L1 L1 1602.00 B1 1561.098 E1 1575.42 L1 1575.42 L5 1176.45
(MHz) 1575.42 L2 1246.00 B2 1207.14 E5a 1176.45 L2 1227.60 S 2492.028
L5 / E 5a / B3 L2 L3 1202.025 B3 1268.52 E5b 1207.14 L5 1176.45
School of Geodesy and Geomatics 1227.60 E6 1278.75 E6 1278.75
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148 1176.45
Segments of a GNSS
Space Segment
Orbit altitudes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geost
ationary_orbit#/media/File:Geostati
onaryjava3D.gif

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Segments of a GNSS
Space Segment BDS constellation
Ground trace of BDS satellites

GEO: C01,C03 ,C04,C05
School of Geodesy and Geomatics IGSO: C06,C07,C08,C09,C10
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MEO: C11, C12
Segments of a GNSS
Space Segment
GPS constellation

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Segments of a GNSS
Space Segment the Galileo satellite constellation
GALILEO DATA
altitude ~23616 km
Walker 27/3/1 SMA 29993.707 km
Constellation
inclination 56 degrees
• period 14 hours 4 min

27 + 3 satellites in three • ground track repeat about 10 days
Medium Earth Orbits (MEO)

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Segments of a GNSS
School of Geodesy and Geomatics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning

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_System#/media/File:GPS24goldenSML.gif
Segments of a GNSS
Space Segment
Satellite Tasks
Receive and save the ephemeris from control segment
Generate GPS signal (code and carrier phase)
Transmit the GPS signal
Accept the control command to adjust the satellite status
Communication
Main load on board
Radio transceivers, atomic clock (2 CESIUM and 2 RUBIDIUM),
computer
Various ancillary (satellite antenna, solar panel, backup batteries,
propulsion system etc.)

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150
Segments of a GNSS
Control Segment Tracking stations
Continuously monitoring
the orbital data
Master station
Data processing, update
orbits and time scale
Up-loading stations
Transmit updated data to
satellites

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Monitor Stations 31
Segments of a GNSS
Control Segment
School of Geodesy and Geomatics A master control station, an alternate master control station, 11 command
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and control antennas, and 16 monitoring sites

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Segments of a GNSS
User Segment

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GNSS Error Sources
SIS URE

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GNSS Error Sources

From ephemerides
Satellite orbit and clock errors

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GNSS Error Sources
S
I
S
U
R
E

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GNSS Error Sources

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GNSS Error Sources
Precise Satellite
orbit and clock
Products from
IGS

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GNSS Error Sources

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GNSS Error Sources


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GNSS Error Sources
Relativistic Effect
• The frequency of Moving clock is slower
f1 = −0.835  10−10 f
• clock onboard and clock on earth in

gravitational field
• Frequency of clock onboard is faster

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154
GNSS Error Sources
strategy against the clock error

Step 1 Eliminate Relativistic effect
Step 2 Synchronize the clock onboard to the clock on the ground

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GNSS Error Sources

Signal propagation related

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GNSS Error Sources

Ionosphere
refraction-Signal
propagation related

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GNSS Error Sources
polar light-
An evidence of
ionosphere

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GNSS Error Sources
Ionosphere
refraction-Signal
propagation related

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GNSS Error Sources
Ionosphere
refraction-Signal
propagation related
November 20, 2003

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GNSS Error Sources
Ionosphere
refraction-Signal
propagation related

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GNSS Error Sources
Ionosphere
refraction-Signal
propagation related

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GNSS Error Sources
Ionospheric delay correction

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GNSS Error Sources
Ionospheric delay correction
IGS Global Ionosphere Maps

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GNSS Error Sources
Ionospheric delay
correction

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GNSS Error Sources
Troposphere
refraction-Signal
propagation related
It contains approximate 75% of

the atmosphere's mass and
99% of the total mass of water
vapor

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GNSS Error Sources
Troposphere
refraction-Signal
propagation related
s = 10−16   Nds = 10−16   Nd ds + 10−16   N wds

School of Geodesy and Geomatics s s s
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GNSS Error Sources
Troposphere
refraction-Signal
propagation related

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GNSS Error Sources
Multipath –user related error

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GNSS Error Sources
Multipath –user related error

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GNSS Error Sources
Reject multipath signals • Thermal noise

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GNSS Error Sources
Summary of this lecture
• GNSS positioning principle

• Segments of GNSS
• Error sources, budgets and strategies against
the errors

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160
161
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GNSS/BDS Current Status
and Applications
Yun Wu
Wuhan University

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Outline
◼GNSS/BDS status
• BDS
• GPS
• GLONASS
• Galileo
◼GNSS/BDS reference station networks
◼GNSS/BDS Applications
• Daily-life applications
• Engineering applications
• Scientific applications

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GNSS/BDS status

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GNSS/BDS status
BDS BDS satellite
BDS ground segment

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GNSS/BDS status
BDS
6GEO+6IGSO+3MEO for now

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BDS constellation status

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BDS constellation status

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GNSS/BDS status
BDS signal transmission

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BDS

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BDS
BDS Signal-in-Space User

Range Error (SISURE)

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GNSS/BDS Status
BDS DOP
Position Dilution of Precision
Horizontal Dilution of Precision: HDOP
Vertical Dilution of Precision: VDOP
H Positioning _ error = HDOP  SISURE

VPositioning _ error = VDOP  SISURE

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GNSS/BDS Status
BDS Visibility

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GNSS/BDS Status
BDS SPP Accuracy

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GNSS/BDS Status

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GNSS/BDS Status
L2 L1
L5
L3 L2 L1
GNSS/BDS
signals
E6
E5a E5b E1
BDS signals: B1, B2 B3 B1

B2 and B3 for
public service

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GNSS/BDS Status
GPS constellation status

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GPS constellation status

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GNSS/BDS Status
GPS constellation
Status
1. All of them transmit the legacy L1

C/A signal and the encrypted P(Y)
signals on L1/L2, which are most
widely used by present GPS users
2. the new civil L2C signal and the
aeronautical L5 signal are broadcast
by the more recent generations of
Block IIR-M (L2C) and IIF (L2C and L5)
satellites.
3. L2C and L5 signals also carry a new
civil navigation message (CNAV) with
enhanced content and precision.

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GPS Status
GPS signal transmission

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GPS Status
GPS Signal-in-Space User Range Error

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GPS Status

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GPS Status

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GPS Status

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GNSS/BDS Status
GLONASS status

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GNSS/BDS Status
GLONASS status
https://www.glonass-
iac.ru/en/GLONASS/rtglo.php

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SIS URE

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GNSS/BDS Status
GLONASS Ground Track

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GNSS/BDS Status
GLONASS Signal Transmission
http://mgex.igs.org/anal
ysis/index.php

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GNSS/BDS Status

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GNSS/BDS Status

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GNSS/BDS Status
Galileo status
Galileo has been providing initial service to around 400 million users since December 2016.
Now with a constellation of 26 satellites, the EU’s global satellite navigation system will provide a more
precise signal across a range of valuable services.
The Open Service is a free mass-market service for users with enabled chipsets in, for instance, smartphones
and car navigation systems.
Galileo’s Public Regulated Service is an encrypted, robust service for government-authorised users such as
civil protection, fire brigades and the police.
The Search and Rescue Service is Europe’s contribution to the long-running Cospas–Sarsat international
emergency beacon location.
• Full constellation: 30 satellites（MEO: in

medium altitude earth orbits)
• 24 satellites in orbit, 18 operational satellites
in Oct. 2018 for now
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GNSS/BDS Status
Galileo status

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GNSS/BDS Status
Galileo status

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GNSS constellation status
GNSS/BDS Status

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GLONASS SISRE(9:51:30 01.10.18)

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The Position
Dilution of
Precision

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GNSS/BDS Status
GNSS/BDS signals
-

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GNSS/BDS reference station networks
• Integrating technologies of GNSS, communication and meteorological data collection.

• Supporting platform for GNSS to achieve high-precision navigation and positioning
service.
• Infrastructure for scientific and engineering applications such as establishing coordinate
frame and monitoring crustal movement.
• Global reference station network

• National reference station network
• Regional reference station network
• Engineering reference station network

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International GNSS Service
• A voluntary federation of over 200 self-funding agencies, universities, and research
institutions in more than 100 countries since 1994
• More than 500 reference stations
• Work together to provide the highest precision GNSS satellite orbits, which are free to
the world
• http://igs.org/about
• Precise Orbit and Clock Products
• Differential Code Biases
• Geocentric Coordinates of IGS Tracking
Stations
• Polar Motion (PM) Polar Motion Rates
(PM rate) Length-of-day (LOD)
• Atmospheric parameters
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International GNSS Service IGS Products

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International GNSS Service IGS Products
Atmospheric parameters
Geocentric Coordinates of IGS Tracking Stations

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Multi-GNSS Experiment
• The Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX) has

been set-up by the IGS to track, collate
and analyze all available GNSS signals.
• BeiDou, Galileo, QZSS, and NAVIC
systems, as well as from modernized GPS
and GLONASS satellites and any space-
based augmentation system (SBAS)
• Extended to cover precise ephemeris
data and bias information for all
constellations. Multi-GNSS Experiment reference stations(more than 200)

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Global Distribution of Galileo-, BeiDou- and QZSS-capable stations
Multi-GNSS
Experiment:
MGEX
Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Institut National de l’Information Géographique et Forestière (IGN)
Geoscience Australia (GA), Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ),Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
(JAXA),Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie (BKG),
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178 the European Space Agency (ESA)
MGEX Products

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International GNSS Monitoring & Assessment System (IGMAS)—China
• 30 tracking stations distributed

throughout the world
• 3 Data Centers
• 8 Analysis Centers
• 1 Monitoring&Assessment Center
• 1 Products Combination&Service Center
• 1 Operation Control&Management Center.
http://en.igmas.org/Home/Index/hom
edetail.html

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International GNSS Monitoring & Assessment System (IGMAS)—— China
1) Establish a worldwide near-real-time tracking network for BDS/GPS/

GLONASS/Galileo navigation satellite segment.
2) Build an information service platform for data collection, storage,
analysis, management, publishment and any other functions.
3) Monitor and assess the operation status and key performance indicators
of Global Satellite Navigation System (GNSS)

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1. Network of Continuously Operating Reference Stations – National Geodetic Survey(NGS),US

• the CORS network almost 2,000 stations, contributed by over 200 different organizations, and the network
continues to expand.
• In support of three dimensional positioning, meteorology, space weather, and geophysical applications throughout
the United States, its territories, and a few foreign countries.
2 China National Reference Station Network
3 Satellite Positioning Service of the German National Survey，SAPOS -Germany
4 GNSS Earth Observation Network, GEONET –Japan
………….
Relative positioning without operating his own
base station by depending on that role being
fulfilled by the network’s reference stations.

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China National Reference Station Network

• Developing National Continuous Operation Reference
Station network (CORS)
• Gravity field monitoring of crustal movement
• Atmosphere tropospheric water vapor content change
• Ionospheric ion content change
• Modern geodetic datum system maintenance
• Large-scale water vapor transport model
• Space weather information and products.
The distribution of national fiducial stations of China(The red

stars denote the national fiducial stations, the blue diamond are
stations of crustal movement observation network of China)
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GNSS Applications
• Daily-life Applications

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GNSS Applications
• Engineering Applications
Surveying and Geodesy

Dam Monitoring

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Applications
• Scientific Applications
Climatological Studies

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GNSS Applications
Climatological studies
• the weather is controlled
by the troposphere where
nearly all weather
conditions take place

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GNSS Applications
• Estimate the tropospheric
delay
• Zenith tropospheric delay
(ZTD) with high accuracy
and temporal resolution
• Estimate atmospheric
water vapor

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GNSS Applications

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GNSS Applications
• GPS radio occultation soundings

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GNSS Applications

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• Global moisture distribution
• global weather forecasting and climate monitoring, especially in data
sparse regions including the oceans and near the poles.
• Low-cost
• High accuracy
• High vertical resolution
• long-term stability.

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GNSS Applications
solar activity has been a main driver of climate change

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GNSS Applications
solar activity has been a main driver of climate change

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GNSS Applications
Recent researches show that

earthquakes can effect the
ionosphere by the propagation
through the atmosphere of gravity
wave

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GNSS Applications
investigate total electron content (TEC) perturbations
Ionospheric delay is function of TEC

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GNSS Applications

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GNSS Applications

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GNSS Applications

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GNSS Applications
Ionospheric delay correction model
Single layer model

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GNSS Applications
• Scientific Applications Many solar phenomena change periodically over an
average interval of about 11 years. This solar cycle
Climatological studies affects solar irradiation and influences space weather,
terrestrial weather and climate.

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GNSS Applications
• Demonstrates operational value for monitoring global electron density field
• Demonstrates operational value for scintillation monitoring
• Provides electron density fields for model testing and development
• Develops predictive models

Wuhan University
186
GNSS Applications

Wuhan University
GNSS Applications
Scientific Applications
Geodetic and Seismological Studies

Crustal deformation monitoring
Earthquake surface displacement
monitoring landslide and volcano activity

Wuhan University
GNSS Applications
• Developing near-real time precise orbit
determination for LEO (dm level)
• Provides data for gravitational field improvement

Wuhan University
187
GNSS Applications
Mean sea level

Wuhan University
GNSS Applications
Determine and maintain Terrestrial Reference System

Wuhan University
GNSS Applications
Determine and maintain Terrestrial Reference System
• GPS
•ITRF • World Geodetic System 1984(WGS84)
•Realization: • Previsous reference systems: WGS60,WGS66,WGS72
GNSS,VLBI,SLR,DORIS • WGS84(G730): 12 GPS stations, aligned with the ITRF92
•Series:ITRF1988 ， ITRF1989 ， G730: GPS week 730
ITITRF1991 ， ITRF1992 ， • WGS84(G873), WGS84(G1150), WGS84(G1674)
ITRF1993 ， ITRF1994 ， ITRF1996 ，
• GLONASS
ITRF1997 ， ITRF2000 ，
ITRF2005RF1990 ，， ITRF2008 ， • PZ-90:same principles as the ITRS and WGS84
ITRF2014 • 2007:PZ-90.2
• 2014: PZ-90.11
• Cm-level agreement with the latest ITRF versions.
• BeiDou
• CGCS2000: China Geodetic Coordinate System 2000,
• Galileo
School of Geodesy and Geomatics • GTRF: Galileo Terrestrial Reference Frame
Wuhan University
188
GNSS Applications
Scientific Application
Taking use of
multipath!

Wuhan University
GNSS Applications
GNSS Multipath vs GNSS-R(Reflectometry)

Wuhan University
Applications
• Sea surface height
• Water level
• ocean surface winds
• Ice properties
• Vegetation biomass.
From ground, airborne

and space-based
observation platforms

Wuhan University
189
Applications

Wuhan University
GNSS Applications

• Snow depth
• Snow measurements are needed both to study climate

and to predict drought, flooding, and water availability.
• information about snow depth is more difficult to
obtain in remote areas that are sparsely populated.

Wuhan University
GNSS Applications
Scientific Studies
• Water level

Wuhan University
190
GNSS Applications
• Water level

Wuhan University
GNSS Applications
• Soil moisture
Time-Domain Reflectometer
Wuhan University
Summary
◼GNSS/BDS status
• Constellations
• Signals
• SISRE, PDOP, Number of Satellites, Ground Tracks
◼GNSS/BDS reference station networks
• International reference station networks
• National reference station networks
◼GNSS/BDS Applications
• Daily-life applications
• Engineering applications
• Scientific applications

Wuhan University
191
192
193
194
GNSS Integrity Monitoring
Architectures and status
Yun Wu
Wuhan University
Outline
• Current status and Future of GNSS
• GNSS Threats
• RNP, Requirements of Navigation Performance for Aviation
• GNSS Integrity Monitoring Architectures and status
1 Current status and Future of GNSS

• Multi-GNSS
GPS
GPS constellation in view （Korolev, Moscow region）

DOP values by ≥ 5° elevation angle
195
• Multi-GNSS
GLONASS
GLONASS constellation in view （Korolev, Moscow region）

DOP values by ≥ 5° elevation angle
4

• Multi-GNSS BeiDou
2020: 5 IGSO+3 GEO +27 MEO)
• MEO: Medium Earth Orbit, 1500 to 35,888 km
• IGSO: Inclined Geosynchronous Satellite Orbit, 36000 km
• GEO: Geostationary Orbit Satellite Orbit ,36000 km
6 GEO+ 6 IGSO +3MEO on Oct 22, 2018

Officially operational in Asia-Pacific region
Other 3 IGSO+15 MEO under testing
• Multi-GNSS： Galileo
full constellation: 30 satellites（MEO: in medium altitude earth orbits)

24 satellites in orbit, 18 operational satellites in Oct. 2018
More than one hundred GNSS satellites in the future!

Around 30 range sources anywhere, anytime！
6
196
L2 L1
L5
• Multi-Frequency
signals L3 not available L2 L1
for Aeronautical
L1 / E1 / B1 E5a E5b
Radio- E6
E1
Navigation
L5 / E 5a / B3 Service , ARNS
B2 B3 B1
and
Radio-
Navigation
Satellite Service，
RNSS
• Multi-Frequency signals
• GLONASS：FDMA(Frequency Division Multiple Access)

• Other GNSS: CDMA(Code Division Multiple Access)
• The final GLONASS -M satellites to be launched beginning in 2014 also include
the initial L3 CDMA signal. Full Interoperability CDMA signals will be
implemented in the 2020s when GLONASS -KM is introduced.
• L1/L5(GPS), L1/L3(GLONASS), E1/E5a(Galileo) and B1/B3 (BDS)
combination observations eliminate the major error for GNSS, ionospheric
delay- the primary error source for navigation in aviation
2 GNSS Threats
• The increasing numbers of range observations and the elimination of
error source make GNSS applied for very high-integrity demanding
users.
• Civil aviation application more concerns about the navigation integrity
and safety than accuracy.
• GNSS navigation results in a positioning error greater than 4m, a GNSS
failure is declared （for LPV-200）
➢GNSS Nominal Errors

➢GNSS Failures
9
197
2 GNSS Threats
✓ Nominal Errors
the whole GNSS working properly, i.e. in a nominal mode
⚫ Satellite orbit and clock errors（Signal-In-Space Error, SISE)
⚫ Satellite phase center offsets
⚫ Troposphere delay
⚫ Ionosphere delay eliminated
⚫ Receiver noise and multipath
10
2 GNSS Threats
✓GNSS Failure
Failure sources
Satellite Clock run-offs
Bad ephemerides uploads SIS failure
Unannounced maneuvers
IonosphereSVstorms Date Sources of faults Effects
Multipath SV22 July 28, 2001 clock runoff 1000m or more range
error
SV27 May 26, 2003 clock runoff 1000m or more range
error
SV35 June 11,2003 clock runoff 1000m or more range
error
? April, 2007 Unflaged Maneuver 500 position error
11
2 GNSS Threats ✓GPS SIS Failure
12
198
2 GNSS Threats
✓GPS SIS Failure
13
2 GNSS Threats
✓GPS SIS Failure
No two SIS failures or more occurred

simultaneously since 2004
14
2 GNSS Threats
✓GLONASS SIS Failure Simultaneous

multiple failure
50m<small orbit failure<500m

50m<small clock failure<500m
500m<large orbit failure
500m<large clock failure
15
199
2 GNSS Threats
✓GLONASS SIS Failure
16
2 GNSS Threats
10 hours/failure
1 hours/failure
17
2 GNSS Threats

“GLONASS Gone . . . Then Back”
“Bad ephemerides were uploaded

to satellites. Those bad
ephemerides became active at
1:00 am Moscow time”
Such a — possibly human, possibly
computer-generated — error could
conceivably occur with GPS,
Galileo, or BeiDou. “
18
200
2 GNSS Threats
✓ GNSS Failure
• Failures on travelling path
interference, Ionosphere storm （single- frequency users) and Multipath
• Failures on receivers(user end)
software or hardware down
SV Data Source Effects
Multiple Faults March, 1993 Operational control software Two weeks, 40m range error
Multiple Faults May 28, 2002- Ionospheric correction -June 2, 2002, 16m range
error
Multiple Faults November 20，2003 Ionospheric storms three times as large（single-
frequency user)
19
2 GNSS Threats
✓GNSS Failure
• SIS failure
The empirical likelihood/probability of SIS failure is a merit to assess the
GNSS integrity performance.
20
2 GNSS Threats
Safety –critical
application
Can we trust GNSS
How much is the risk for the users when using GNSS?
Can we get a timely warning or the level of trustworthiness of a position solution?
21
201
3 Performance requirements
LPV-200: Localizer Performance with Vertical

guidance down to a decision height of 200 feet
22
3 Performance requirements
• Accuracy is 95% error bound of the navigation sensor error distribution.

• Integrity is the ability of a system to provide timely warnings when the
system should not be used for navigation. Integrity Risk is the
probability of an undetected, threatening navigation system .
• Continuity is a measure of the likelihood of unexpected loss of
navigation during an operation. It is measured by the probability of loss
of continuity over a specified time interval.
• Availability is deemed to be available of the accuracy, integrity , and
continuity requirements are all met. It is measured by the fraction of time
that the navigation service is available .
23
4 GNSS Integrity Monitoring Architectures and status
Satellite Based Augmentation System, SBAS

Ground Based Augmentation System, GBAS
Advanced Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring, ARAIM
24
202
25

✓Satellite Based Augmentation System, SBAS
Wide Area Augmentation System, WAAS

European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service， EGNOS
Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System， MSAS
GPS Aided Geo Augmentation Navigation， GAGAN
System Differential Correction and Monitoring, SDCM
26
• SBAS protects the user from failures of GNSS and transmits orbit and
clock error corrections, Ionospheric grid, and the error limits
• SBAS compensates for certain disadvantages of GNSS in terms of
accuracy, integrity, continuity and availability.
• Benefits extend beyond aviation to all modes of transportation, including
maritime, highway, and railroads.
• costly infrastructure and maintenance

• Latency
27
203
to enhance the accuracy and integrity of position estimates.
https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/service_units/techops/navservi 28
ces/gnss/waas/howitworks/
How a SBAS works?
The signals from GPS satellites are

received by many widely-spaced
Wide Area Reference Stations (WRS)
sites. The WRS locations are
precisely surveyed so that any
errors in the received GPS signals
can be detected.
29
How a SBAS works?
The GPS information collected by the WRS

sites is forwarded to the WAAS Master
Station (WMS) via a terrestrial
communications network. At the WMS,
the WAAS augmentation messages are
generated. These messages contain
information of error correction and
integrity, allowing for a significant increase
in location accuracy and integrity.
30
204
How a SBAS works?
The augmentation messages are sent

from the WMS to uplink stations to be
transmitted to navigation payloads on
Geostationary communications
satellites.
31

How a SBAS works?
The navigation payloads broadcast

the augmentation messages on a GPS
signal. The GPS/WAAS receiver
processes the WAAS augmentation
message as part of estimating
position.
32

HMI( Hazardous
HPL/VPL Misleading Information) 33
205
✓ Satellite Based Augmentation System, SBAS
EGNOS (European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service)
• 37 RIMS (Ranging
and Integrity Monitoring Stations): receiving
signals from GPS,Galileo and GLONASS
satellites,
• 4 MCC (Mission Control Centers): data
processing and differential corrections counting,
• 6 NLES
(Navigation Land Earth Stations): accuracy and
reliability data sending to three geostationary
satellites transponders to allow end-user devices
to receive them.
• GPS, GLONASS and Galileo
• around100 ariports
34

• EGNOS is the European component

of a Satellite Based Augmentation to
GPS, Galileo and GlNASS.
• EGNOS is being developed under the
responsibility of a tripartite group: – The
European Space Agency (ESA) – The
European Organization for the Safety of
Air Navigation (EUROCONTROL) – The
Commission of the European Union
35

36
206
37

Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
• increasing the availability of GPS in Japan's numerous urban canyons, where only satellites
at very high elevation can be seen.
• increasing the accuracy and reliability of GPS derived navigation solutions.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi- 38
Zenith_Satellite_System#/media/File:Qzss-01-120s2.gif

MSAS
2 Geo satellites
2 master stations
2 reference stations
4 monitoring stations
39
207
GAGAN (GPS Aided Geo

Augmentation Navigation) by the
Indian space agency (ISRO) and the
Indian airport authority (AAI)
15 Reference Stations
3 Navigation Land Uplink Stations
3 Mission Control Centers
40

SDCM (System Differential

Correction and Monitoring)
3 GEO satellites
25 Monitoring Stations
41

42
208
Type contents
4 GNSS Integrity Monitoring Architectures and
0
status
Don’t use for safety applications (SBAS testing)
✓ Satellite Based Augmentation System, SBAS 1 PRN mask assignments

WAAS messages 2-5 Fast corrections
6 Integrity information
7 Fast correction degradation factor
8 Reserved
9 GEO navigation message (X,Y,Z, time,etc)
10 Degradation Parameters
11 Reserved
12 SBAS Network Time/UTC offset parameters
13 - 16 Reserved
17 GEO satellite almanacs
18 Ionospheric grid point masks
19-23 reserved
24 Mixed fast/long term satellite error corrections
25 Long term satellite error corrections
26 Ionospheric dealy corrections
27 SBAS service message
28 Clock-ephemeris covariance matrix message
Time-Out Intervals and Update Intervals
29-61 reserved
43
62-63 Internal test message Null message

✓ SBAS User End
H/VPE： Horizontal/Vertical Position Error -never know
H/VAL: Horizontal/Vertical Alert Limit -required by ICAO
H/VPL: Horizontal/Vertical Protection Level - estimated by users
MI：Misleading Information
HMI: Hazardous Misleading Information PMI = P((VPE  VPL) (VPE  VAL))
3 PHMI = P((VPL  VAL) (VPE  VAL))
2 4
1
44

✓ SBAS User End
HPLSBAS，VPLSBAS
45
209
✓ GBAS （Ground Based Augmentation System）
• Providing navigation and

precision approach service in
the vicinity of airport (23
nautical mile radius).
• Providing differential
corrections and integrity
monitoring of GNSS
• Broadcasting the correction
message via a VHF radio data
link from a ground based
transmitter.
46

✓ GBAS （Ground Based Augmentation System）
• GBAS yields the extremely high accuracy, availability, and integrity necessary for Category I, and eventually Category II,
and III precision approaches.
• As of today, GBAS is the only GNSS based system that can provide the integrity performance for precision approaches.
47
4 GNSS Integrity Monitoring Architectures and status ARAIM

ARAIM (Advanced Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring)
✓ ARAIM History
RAIM algorithms have been investigated since 1980s
RAIM has been used as supplemental-means of GNSS navigation
Least-Squares Residual RAIM algorithm
Multiple Hypothesis Solution Separation RAIM---ARAIM
ARAIM is expected to be implemented in phase of precision approaching
LPV-200 standing for Localizer Performance with Vertical guidance.
200 means the height is 200 feet above ground level .
48
210
✓ ARAIM （Advanced Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring)
Advantages
• No need for ground facilities and communication systems
• Timely warning
• Considering user-end faults
Disadvantages
Relying on the strong geometry strength, i.e. sensitive to the number of
visible satellites.
49

Function
Protecting users from the GNSS threats and quantifying the integrity risks
Detecting and excluding GNSS faults

Calculating VPL/HPL，EMT and Accuracy(95%)
Timely warning
50

Algorithm
GNSS Threats
H0 H i , i = 1, m
Fault Free Mode

Faulty Modes
Signal-In-Space Error: URE, URA
Satellite antenna phase offset: bnom
Troposphere delay
 acc _ airborne  int eg _ airborne Single Multiple
Receiver noise and multipath satellite fault satellite faults
 intg,
2
i = URA +  intg_airborne
2 2
Psat Pconst
 2
acc/cont,i = URE + 
2 2
acc/cont_airborne
N (bnorm， intg,i
2
) N (0,  acc/cont,i
2
) 51
211
Algorithm
Multiple
integrity Support
Hypotheses
Message: URA, URE,
Psat Pconst bnom bmax
Constellation
Fault-free sat1 ….. sat n Multi-faults
fault
P{HMI / H 0 } P{HMI / H1} …… P{HMI / H n } P{HMI / H mulft} P{HMI / H const}
P0 Psat1 ……. Psat Pmullt Pconst
Integrity risk
P{VPE  VPL / H 0 }  P0 + P{VPE  VPL/ H1}  Psat1 + =PHMI 52

Algorithm
• VPL and HPL
PHMI = PHMI_Re q − PHMI _ MF
i =n
PHMI =  Ppriori,i P(VPE  VPL)
i =0
VPL  VAL
xˆv( i ) = xˆv( i ) − xˆv(0)
ti = xˆv(i ) /  ss(i,)v
+ x2
1 −
 e
PFA_vert Q ( v ) =
 v = Q −1 (
2
) dx
2N  2
v

Algorithm
• Continuity Requirement
P(Solution Separation  D)  Pcont _ risk
• Accuracy Requirement
P{VPE  4m / fault − free}  95%
• Effective Monitor Threshold (EMT)
P{VPE  15 m / fault}P( fault)  10 −5

54
212
Accuracy and Bias EM1
ARAIM Performance-simulated (meter)
URE 0.25
URA 0.7
bnom 0.1
bmax 1
27 Galileo Satellites 27 Galileo +24 GPS Satellites 55

ARAIM Performance
56
Summary
• GNSS Future
• GNSS Threats
• RNP, Requirements of Navigation Performance for Aviation
• GNSS Integrity Monitoring Architectures and status
57
213
214
215
216
Infrastructures for Ubiquitous Sensing of Smart
Cities
Agenda
1 History of Smart City Development
2 New Smart City and Smart Infrastructures
3 Communication Technologies to Connect the Infrastructures
4 Smart Infrastructure Cases
Why we need smart city and new infrastructures?
Global Urbanization:
——2.6 billion to 4 billion
Urban population Growth (1995-2015, UN)
——The growth is leading by developing countries in

Asia, Africa and South America.
——In more developed countries， the percentage is
78%. In some countries, more than 90%.
——The trend is still going on. It is predicted 58% of

world people will live in cities by 2025.
3
217
Tokyo, 37.5 million

Mexico City, 21.6 million
Shanghai, 25.6 million

São Paulo, 21.7 million
2015, 44 Large Cities (5~10 million population)

29 Mega Cities (>10 million population) New Delhi, 28.5 million
Cairo, 20 million The fastest growing urban centres are the small and medium cities with less
than one million inhabitants 4
Enlarged and increasing density of citizens in cities is bringing real challenges in current
city infrastructures.
Energy Consumption and Supply Traffic
Crime and Violence Waste and Pollution Population Aging
Smart CITY： Origin and Definition
The concept of the smart city came from the idea "A Smarter Planet：the Next
Leadership Agenda " in IBM's "Smart Earth" theme report released in 2008.
There is no definitive explanation of a smart city .

“From Intelligent to Smart Cities” (Mark Deakin, etc. 2012) :
A city that utilizes ICT to meet the demands of its citizens, and that
community involvement in the processes is a necessity for a smart city.
The factors that contribute to a city being classified as smart are:
• The application of a wide variety of digital and electronic technologies to the city
and its communities
• The application of ICT to uplift life and the working environments in the region
• The embedding of such ICT within government systems
• The territorialization of practices that bring the people and ICT together in order
to foster innovation and enhance the knowledge that they offer
6
218
International: Developed Countries focus on Overall Development
USA and EU: Paying equal attention to Overall Coordination and Innovation
“White House Smart Cities Initiative” (2015)

“Smart and Connected Communities
Framework”(2015)
• Coordinate different agencies ;
• Plan federal action supports smart city development
through strategies and key projects
encourage new exploration and innovation by hosting • Europe 2020 (2010): Digital agenda for
Innovation Competitions and Research Programs Europe;
• EU’s new Smart Cities and Communities
• NIST: Global City Teams Challenge
Initiative (2011)
• DOT: Connected Cities Research Program
• European network of Living Labs
• etc.
7
International: the Emerging Markets are exploring Smart City by Pilot Projects.
Focus􀙂on􀙂 promoting
􀙂 􀙂 􀙂 􀙂 new
􀙂 􀙂 applications
􀙂 􀙂 􀙂 􀙂 by practices
Singapore India Thailand

Smart Nation 2025 (2014) Thailand 4.0: Integrated research on Smart
The Smart City Mission Cities
World’s leading Smart City 100 Smart Cities Pilots: Phuket, Chiang Mai and Khon Kaen
International: Successful cases
City Region Application Domain

Copenhagen Europe Energy, Online services
Singapore Asia Public transportation, Street Light
Stockholm Europe Online service
Zurich Europe Waste disposal, Construction
Boston America Education and Business Ecology
Tokyo Asia Parking, Wifi
San Francisco America Business ecology
Amsterdam Europe Online service
Geneva Europe Energy, Construction
Melbourne Australia Network, Education
9
219
International: Generally, there are three development paths to
Smart City, and is evolving from Domain-based to Platform-based.
Deploy applications in individual domains to solve key problems,

Domain-based
and upgrade later.
Three Paths
Try multiple and different applications in different domains,
Pilot-type
observe the effect, and make long-term deployment decisions
Platform-based Build unified platform to support future applications and

services
10
International: the Platform-based Smart City consists of three main part: Internet of
Things, data and application supports.
Platform of IOT
 Key Technologies:
• M2M Platform and Gateway
 Major Function:
• Allow access of various devices and sensors in multiple domains
Sensors and New city infrastructures

 Key Technologies:
• Sensing, convergence and communications
 Major Function:
• Collect data,
• Remote control
• Upgraded and integrated function of traditional infrastructures (Smart). 11
International: the Platform-based Smart City consists of three main part: Internet of Things, data
and application supports.
Data
 Key Technologies
• Big Data ;
• Open Data
 Major Functions
• Realizing Value, Creating Intelligent
Ecology and Open Innovation
Environment with data collected
from the whole city
Case：MK Data Hub 12
220
International: the Platform-based Smart City consists of three main part: Internet of Things, data and
application supports.
Application supports
 Key technologies
• Development components;
• Mashups;
• APIs;
• City dashboards
 Major Functions
• Facilitate easy and open smart
city application development. Case：USA Open City Platform
13
China: Chinese smart city construction has entered the third wave of development, the key feature of this wave
is data driven.
First Wave Second Wave

Concept introduction period Third Wave
Pilot Exploration Period Overall Promotion Period
(Smart Earth; Digital City) (Smart City) (New Smart City/ Digital twin City)
Driving
Industry Application Driven Emerging Technology Driven Data Driven
Force
Key Wireless Communication; RFID; 4G; NB-IOT; AI; Big Data;

Technology Broadband Optical Fiber; Cloud Computing; Block chain; 5G; BIM
HTTP; GIS; GPS; RS SOA Smart City Platform
Information Single system Vertical and horizontal isolated; Vertical and horizontal interconnection;
Sharing Scattered buildings Sharing based on key projects Integration-oriented;
Spontaneous sharing
National co-ordination;
Propulsion Introduced by Enterprises; Market leading, PPP (Government,
Headed by the Department of Housing
Method Led by international system Construction; Internet companies, Telecom operators,
integrators, IBM, Oracle Integrators led the market Integrators, Software vendor, social
capital)
2008-2012 2012-2015 2016— 14
DEVELOPMENT TREND OF SMART CITY

China: The number of pilot projects related to Smart City has
reached 600.
• Xiongan, Hebei Province,
City of Digital Intelligence
(Development Plan, 2018)
The digital city and the real city will be planned
and constructed at the same time. Moderately
advanced smart infrastructures will be overall
arranged.
15
221
Agenda
16
New Smart City: Integration of ICT Technology & City

Infrastructures
Digital twin
(The digital city)
Cloud
Physical world
(The real city)
Tube
Make prediction and feedback to the
physical world
Create the digital twin Terminals

From the physical world to the digital world 17
New Smart City: Integration of ICT Technology & City

Infrastructures
New
Power Safety Transportation

Traditional Smart City
Digital Twin & City Brain
Platform Platform Platform

Unified IOT Access Platform
Mainly Private Networks Mainly Public Network Optical
5G eMTC NB-IOT Fiber
Ubiquitous Sensing
Sensors Sensors Sensors Edge / Fog Computing
& Devices & Devices & Devices Large buildings, public facilities,
urban furniture, underground
pipes, rivers and lakes...
Sensors, Cameras, Intelligent Controllers

Industrial Industrial
infrastructures infrastructures
Industrial
infrastructures Intelligent Equipment Centralized
Intelligent Tree Smart Lighting Control Box
The collection and transmission of information is the foundation of new smart city! 18
222
New smart cities asks for ubiquitous sensing of the whole city.
It is better that all infrastructures and facilities of the city, and vehicles &
accessories of citizens can “talk” and be “smart”.
Smart meters Cameras Traffic lights Parking sensors Smart phones
Buses Cars Smart watches

Kiosks Weather stations
19
Potential infrastructures for smart city ubiquitous sensing

—— Spatial Layout Perspective
To build a digital twin city, according to different application scenarios, combined with application demand and ways pf
communications, the ubiquitous sensing infrastructures layout of a new smart city can be comprehensive coverage,
dynamic &static combining, and three-dimensional.
City Surface In the Air
Comprehensive Coverage Three-dimensional
Underground Waters
Dynamic & Static Combination 20

City Surface
• Road: Smart street lighting, smart trash bin, smart
manhole cover and other city infrastructure ;
• Buildings: Sensors for drainage, gas, power, fire safety,
security and other systems;
• Everywhere: Safety Cameras, Environmental
monitoring devices for temperature and humidity, air,
noise, radiation, soil, etc.
Underground
• Sensors and monitoring devices cover Underground
integrated pipe Corridor, underground traffic and other
underground spaces;
• Other water, gas, heat, power, communication lines.
21
223
In the Air
• Floating platform: meteorological and environmental
monitoring, regional video monitoring, and emergency
communication services
• Low-altitude UAV: Regular inspection, emergency
support and supplement for special complex
environment and key areas monitoring
Waters
• Underwater Observation Network, Mooring
Station, Unmanned Observation Ship
• Hydrological, Ecological and Pollution monitoring
22
Smart city ubiquitous sensing asks for large scale of infrastructures,

which will cost a lot of money!
• Popularity of smart city

applications require the smart
infrastructures to be everywhere.
Remote Meter Reading Smart Parking

Smart Lighting Every home? Every Parking Area?
Every Street?
• The digital twin and city brain need the smart
infrastructures to have good coverage so that
they can produce benefits based on Scale
advantage
Cost: The Devices, Power supply, Communication,

Time and Labor for Municipal works Digital Twin City brain
23
Smart city ubiquitous sensing asks for large scale of infrastructures,

which will cost a lot of money!
• The new infrastructures should be planned together, and multi infrastructures can be combined into
one,
• The communication method of the infrastructures should be selected properly based on the QoS
requirements, and multiple nodes can be converged to regional central nodes.
Multi-functional, Smart Underground Corridor Smart infrastructure Centralized Control

Smart Street Lighting Cabinet
Centralized control
• Use existing infrastructures to carry sensing devices and making existing infrastructures “smart”;
• Explore new investment and business models, make the construction of infrastructures sustainable.
24
224
Examples of Smart Infrastructures and their Benefits
Monitoring system
• Enhance public safety
• Evaluate density of vehicles and people
• Detection of cases
• Improve city management
Connected traffic signals

• Reduce traffic congestion
• Improve emergency service response time
• Save energy and reduce pollution by traffic
management
25
Smart parking
• Increase parking space efficiency
• Improve parking experience
• Support automotive driving
• New revenue opportunities
Smart street lightings
• Save Energy
• Reduced Maintenance
• Provide wireless telecom / emergency call /
advertisement services
• Support cameras and sensors 26
Smart Sewage
• Waste water flow detection
• Pollution detection
• 3D modeling and control of sewage system
• Early warning
Smart waste bin

• Waste detection
• Optimize routes for waste
collection
• Reduce maintenance 27
225
All of the smart infrastructures could interact with others through the Smart City
platform to provide more services and make the whole city smarter.
28
Agenda
29
Connectivity technologies for smart infrastructures
Wired
Copper Fibre • Many communication technologies can be

used in new smart city construction, these
technologies can be mainly divided into wired
and wireless.
Wireless • Wireless communication technology can be

divided into WPAN, WLAN, W-Mesh,
WLAN WWAN WWAN and LPWA in terms of coverage and
WPAN principle .
W-Mesh LPWA
Coverage
Personal Local area Wide area 30

226
• Wired communications
——provide continuous，broadband connections;
Fibre——Ideal communication media,

Backbone network and FTTx.
Can not provide power!
—— Hybrid cables with fibres and power conductors.
Copper——The last mile access;

Reuse of legacy line infrastructures;
Provide power through POE technologies to IoT terminals.
Disadvantages: Not Flexible, Cost time and labor for line constructions, Lack of scalability.
31
• Wireless communications
WPAN W-Mesh WLAN WWAN LPWA
• ANT+ • ZigBee PRO • 802.11a/b/g • 2G Cellular • NB-IoT

• Bluetooth ® — • ZigBee RF4CE • 802.11n • 3G Cellular • LoRa
Classic & Smart • ZigBee MultiProtocol • 802.11ac • 4G Cellular • SIGFOX
Ready • EnOcean • 802.11ad • 5G Cellular • eMTC
• Bluetooth ® • ISA100.11a • Other 802.11 • Satellite • RPMA
Smart • WirelessHART • DECT ULE • Etc.
•NFC • Z-Wave • Other 2.4GHz
• Other 802.15.4 • Other SubGHz
• Multiple connectivity technologies can be properly selected based on coverage and QoS requirement
• Advantage: Flexible, Scalable, Low cost;
• Disadvantage: Limited bandwidth, Power supply, EMC considerations.
32
• Wireless communications
Frequency bands for wireless communication technologies (exclude cellular communications)

Frequency(MHz) 13.56 315 433 470 779 868 915 920 2400 5800 5900
NFC 
Bluetooth 
ZigBee     
ISA100.11a 
EnOcean   
WirelessHART 
Z-Wave   
802.11/a/b/g/n/ac  
802.11ah    
802.11p 
LoRa    
SIGFOX   33
227
Cloud
Fiber
Fiber
Fiber
Cellular 4G/5G
WiFiAP Fiber Satellite
WiFi Industry
4G/5G
WiFi Gateway Fiber/Copper
Consumer LoRa
Gateway
SIGFOX
NB-IOT
NFC
Bluetooth NFC Fiber/Copper
ZigBee
Z-Wave
Thread
Various communications technologies should be used together to support the smart city infrastructures.
34
Agenda
35
Smart Infrastructure Cases
Smart Corridor
Smart Street Lighting

36
228 Waters Observation System
The street lighting pole be carrier of many equipment.
Sensors
 Temperature sensor
 Light sensor Smart Lighting
 Noise sensor
 Energy saving LEDs
 Air pollution detector
 Intelligent single lighting control
 ……
 With light sensor
Cameras  ……
 Safety Wireless network
 Vehicle flow
 Pico base station for cellular communication
 People flow
 Wi-Fi access point
 …….
 ……
RFID reader
 Nearby facility monitoring Screen Display
(Manhole cap, )  News/Events/Advertisement
 Pets finding  Map guides
 ……  ……
Emergency Call
 Emergency (video) call to monitoring charging piles
center or polices  For electric vehicle/ bikes
 Emergency broadcast 37
Smart Street lighting is the Best Node for City Information Collection
Gateway Network IoT Platform Application
Through Gateways inside the lighting poles, the equipment carried by the lighting
pole get access to the city IoT platform. The gateway can also be a edge computing
terminal to enhance the interaction of local equipment.
38
Case ：Singapore
Demand
One of key projects of “Smart Nation 2025”;
Upgrade nearly all street lighting to smart infrastructure.
Effect
Solution: • Reduce nearly 40% energy cost
Smart +LED
• Change 110,000 street lightings to central control LEDs
• Install 600,000 smart city sensors on the light pols, collect
city data for the Smart Nation Procject
• IPv6 + Mesh
• Detection of city temperature, humidity, water level.
• Share the data and improve public services.
39
229
Case ： Chicago ,The Array of Things (AoT) project is
interested in monitoring urban environment and activity,
• The Array of Things (AoT) is an urban sensing project

in Chicago.
• Launched in summer 2016, a network of interactive
modular sensor boxes will be installed on lightingposts
around Chicago to collect real-time data on the city’s
environment, infrastructure and activity.
• by summer 2019 will have some 200 nodes installed
throughout the city, typically at street intersections,
approximately 20 feet above the street.
40
Case ： Chicago ,The Array of Things (AoT) project

is interested in monitoring urban environment and
activity,
What are the goals of Array of Things?
Array of Things is an experimental urban-scale
“instrument” to enable the City, urban planners,
residents, and researchers to monitor and examine
Chicago’s environment, infrastructure and activity,
including detecting trends and changes over time.
Ultimately, the goal is to measure the city in
sufficient detail to provide data to help engineers,
scientists, policymakers and residents work
together to make Chicago and other cities
healthier, more livable and more efficient.
41
Case ： Chicago ,The Array of Things (AoT) project is

interested in monitoring urban environment and
activity,
Effect
• Sensors monitoring air quality, sound and vibration (to detect
heavy vehicle traffic), and temperature can be used to suggest the
healthiest and unhealthiest walking times and routes through the
city, or to study the relationship between diseases and the urban
environment.
• Real-time detection of urban flooding can improve city services
and infrastructure to prevent property damage and illness.
• Measurements of micro-climate in different areas of the city, so
that residents can get up-to-date, high-resolution "block-by-block"
weather and climate information.
• Observe which areas of the city are heavily populated by
pedestrians at different times of day to suggest safe and efficient
routes for walking late at night or for timing traffic lights during
peak traffic hours to improve pedestrian safety and reduce
congestion-related pollution.
42
230
Case ：Beijing, Haidian Park Smart Light Pole Project
Demand
Improve the quality of life of residents, improve the
overall living standards of the people, and enhance
the happiness of public life
客户诉求
Solution Effect
• Build a public lighting platform of "LED lighting + • Realize secondary energy saving and reduce
monitoring platform + WIFI", 360 degree no dead angle financial burden
video surveillance in the park, and provide wireless • Intelligent patrol inspection of Park assets, timely
internet access function. emergency repair, fast and efficient
• LED screen on lighting pole publishes public information • Standardization of Social Security and Early
in real time and publicizes public welfare Perception of Social Security Problems
• An alarm provides emergency calls, creating a three- • Promoting Park Image and Pushing Park Culture
dimensional security Park Display with LED Screen
• A total of 28 smart lighting poles were deployed
43
Case ： San Diego, “Smart Street Lighting”：From Light To

Bright
—San Diego Is Building The World’s Largest Municipal Internet Of
Things
 The City is partnering with GE to upgrade streetlights to
reduce energy costs by 60 percent as well as transform them
into a connected digital network that can optimize parking
and traffic, enhance public safety and track air quality.
 The deployment of smart sensors will be the largest city-
based deployment of an “Internet of Things” platform in the
world.
 Building out its own Internet of Things (IoT), some of the
more advanced lights include Intel Atom processors, video
cameras, microphones, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and sensors that can
measure temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, and
even magnetic fields.
44
Case ： San Diego, “Smart Street Lighting”：From Light To Bright

—San Diego Is Building The World’s Largest Municipal Internet
Of Things
 2018, San Diego plans to replace

14,000 lights with LED fixtures, and
3,600 will be equipped with new
intelligent nodes.
 Based on technology from GE, Intel
and AT&T, the system will use
sensing nodes on light poles to locate
gunshots, estimate crowd sizes,
check vehicle speeds and other tasks
45
231
Case ： Saudi, Intelligent Light Pole Project
Pain spot
• Public lighting costs are high, maintenance costs are high,
and failure is difficult to deal with in time.
• Safety risks exist in seaside parks and other places
• Current street lightings have a single style and no sense of
technology.
Solution Effect
• Introducing Smart Light Pole and Deploying Smart Light • Public lighting costs fell by 50% and lighting maintenance
Pole Scheme costs by 90%.
• Installation of camera, one-button alarm and air quality • 24-hour full-range video surveillance, greatly reducing
monitoring on lighting pole security risks
• smart screens are installed on lighting poles, and • Real-time display of air quality and propaganda video
propaganda videos are broadcast on a rotating basis. highlights the achievements of smart city construction
• In the latter stage, financial revenue can be increased
through the operation of smart screen.
46
Other case
Berlin, Germany Barcelona

Half of Berlin's streetlights turned into Multifunctional Smart Street lighting
charging piles • Parking Sensor System
• Blind Signal Transmitte Paris
• …… Sitting under the street lighting
charging WIFI
47
Other case
The Hague, Netherlands

• Adjust the brightness of the light；
• Detection of air and noise；
• Control traffic
Los Angeles
• Acoustic sensors and environmental noise monitoring
sensors;
• Public safety;
• Help police, fire and emergency departments to
shorten response time
48
232
Problems and Challenges
• Operational barriers
Due to the number of services that could be hosted by smart street lights, operational barriers are
likely to arise, caused by the siloed nature of many city governments, and the need to secure the
cooperation of multiple industry stakeholders.
• Security barriers
As the number of connected components increases, the surface for cyber-attacks rapidly expands.
Cities will need to ensure systems are secured appropriately in order to avoid malicious online
attacks and maintain the trust of citizens. Secondly, with the proliferation of data collection devices,
citizens have expressed growing concerns about privacy.
• Infrastructure barriers
With the integration of multiple applications into smart lighting infrastructure, there is a real risk 49
that the systems will become overwhelmingly complex and too difficult to implement.
Smart Corridor

Waters Observation System 50
Smart Corridor
The underground pipeline corridor is a public infrastructure

built underground for laying municipal public pipelines.
Smart Corridor use many types of monitoring equipment,
data fusion analysis and application as a means, combined
with intelligent sensing, 3S (GIS, GPS, RS) and three-
dimensional modeling technology, to achieve rapid, accurate
and reliable collection and processing of all kinds of data of
underground pipeline corridor.
51
233
Overview of International Projects
Japan is a typical representative country

In 2001, the United In 2004, Austria In the Netherlands, The construction of Japan's common ditch
Kingdom launched the launched the large-scale database started in the middle of the 20th century. At
research on DGSM, a CITYGRID project, management system for present, Osaka, Japan has established a three-
digital geoscience spatial aiming to establish a underground space dimensional data processing system at the
information model. At digitized urban model of (INGEO-BASE) was bottom. In Japan, BIM, SLAM and other
present, a three- ground and built in the early 1990s. technologies are used to realize three-
dimensional information underground consent The data acquisition area dimensional modeling in the common ditch.
system framework has for urban planning, is 200 square kilometers Hundreds of precision sensors are installed in
been established, and the transportation planning, of underground space. the pipe Corridor for real-time data acquisition
interface with GIS and underground pipeline
and monitoring of the common ditch.
other applications has planning and so on.
been established.
At the stage of global urban modernization, underground space is developing towards
industrialization, networking, professionalization and informatization.
52
Construction of Digital Integrated Pipeline Corridor in Japan
• Ground roads
• Terrain information
• power line
• Communication Line
• Gas Pipeline
• Drinking water pipeline
• Sewerage Pipeline
• metro
53
Data Acquisition System

• Acquisition of underground
sensor data from ground
surface；
• Video Data Acquisition in
Corridors;
• Sensor Data Acquisition in
Corridor.
54
234
Integrated Information Platform Based on

GIS Technology
Information Sharing Service Platform
55
Three-dimensional Application Analysis System
Data Sharing System
56
Chinese case: Changsha underground comprehensive

pipeline corridor
——System Architecture
system function
Monitoring Warning
• Environment
• Temperature and Humidity
• Toxic Gas
• Flammable Gas Monitoring
• Oxygen Concentration
• Water Level of Water Storage Pool
• Other Systems
Linkage control
• Exhaust fan start-up
• submersible pump
• lighting
• power distribution
• other systems
57
235
Chinese case: Changsha underground comprehensive pipeline
corridor
——Data Interaction Mode
GPRS MQTT Protocol

Business System
Communication Equipment
Development
MDCU
Third-party Device
RS485&RJ45 MQTT Protocol
Multi-way Simulating and webservice
Switch Variable
Intelligent Gateway Third-party
System
GPRS MQTT Protocol
Communication Equipment Platform
MDCU
webservice
Third-
MQTT Protocol Sensor Node Access Gateway
party Device
RS485&RJ45
Multi-way Simulating and
Switch Variable Intelligent Gateway
58
Chinese case: Changsha underground comprehensive pipeline

corridor
——Effect
• Realize environmental monitoring and early
warning of pipeline Corridor;
• Realize the control of submersible pump in
reservoir.
• Centralized Management and Data Forwarding of
Monitoring Equipment in Corridor
• Local monitoring and remote data transmission of
integrated corridor environment are realized.
59
Problems and Challenges
• Insufficient Stability of Information

System
• Equipment performance does not meet the

requirements
• Serious interface problem between system

and equipment
60
236
Smart Corridor

61
Waters Observation System
Water area detection is a new requirement of the new smart city

——Forms of inland rivers and lakes in China
Wastewater Discharge Reclamation of Lakes Oil Spill
Increased number of Black Odor

Blue-green Algae Outbreak Decrease in Biodiversity
River
62
Overall Architecture of Waters Observation System
Relying on the Long-term

Observation Network of Water
and Earth to Construct the
Sensing System of "Space, Space,
Earth and Water" Integrated
Water Network
63
237
The Relation between Waters Perception System and New Smart
Cities
• Urban Operating Center
• Cloud Data Center • Smart Water Network
Center
• Urban Big Data Platform

• IoT Platform • Data Service Management
• GIS Platform and Monitoring
• Video Resource Management
Platform
• IoT in Urban Areas • Water Network Perception

• Communication Network System
64
Water Ecology Perception Network of Wujiang ,Suzhou
Station
Type
Mobile Type
Fixed Type Unmanne
Platform d Vessel
Buoy Submerged
Type Typomorph UAV
65
Effect
• Realize the automatic monitoring of

large-scale, all-weather, long-term,
continuous and in-situ;
• High reliability and low cost of the
whole cycle;
• Massive data storage;
• Multi-source information fusion;
• Connecting with peripheral
traditional sensing devices
66
238
Thank You for
Your Attention!
67
239
240
241
242
Introduction
Principle of Indoor Positioning
Indoor Positioning Techniques
Multi-sensors Integration
243
1.1 What is Ubiquitous Positioning?
Ubiquitous Positioning: Determine positioning, velocity,
orientation, acceleration information etc. of human/target in both
indoor and outdoor scenarios.
1.2 Applications of Ubiquitous Positioning Technology
‘Last mile’ of satellite positioning, but important!
Find your way to checkout counter?

Customer behavior analysis?
Supermarket
244
Athletes behavior analysis

Find your seat
Find your way to washing room/ exit/ dinning room?

Tourist control?
Stadium
Find your car in a large underground car park?
245
1.3 User Requirement
2. Principle of Indoor Positioning
Proximity: iBeacon
Centroid: Cellular Network

Indoor Positioning
Techniques
Triangulation : TOA, AOA
Polar System: Laser Scanner
Scene Analysis: Fingerprint
Dead Reckoning: PDR, IMU,

SLAM
246
2.1 Proximity Method
Cell of Origin: straightforward positioning method for most

source localization systems. It determines the position with
the signal strength information, commonly used in cellular
network, Bluetooth, iBeacon, visible light etc.
2.2. Centroid Method

Centroid: determine the centroid of multiple sources, also
applicable for most source localization applications,
employs signal strength information, commonly used in
cellular network, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth etc.
2.3 Triangulation Method

Determine the positioning with ranging information (TOA/TDOA) or
angle measurements (AoA), Determines the positioning with the
intersection method.
Positioning precision depends on the measurement precision.
TOA\TDOA AoA
247
Newton-
Geo n
Overview of the Raphson
Approach
Algorithm
TOA based Gauss-

Newton Intersection
Positioning Approach
Non-Linear
based
Algorithms
Method Least-
Squares
Bi-literation
Method
Approach
TOA Based
Steepest Positioning Min-Max Generalized
descent Solution Eigenvalue
Approach Solution
Squared
Spherical Range
Differenced Constrained
Intersection Closed Virtual
Squared Approach
Approach Form Parameter
Range
Approach Approach
Spherical Linear
Interpolation Bancroft Unconstraine Root-Finding
Correction
Approach Approach d Approach Solution
Approach

Comparison of different TOA based positioning approach
2.4 Polar System

Determines the relative position with range and angular
measurements (polar coordinates).
Mature, Precise and expensive. Often used as the reference
system
Total Station
3D Laser Scanner
248
2.5 Scene Analysis
2.5 Scene Analysis

Vision based Scene Analysis
2.5 Scene Analysis

offline stage: select many locations in the building. measure
the signal strengths of different APs and send the measured
data to server database.
online stage: For the location to know, measure the fingerprint
at this location, and compare this fingerprint with the records in
the database. weighted KNN is used to determine user
location.
Fingerprint
based Scene
Analysis
249
2.6 Dead Reckoning
Principle of Dead Reckoning
(xt+1,yt+1) x
L is step length, θ is the heading angle
y
lt
θt
Requires the initial position and
orientation!
(xt,yt) x
IMU， PDR， Wheel counter, odometer etc.
2.7 Comparison of Localization method

Advantages Disadvantages
RSSI-Based Does not affected by NLOS Depends on Layout (furnitures)

Fingerprint Does not requires connection Low Accuracy
Difficult to update fingerprint
database
RSSI-Based Does not requires connection Affected by the environment(wall)

Ranging Does not requires database Affected by Multipath
Affected by NLOS
RTT Based Precise Hardware support IEEE 802.11mc

Ranging Does not requires connection protocal
(Round Trip Does not requires database Affected by NLOS
Time)
CSI based AOA Poor Accuracy Hardware support CSI output
(Channel State Multiple receiving antenna Array
Information)
250
3.1 Indoor Positioning Techniques
Acoustic based Positioning
Wi-Fi based Positioning
Bluetooth
Techniques
Positioning
Ultra wideband
Indoor
Radio Frequency Identification
LED Based Positioning
Inertial Navigation
Vision based Positioning
Magnetic Matching
3.2 Acoustic based Positioning

Acoustic positioning technology has oneway law and
reflective distance ranging method, which ultrasonic
transmitter and receiver echoes generated by the measured
object, according to echo the time difference with the launch
wave under test to calculate the distance.
Active Bat prototype Cricket beacon

Linear Chirp signal to resist
Environment noise
Challenge: Multipath
BeepBeep Acoustic
Ranging system
(Two way ranging)
251
Summary of Acoustic based Positioning Systems
3.3 Wi-Fi Based Positioning

Relationship between the distance and RSS

Advantages Disadvantages
RSSI-Based Does not affected by NLOS Depends on Layout (furnitures)

Fingerprint Does not requires connection Low Accuracy
Difficult to update fingerprint
database
RSSI-Based Does not requires connection Affected by the environment(wall)

Ranging Does not requires database Affected by Multipath
Affected by NLOS
RTT Based Precise Hardware support IEEE 802.11mc

Ranging Does not requires connection protocal
(Round Trip Does not requires database Affected by NLOS
Time)
CSI based AOA Poor Accuracy Hardware support CSI output
(Channel State Multiple receiving antenna Array
Information)
252
Fingerprint based Positioning System
System
Structure Fingerprint
Matching

Improving Fingerprint Matching
Fingerprint matching with

Fingerprint matching with
considering the temporal
considering the landmark
pattern

NLOS Robust method to improve TOA based
Positioning
253
Principle of AoA estimation with Wi-Fi Signals
AoA estimation
AoA can be estimated with the well precision: around
known Multiple Signal Classification 10 degree
(MUSIC) Algorithm
3.4 Bluetooth based Positioning

Bluetooth beacons normally do not affect other radio networks (interference) and
they also do not interfere with medical devices. However, if you install beacons in a
space with lots of Wi-Fi signals then interference can occur because BLE and Wi-Fi
share the same frequency range (2.4 GHz).
Bluetooth uses the remaining available channels to capacity in a uniform manner
(frequency hopping.There are attenuations in the signal dispersion within
buildings for BLE beacons. Corresponding characteristics are taken into account
when installing and during parameterization.
254
3.4 Bluetooth based Positioning
Client based Server based
3.5 Ultra wideband Positioning
Almost no interferences
Frequency bandwidth
3,1 – 10,6 GHz
Transmission power 0,5
mW / −41,3 dBm/MHz
Reach 10 – 150 m
(depends on the use
case)
Data rate 110 kbit/s –
6.8 mbit/s

Precise Ranging with UWB:
Round Trip ranging
Precise Time Sychronization
255
3.6 Radio Frequency Identification

RFID (radio-frequency identification), which uses radio
waves to wirelessly transmit the identity (e.g. serial
number) and other characteristics of an object, is an
emerging positioning technology that allows for mobility
tracking of objects or people.
As it offers a limited range of less than a meter, RFID is
not suitable for exhaustive localization, but rather for
a selective object identification.
It is cost-effective, easy of maintenance and provides
both identification and location. This makes localization
via RFID particularly suitable for tracking solutions in
industrial environments (e.g. asset management).
3.6 Radio Frequency Identification
256
3.7 LED Based Positioning
RSS based trilateration visible light positioning
Visible Light Communication (VLC) based Positioning
3.7 LED based Positioning

AoA based visible light positioning
3.8 Pedestrian Dead Reckoning

（PDR）
Step Length Estimation
Step Detection
257
3.8 Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR)
PDR with foot-mounted IMU
3.8 Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR)
Challenge of PDR Technique
Different Postures
Heading Estimation and Heading Drift
3.9 Vision based Positioning
258
Principle of visual based positioning technique

Benchmark for visual positioning system (VPS)
From 3D Model Reference From lmage Reference

Benchmark for visual positioning system (VPS)
From deployed code

From Projected Reference
Reference
259
Positioning procedure with

image databases

Principle of Visiual Odometers
3.10 Magnetic Matching
Magnetic Field Matching
Source: IndoorAtlas (2014)
260
Permanent Magnets: Deploy artificial magnetic

field in 0.5~1m2, achives 1~2mm positioning
accuracy.
Magnetic fingerprint: Match the magnetic
fingerprint, achieves decimeter level precision
X,Y magnetic field map Z magnnetic field map Direction magnetic field ma
3.11 Comparison of Indoor Positioning Techniques
Technique Positioning principle Advantage Disadvantage
Vision Scene Analysis Independent from Expensive, Low stability

environment
Inferred Scene Analysis, Precise NLOS, Interference,
Proximity
Acoustic TOA Precise Multipath, Environment
dependent
WLAN Fingerprint, TOA, AOA Low cost, good Environment dependent, Labor
Precision extensive
RFID Proximity, Fingerprint Precise, low cost Short distance
Ultra TOA Precise, Penetrate expensive
wideband walls
IMU Dead Reckoning Independent from Error Accmulation
environment
Magnetic Fingerprint Low cost Low stability, labor extensive
Bluetooth Proximity, Centroid, Low power Short distance, low stability
Multi-lateration consumption, easy
deployment
Cellular Proximity, Centroid, Large coverage Low precision
Network TDOA
261
accuracy and carrier wavelength

Accuracy and coverage
262
4.Multi-sensors Integration
Improve coverage, precision, continuity,
availability by integrating multiple sensors.
All-source positioning
Orientation determination with priori information constraint
PDR + RSS Fingerprint
Calibrate sensor drift of IMU
263
Deeply-Coupled GNSS / INS / VISION
There is no position
solution available
when use GNSS
alone and Jamming
attenuated by 10dB
Make up vulnerability of GNSS
Fusion of PDR,Wi-Fi and Landmark
Mitigate Accumulated Error
Integration of smartphone sensors
264
Integration of smartphone sensors
Indoor Visual Positioning Based on Computer Vision
Indoor positioning is in high demand in a variety of applications, and

indoor environment is a challenging scene for visual positioning. We try to
propose an accurate visual positioning method for smartphones.
265
The Proposed method based on C/S architecture, and includes three

procedures. First, an indoor high-precision 3D point cloud map is produced,
and the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of the images are obtained for
building a feature library. A point cloud is calculated using feature matching
and multi-view forward intersection. Second, in query the similar images in
the feature library. At last, outlier points are removed using PnP with the
coarse focal length. Perspective-four-point with unknown focal length and
RANSAC are used to calculate the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of the
query image and then to obtain the positioning of the smartphone.
RGB-D sensors based indoor positioning of smartphone by our strategy
The feaure library is obtained by RGB-D sensors (such as Kinect,

Realsense, Structure sensor… ) , to positioning by the Google Tango
smartphone.
RGB-D
Camera
Depth image
Automatic acquisition by Robot
RGB-D camera of Tango Smartphone
Infrared Infrared Infrared
reciver transmitter reciver
RGB Real-time
camera BitDSP
Intel Realsense RGB-D camera RGB image
Construction of Sensors Principle of Sensing Device
The feaure library is obtained by RGB-D sensors (such as Kinect,

Realsense, Structure sensor… ) , to positioning by the Google Tango
smartphone.
3 2
e3,4 2 e1,2
3
e1,3
4 1
e4,5 4 RGB image Depth image
e3,6
e7,3
5 5
Relative motion
Feature extraction 3D points calculation Weight model
posture recovery
6 e7,1
7 High
e5,6 Relative
6 transformat Motion optimization Line matching low Accuracy evaluation
e6,7 7 ion matrix
The accumulative error of sensor pose in Continuous estimation optimization of camera pose
the database construction stage by combing image features and geometric features
Global optimization of pose of RGB-D camera in library construction stage

Highlight
266
Experimental results
3D point cloud acquisition
Positioning accuracy: Meter-level, real-time tracking, power intensive.

Monocular RGB camera based indoor positioning of smartphone by our strategy
The feaure library is obtained by indoor mapping systems (Sensors with

Cameras/Lidar/Cameras+Lidar) , to positioning by the Monocular color camera
smartphone with single image or multi-view images.
Improving the
i n t e g r i t y,
success rate and
accuracy of
image feature
l i b r a r y
construction.
Image matching technology for large wide viewing angle

Highlight


RGB camera
Monocular
DL-aided line feature extraction Robust color coding point assisted high
in airport or high-speed rail station availability positioning & ground truth Highlight
267
Positioning
accuracy:
Sub-meter level,
Quickly location,
Less power
consumption.
Indoor visual positioning combing image features, color coding points and features extracted by DL(deep learning)
268
269
270
Dynamic Monitoring and Early warning
of Lake Eco-environment for National
Geographic state monitoring（NGSM）
Dr. Liqiong Chen
LIESMARS, Wuhan University
Outline
 Backgrounds
 Dynamic Monitoring
 Process-based eco-environment analysis
 Early warning of environment events
Global change Global Challenge
1985 1999
2002 2004
Ice is melting Islands are disappearing
Taifon flood drought blizzard
271
Eco-environment —— Key information of
NGSM
Lack of water High frequency disaster

Lack of resources High frequency destruction
Low quality of water Unbalance distribution

Low quality of life Unbalance development
What NGSM needs?

How many? How develops?
NGSM
How & What will it be?
distributes? eco-
yearly June
environment
July August
What can we
Which impacts?
do?
图 4 全年的和洪水多发月份的鄱阳湖区洪水淹没频率空间分布图
Fig. 4 The annual and monthly flooding probability for Poyang Lake Region
272
Backgrounds
Monitoring and Analysis
Water Watershed Human Society
Modeling and predication
Backgrounds
 Coupling numerical simulation and remote sensing
out comes lots of benefits
• Remote sensing • Numerical simulation
– Large area observation – Process for period
– Comprehensiveness & – Low cost & cheap
economic – Scenarios simulation
– Real time record & prediction
– Earth surface – 1D-2D-3D model
– Discover abnormal – Process modeling
Find out water environmental problem and mechanism
Whole picture of eco-environment 8
Backgrounds
Modeling NGSM
Process
Early warning Resources：
Water / Watershed / Water resource
Humanity Dynamic Wetland resource
……
Analysis
Monitoring
Disaster：
Flood and Drought
Algal blooms
Water Pollution
……
RS WSNs census Amount
Physical distribution 9
Chemical parameters
Geographic 273
Outline
 Backgrounds
 Water quantity dynamic
 Water quality dynamic
 Watershed dynamic
 Humanity dynamic
 Process-based
工作基础和研究条件 eco-environment analysis
 Early warning of environment events
10
Lake-wetland-watershed
eco-system modeling and
management
Data handle 预案仿真
Register 分析模型
参数获取
优化布局
多参数水质传感器
叶绿素传感器
多参数水质传感器
叶绿素传感器
水位计水位计传感器数据

采集中心
传感器数据
采集中心
无线局域网接入
GPRS接入
卫星接入
无线局域网接入长江中下游湖泊群
GPRS接入
卫星接入
滇池
Spatial information techniques : Effective means

for disaster prevention and mitigation
 Fast, large scale, multiple
data sources, short updating
cycle
 All-weather operational
capability
 Quantitative, stereoscopic
observations and analyses
274
Spatial information techniques: Experimental tools
for helping water management decisions
 Evaluation of eco-system impact : long-term, fast, large scale ,multiple
parameters in acquisition of environmental properties.
 Effective in project safety monitoring: fast, high resolution, pinpoint

dynamic changes of the dam and river channels.
Variation of suspended sediment in Poyang Lake before and after the

impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam in 2003
Point——Wireless sensor networks
 A regional networks for multiple environment parameters (Hydrological,

Meteorological, Water quality )acquisition and monitoring.
 Distributed , Ad Hoc Network, survivability in disaster.
 Real-time，Better decision-making.
Hydrological
Meteorological
Water quality
CSIRO, Australia ,2009
Profile — ship-bored water monitoring system
sub bottom profile current、wave

275
Space——airborne SAR data acquisition sub-
system
All-weather observation, High resolution
Full polarization
Benefits on damage detection
Airborne UAV control station

SAR
Full polarization
SAR image
Space—— Airborne LIDAR data acquisition

sub-system
DSM :details of objects;

Meaningful in Water
inundation analysis
Wenchuan， 2008
1 Water quantity dynamic
 Inundation area
 Bottom Topography
 Water Budget
276 18
Water quantity
Satellites capture the drought and flood severities

Flood of Dongting Lake in 2011
Drought turns Poyang lake into

'prairie‘ in spring of 2011
Inundation Areas for Each Year between 2000 and 2010
 Using FAI (Floating

Algae Index) and a
gradient method to
delineate inundation
area. 620 MODIS cloud
free images were
selected between 2000
and 2010.
 Intra-annual changes: a
factor of 2.3 – 3.2
 Maximum possible
inundation was 14
times larger than
minimum inundation
Inundation changes of Poyang Lake 2000-2010
Monthly precipitation in Poyang Lake watershed

Largest: April-June
The month in which the

maximum and minimum
inundation area happened:
Maximum always in July-
September
Why?
277
Inundation Changes of Poyang Lake 2000-2010
 Inundation
were primarily
driven by local
precipitation
during non-
summer
months
 Yangtze River
played a
critical role in
summer.
Bottom topography of Poyang Lake derived from MODIS
 Fast-changing nature
of the lake’s
inundation area
 Water boundary is an
effective topographic
isobath
 spatial gradient of
water levels corrected
by the monotonous
decrease from the
south to the north
 Interpolation over
multiple incremental
isobaths could result
in bottom topography
Bottom topography of Poyang Lake derived from MODIS
The lake bottom

has an typical
elevation of 12–
17 m (around
80%)
Agree well with

in-situ
measurements
278
Bottom topography of Poyang Lake
derived from MODIS
 About 500 MODIS images
and daily water level
observations at 8
hydrologic stations were
selected for analysis and
validation
 Most of the lake bottom
showed an elevation of 12
m to 17 m
 The result covers 98.15%
of the lake, the small
portions of
“undetermined” parts
were within the minimum
inundation area
Satellite observations make it possible to

estimate water budget
Impossible to estimate water budget:

1. No reliable measurement of the lake’s
out-flow to the nearby Yangtze River
2. Complex bottom topography
3. Significant dynamic inundation range
form year to year
Satellite Observations Make it Possible to

Estimate Water Budget
Satellite make it possible:
Outflow : outflow from the lake to Yangtze River

Runoff: total runoff of the five main rivers in the Poyang Lake watershed
P: precipitation; ET: evaporation; A: inundation area
Gnet is the net groundwater flux, assumed to be zero since it only represents 1.3% of
total water resource in this region
ΔV: volume changes with time
V: water volume of Poyang Lake

Z: bottom topography
H: water surface height from in-situ water level and MODIS
279
Inundation area & water volume of Poyang Lake: 2000-2009
Water budget of Poyang Lake: 2000-2009: low outflow (bar) after 2003

The water budget in
2003 (Significant
increase in July，
maximum in the
recent 10 years)
Water level at Hukou station and

water volume in July and August
2003, where a sharp decrease
from 19.0 m to 15.1 m from 25 July
to 16 August (red crosses) was
observed.
2 Water quality dynamic
 Sediment
 Algal
 Nutrients
280 30
Water quality
Water safety is today’s hot topic
Remote Sensing for Sediment Retrieval

Water reflectance ~0 at >1000 nm
645 nm “immune” to land adjacency effect
Remote Sensing for Sediment Retrieval
Retrieval
algorithm
development:
Single band or
band ratio?
281
Spatio-temporal Analysis——Poyang Lake
Spatio-temporal Pattern of Suspended Sediments
o Annual mean TSS

distributions of
Poyang Lake from
2000 to 2010
o TSS increased
significantly since
2003
Remote Sensing for Chlorophyll-a

Retrieval Using MERIS
A positive
correlation exists
between Chl-a and
NGRDI in
relatively
645 nm “immune” to land adjacency effect
sediment-poor
waters.
normalized green-red difference index (NGRDI = (Rrs,560 −Rrs,681)/(Rrs,560+ Rrs,681))

Spatio-temporal Pattern of Chlorophyll-a
o Mean Chl-a distributions

of Poyang Lake between
July and September from
2003 to 2011.
o Higher Chl-a was observed
in the small sub-lake in the
south and in the astern
Poyang Lake.
o Chl-a was found to be the
highest in 2003 and 2004.
282
o Chl-a distributions during

each climatological month
between 2003 and 2012.
o Higher Chl-a was observed in

the south, especially for the
small sub-lake.
o Chl-a in the summer months

appeared higher than in other
months.
Spatio-temporal Analysis——Erhai Lake

o Mean Chl-a distributions of

Erhai Lake from 2003 to 2009
o Higher Chl-a was observed in

the south, especially after
2007.
Chl-a in the summer months appeared

higher than in other months.
Remote Sensing for Algal Blooms using

Landsat 5/7/ETM+/LOI
(a) Landsat 8 O LI
𝜆𝑁𝐼𝑅 −𝜆𝑅𝐸𝐷
FAI=RNIR-RRED-(RSWIR-RRED) *( )
2013/10/11 (b) F A I (c) V B -F A H
𝜆𝑆𝑊𝐼𝑅 −𝜆𝑅𝐸𝐷
VB-FAH=(RNIR-RGREEN)+(RGREEN-
𝜆 −𝜆𝐺𝑅𝐸𝐸𝑁
RRED)*(2𝜆 𝑁𝐼𝑅 )
0.41
−𝜆𝑁𝐼𝑅−𝜆 𝑅𝐸𝐷 𝐺𝑅𝐸𝐸𝑁
-0.04
o FAI and VB-FAH

indexes are involved
0.2 0.7
for Algal bloom
5000
4500
4000
5000
4000
3000
(a)
FAI
0.15
FAI
VB-FAH
NDVI
(b)
0.5 detection
2000
Number of points
3500 1000 0.3

VB-FAH
FAI.VB-FAH
3000 0 0.1
NDVI
-0.05 0 0.05 NDVI 0.1

2500
2000 0.05
-0.1
1500
1000 0
-0.3
500
0 -0.05 -0.5
-0.5 -0.3 -0.1 0.1 0.3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FAI,VB-FAH,NDVI Location along transect
283
Spatio-temporal Analysis——Erhai Lake
Spatio-temporal Pattern of Algal Blooms
o Algal blooms usually

observed during July to
November.
o The largest algal area can be
50 square km, which is
almost 1/3 of the total area
of the lake.
Spatial Analysis——Poyang Lake

Hydrological classification of water areas
Center lake  Main channel：higher water

Main velocity
channel
I-2
 Center Lake：dredging influence

II area
III I-1 VI
 River mouth: five rivers
V
IV
 Independent lakes: lower water

River
mouth VIII
velocity and disconnected to
VII main lake
Independent
lakes

Spatial Pattern of Nutrients
Total Phosphorus and Total Nitrogen in Bottom Sediments
Center area: TN TP minimum
Dredging influence area VS river mouth area : nearly the same
284
Spatial Pattern of Nutrients
Total Phosphorus , Total Nitrogen in waters
Dissolved Total Phosphorus , Total Nitrogen
TN DTN
TP DTP
3
Watershed dynamic
 Wetland changes
 Land use / land cover of watershed
44
Technical Challenges Using Landsat Document Four

Decade Wetland Changes
Challenge 1：Rapid inundation changes make it difficult to conduct effective

field observations in Poyang Lake.
Solution: Google Earth™ was used as ground-truth for land cover classification
More than 4000 random points were generated within the over-lapped region between
the Quickbird and Landsat OLI images
285
Technical Challenges Using Landsat Document Four
Decade Winter Wetland Changes
Classification methods：
Support Vector Machines (SVM)
Minimum Distance
Mahalanobis Distance
Maximum Likelihood ？
Challenge 2： Impossible to obtain concurrent reference data for images acquired

several decades ago (i.e., the MSS data).
Solution: An empirical line method was introduced to adjust the differences
between the atmospherically corrected surface reflectance of OLI and the other
instruments (eg. MSS, TM and ETM+).
Long-term Winter Wetland Changes in

Poyang Lake
 From the boundary to the center
of Poyang Lake, the wetlands
change from vegetation to
mudflat and again to water body
 Relatively large water body was
changed into mudflat
 Wetland vegetation shows
significant variability, with
generally larger areas observed
after 2002
Long-term NDVI Changes

 Entire Poyang Lake
 Wetland vegetation spread to
near-shore regions from 2001
to 2013
 Vegetation in Offshore regions
showed better growth in the
1970s
 NWNNR for the dry seasons

 High NDVI values (red) in near-
water regions
 High NDVI values (blue) along
the lake boundary
 NWNNR for the wet seasons

 Coverage of vegetation was
dramatically expanded in the
most recent year
286 Reddish color indicates higher NDVI and better wetland vegetation growth!
Wetland varies---Water Covered Day(WCD)
Seasonal distribution
Certainty and
Uncertainty location
Difference of
between 2004 and
2009
Remote sensing for LUCC

——Poyang Lake Basin
4
Humanity dynamic
——relationship between
humanity and nature
 Dredging Activities
 Water Conservancy Projects
51 287
Human induced sediment changes
 Temporal
distribution of
SSC shows a
higher
concentration
during 2003 to
2008
250m 52
Human induced sediment changes
 (a) Seasonal TSS variations for the north and south lakes;
 (b) TSS difference : north – south
 TSS in the north lake increased since2003
Spatio-temporal Analysis
Spatio-temporal Pattern of Suspended Sediments— Why?
Excessive sand dredging in Poyang Lake
288
Human Induced Sediment Changes
Significantly high correlation (R2=0.90, p<0.01) between TSS and vessel number
Annual mean TSS can be predicted as: TSS = 0.227*Y + 13.79
Outline
 Backgrounds
 Water quality
 Pollutant load
 Early warning of environmental events
56
Water age prediction and its potential impacts on

water quality using hydrodynamic model
 Water age ranges from 10 to 30 days in most regions of lake. The
spatial distribution of water age is highly related to the pattern of
satellite images derived chlorophyll-a and sediment concentration.
289
Process-based eco-environment monitoring
Processed based watershed modelling

LUCC
Social economic
data, hydrologic
and water
quality data
Determine pollutant
contributions of each
administration unit, and
Locate the pollutant
source and category
Outline
 Backgrounds
 Early warning of environmental events
——take Erhai Lake as an example
59
Early warning of Algal blooms in Erhai
Automatically monitoring stations based sensor network

6 water quality
automatically monitoring
stations
TN, TP, COD, water level
4 meteorological
automatically monitoring
stations
Wind speed/direction,
precipitation, temperature,
Two-way connection, automatically humidity, total radiation
connection interrupt
290
Fast produce environment

parameter in Erhai watershed
LUCC of Erhai watershed in

1990, 2000, and 2010

Algal bloom extracted on
remote sensing images Real time meteorological data
Algal bloom probability model

Accuracy of algal bloom
extraction model from remote Locate high risk regions
sensing model accounts to 73% based on currents
based on multi-source data
Early warning of Algal blooms in Erhai in 2016
2016年10月3 2016年10月11日 2016年10月19日 2016年11月4日 2016年11月12日 2016年11月15日

日
291
Conclusions
 It is facing a series of eco-environmental crisis caused by
physical and anthropogenic factors
 Water quality and quantity are critical indicators to the
ecosystem, remote sensing is a useful tool to catch their dynamics
 The eco-system dynamics need to be monitored and managed
by integrating RS and eco-hydrodynamic models
 Monitoring , modeling and management of eco-environment
provides National Geographical state monitoring a good
solution
Thank you!
谢谢！
292
293
294
Zhenkun Jin
jinzhenkun@fhxy.net.cn
April. 2017
Wuhan Research Institute of Posts and
Telecommunications
Agenda
What is the Internet of Things

Applications
The Internet of Things Zhenkun Jin 2
What is the Internet of Things?
„The Internet of Things‟ is a concept originally

coined and introduced by MIT, Auto-ID Center
and intimately linked to RFID and Electronic
Product Code (EPC)
“… all about physical items talking to each

other..”
Like RFID it is a concept that has attracted much

rhetoric, misconception and confusion as to what it
means and its implications in a social context.
The Internet of Things Zhenkun Jin 3 295
The concept of the Internet of Things is now being

influenced strongly by developments in computing
and network ubiquity and developments in the next
generation Internet - and considered at all levels
including United Nations
“We are heading into a new era of ubiquity, where
the users of the Internet will be counted in billions,
and where humans may become the minority as
generators and receivers of traffic. Changes
brought about by the Internet will be dwarfed by
those prompted by the networking of everyday
objects “ – UN report
The concept is also central to Commission thinking on RFID

and associated research funding in Europe
“… a new phase of the Information Society – the Internet of

Things in which the web will not only link computers but
potentially every object created by mankind.” – Viviane
Reding – On RFID: The next step to The Internet of Things –
Lisbon Conference 2007
Even in concept some thought has to be given to the implications

of such statements in respect of population-partitioning of
identifiable objects and connectivity dynamics – Analysis of the
Concept!
The Internet of Things viewed as a network for

communicating devices and based upon four
degrees of sophistication, involving:
 Purely passive devices (RFID) that yield fixed data
output when queried
 Devices with moderate processing power to format
carrier messages, with the capability to vary content
with respect to time and place
 Sensing devices that are capable of generating and
communicating information about environment or
item status when queried
 Devices with enhanced processing capability that
facilitate decisions to communicate between devices
without human intervention – introducing a degree of
intelligence into networked systems
296 The Internet of Things Zhenkun Jin 6

What is The Internet of Things?
• The Internet of Things is a network of Internet-
enabled objects, together with web services that
interact with these objects. Underlying the Internet of
Things are technologies such as RFID (radio
frequency identification), sensors, and smartphones.
The difference between internet and

the internet of things
The internet of things can link

The internet only can link people and objects and support more
people and only can wild connection, smartly configure the
transmit information requirements . It transmit information
and control entity!
W
The key technology
h of internet-of-things
a
t
’
s
1 Sensor Web technology 2 Cloud computing technology
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
?
Cloud computing support

The sensors are embedded in physical enough computational capabilities
entity and distributed in everywhere. to complete any complex mission.
They can form a dense and wide web.
H
o
The key technology of internet-of-things
w
c
a
3 RFID technology n 4 Artificial intelligence technology
I
C
T
s
h
e
l
p
a
c
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) h
is a technology that uses communication i
through the use of radio waves to transfer e
data between a reader and an electronic tag v
attached to an object, for the purpose of
e
identification and tracking. e
The Internet of Things
n Zhenkun Jin 10
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
The key technology of internet-of-things
n
t
a
l
l
y
My temperature is… Your Blood Pressure is… I’ve just driven…
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
I’ve copied… I canb see… I’ve sold…
l
e
d
e
v
Any ting will be given the Artificiale intelligence . The world
become more and more alive and l charming.
o
p
m
e
n
t
?
What is the internet of things?
The EPCglobal dimension
The EPCglobal Network Architecture draws further attention to

additional requirements for achieving an Internet of Things
including:
 Readers and Reader Protocol Interface – to deliver raw tag data
from readers to supporting middleware
 Middleware – to accumulate and filter raw tag data reads
 Application Layer Events (ALE) Interface – to deliver
consolidated, filtered tag read data from middleware to a local
application.

 EPC Capturing Application – to recognise the occurrence of EPC-

related business events, and deliver them as EPC Information
Service (EPCIS) data.
 EPCIS Capture Interface – to provide a path for communicating
EPC events
 EPCIS Repository – to record EPCIS-level events
 EPCIS Query Interface – to provide a means whereby an EPCIS
accessing application can request EPCIS data from an EPCIS
repository or an EPCIS capturing application and the means
whereby the result is returned.
 EPCIS-Accessing Application – software to facilitate overall

enterprise business processes, such as warehouse
management, shipping, and receiving and so forth aided by
EPC-related data.
 Local ONS – to fulfil ONS lookup requests for EPCs within the
control of the enterprise that operates the local ONS, ie EPCs
for which the enterprise is the EPC manager.
 EPCIS Accessing Application – an EPCIS-enabled application of a
trading partner.
 Tag Data Translation Schema – to provide a machine-readable
file that defines how to translate between EPC encodings
defined by the EPC Tag Data Specification.
 Manager Number Assignment – to ensure global uniqueness of

EPCs by maintaining uniqueness of EPC Manager Numbers
assigned to EPCglobal Subscribers.
 Object Name Service Root – a service that, given an EPC, can
return a list of network accessible service endpoints that relate
to the EPC concerned.
 EPC Discovery Service(s) – a search engine for EPC related data.
 Subscriber Authentication – to be determined.
 The EPC Namespace adds further dimension to this and the
prospect of accommodating other numbering systems and the
identification of other types of data carrier than RFID.

The Internet of Things is expected to be an

integral part of the next or future generation
Internet
Service-oriented architecture (SOE), exploiting

integration with Internet and interfacing with
wide ranging edge technologies and associated
networks is a key objective.
Principal challenges:
1. Disconnect between logical and physical worlds
2. Lack of interoperability – structural and semantic

heterogeneity
Limitations of Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) for enterprise-

wide and inter-enterprise integration
Developments in information integration – schema integration,
semantic mediation and ontology merging – more intelligent search
engines
Coordination And Support Action for Global RFID-related

Activities and Standardisation adopting a fully inclusive
model for the Internet of Things:
 Embracing a fully inclusive range of „edge‟ technologies,

including RFID for interfacing with the physical world
 Exploiting evolving object-connected data capture
technologies and networking capabilities – sensory,
location, local communication and security
 Exploiting existing and evolving communications and
mobility structures
 Integration with the evolving Internet

Animate Environment
Influenced or
Inanimate May be Entity attended by Application
Location Representation of Associated ID

Identity Factors
Associated Attributes
Consideration of based on State
State Characteristic
Characteristic
Acceptable stable Uneconomic or
Ontology for feature set no stable feature
set
Identification Primary Natural Secondary Data

Feature Carrier Identifier Attributes
Identifier
Derivation of Self Assigned Assigned or

electronic ‘Digital registered
Signature’ Registered Captured
When derived: When asserted: Authenticators or

Reference Authentication credentials
Self-issued Authority-
issued
Certificate or
token
Optional Optional
Link to associated
Bindings Bindings
data and Numeric or Alpha-
application Optional Associated data
numeric strings Bindings
information
Internet of Things - at its most basic

level…
Actuators
Interrogator / Host
Gate way Information Wider area
device Management communications
System and Networks
Passive RFID data

carriers and UID Actuators
Interrogator / Host
Gate way Information
device Management
System
Physical Internet +
Application commands
interface zone
and responses
Internet of Things – including RFID

carrier variants
Actuators
ID + Additional Interrogator / Host Information

Item-attendant Gate way Management Wider area
data device System communications
and Networks
Sensory data
carriers* Actuators
Interrogator / Host Information

Gate way Management
device System
Networked data
carriers Actuators
Interrogator / Host Information Internet +

Gate way Management
device System
Physical
interface zone
Internet of Things – including other
edge technologies
Further layers of Data Capture Technology

Actuators
ID + Additional Interrogator / Host

Item-attendant Gate way Information Wider area
data device Management communications
System and Networks
Sensory data Actuators
carriers
Interrogator / Host
device Management
System
Networked data
carriers Actuators
Interrogator / Host Internet +

device Management
System
Physical
interface zone
Inclusive model
Coordination And Support Action for Global RFID-related

Activities and Standardisation adopting a fully inclusive
model for the Internet of Things, embracing:
 Exploiting Web service and Grid service concepts

 Exploiting the Service Oriented Architecture (SOE)
 Exploiting Unique Item Identifier (UII) concepts and namespace
resolver to accommodate legacy coding schemes for identification (incl.
EPC, URL..)
 Viewing the needs for governance, quality of services, security, privacy
and other socio-economic issues
Identification and Namespace

resolvers
Object Space Web

Identifiers Domain
URL EPC
Unique
Item Namespace Discovery
Identifier Resolver Services
(UII)
OID
Data carrier ID + data payload and cost

considerations

Understanding the Concept New Internet of Things

Infrastructure?
Wired and
wireless
communications
Data Carrier and

other identification Item
Item
and edge
Item
technologies? Data
Data Carrier
Carrier Data - State, Location and The Physical World
Carrier time
Internet of Things – defining the layers
Network –
supported services
Fixed and mobile communication protocols
Applications layer
Middleware layer
Internet layer
Access Networks Access Gateway layer
Edge Technology layer
Edge-technology data
capture and Networks
Coordination and Support Action for Global RFID-related Activities

and Standardisation considerations of layered structure and need
for associated standards:
 Object space analysis, network structures and applications

 Identification and „edge‟ technologies for automatic data capture–
hardware bus
 Emerging web services model and SOE in respect of the Internet of
Things – software bus
 Discovery Services model based upon universal description, discovery
and integration (UDDI) registry model
 Grid service open architecture for collaborative computing and one-to-
many services model

Associated Standards
Coordination And Support Action for Global RFID-related Activities

and Standardisation considerations of layered structure and need
for associated standards:
 RFID and „communications-based‟ RFID standards and regulations

 Fixed and mobile network standards and regulations
 RFID Sensory and sensor network standards
 Integration standards
Wherein RFID?
European Commission and RFID Expectations Global identification coding

and namespace considerations to accommodate legacy systems are key,
as are governance and data exchange structures, security, privacy and
associated standards
 RFID seen as a precursor to the “Internet of Things”

 RFID seen as a potential platform for linking “world of production with the “world
of service”
 RFID seen a means of making items “smart”, capable of being networked
together and able to communicate with their environment – far reaching and
requiring qualification
 RFID seen as a vehicle for creating opportunities for new business models that
will take advantage of a global network in which any object can be linked to any
context
 RFID seen as a vehicle for a wide range of applications
Data Transfer and Communications
Internet & Internet of

Things
Item-attendant
Data Carrier Data Information Communications
Capture Management Network
Interrogation Appliance System (IMS)
– Business
zone – Enterprise
Interchange of
Software
Data
Data
transfer
from Data
Carrier Data transfer Data Expanding
from Capture transfer Domain for
Appliance from IMS xML
Solutions

CASAGRAS Work Packages
1. Standards and Procedures for International

Standardisation in relation to RFID, including applications
and conformance standards
2. Regulatory issues in respect of RFID standards
3. Global coding systems in relation to RFID standards
4. RFID in relation to Ubiquitous Computing and Networks
5. Functional, including sensory, developments in RFID and
Associated Standards
6. Areas of Application, existing and future, and associated
Standards
7. Socio-economic components of RFID Usage
What kinds of machines?
 Primarily about autonomous actors

–Not your PC, that does things because you tell it to
–Not your phone in the sense of placing calls
–Often systems that provide support in interesting ways
 Types of services
–Building automation – environmental control and telemetry
–Industrial automation
–Safety and surveillance issues
–Health monitoring
–And so on…
 Is TCP/IP the right technology for SCADA（Supervisory Control
And Data Acquisition) networks?
–This varies with the application
–For many purposes, IP future-proofs the network
No one knows what is the internet of things. The new technical area was formed originally.
It is not necessary to defined accuracy conception and content for the internet of things at
the primary stage. It is your working on it! It is your feeling maybe!
Agenda
What is Internet of Things

Applications
Network Mobile
Network Mobile

Network Mobile
End Unit Mobile Network Mobile
RFID Everywhere
Antenna
Transdermal CPU/Comm Chip
Patch
Battery
Skin
Sensors:Physical,Chemical, Biological
Mapping forests and forest events

Sensor Networks
Networks deployed
in random
distribution
Low power
Delivering sensor
data to a central site
for some purpose
Forest Management
 Several universities have tested
distributed sensor networks
–Monitor weather/climate in a
managed forest
–Observe fires in action
 Premise: map isotherms and isobars
–Periodic and event-driven neighbor-
to-neighbor information exchange
–Sensors that report sudden changes
and then stop reporting give crisis
information
 Application is a distributed sensor
–Individual sensors relatively
unimportant; GPS location of reporting
sensor more important.
Health Monitoring
 Issue:
–Unobtrusive monitoring and early detection of patient health
improves health care
–It also reduces the cost of health care dramatically
 Numerous projects, including some in China, are

interested in exploring the use of networked sensors
–Infrared detectors for motion and estimation of body temperature
–Location of people in the house
–And so on…

What does a sensor look like?
 Thermal Imaging:
–Data sheets on some models
claim accuracy to 0.5˚C
 Location:
–Motion sensors say “someone
is here”
–Surveillance Cameras may be
able to identify people
 Pulse, Pedometer, etc

–Available in drug stores
Requirements for sensors and reporting
 They need to be
–Inexpensive
–Easy to install/maintain
–Networked (mobile or stationary) for
connectivity
–Appropriate & acceptable to the
client
 They need to be able to

–Identify the person they are
monitoring
–Accurately record and report
changes of important data
Medical measurements
Daily routine
–Maintain information privacy
How would we network them?
 Type of network
–3GPP might be a good transmission system for
mobile sensors
–Fixed sensors could fit into residential broadband
 Application considerations:
–Need to log normal events for possible future
analysis
–Give periodic reports: “Here are my logs, but I
don‟t see anything”
–Be able to issue alerts: “person pressed the „I
need help‟ button”
Smart Grid
 The Electrical Grid is a large

network that supports the
reliable delivery of electrical
power
–Ongoing measurements for
maintenance and billing purposes
–Communication between
cooperating processes such as
generators and phase
measurement units
–Operational command/control –
turning circuits on and off,
demand response, many other
purposes
Functional Requirements for

communication
 “…the Network should enable an application in

a particular domain to communicate with an
application in any other domain in the
information network, with proper management
control over who and where applications can be
interconnected.”
Conceptual Reference Model
Source: NIST Smart Grid Framework

Demand Response – Example
IEC 61970
IEC 61968 1b. Register
MultiSpeak Customer
ebXML
OpenADR
SOAP 2b. Announce
REST Price Event 4a.
HTTP Billing
Cycle 1a. Enroll
Customer
2a. Market Price 3b. Record
Change Participation
4b. Send Bill

Interface 2c. Distribute
ZigBee SE
Price Event
Message WiFi
1a. Sequence Number BACnet
HomePlug
Example Standards 3a. Report Ethernet
Usage
2e.
2d.
Reduce
ANSI C12 Local
Stages: ANSI C12 Usage
SONET Price
1. Enrollment BPL
WDM Event
Cellular
2. Event Frame Relay WiMAX
3. Monitoring WiMAX Proprietary
4. Billing
Source: EnerNex
Example of an attack: Stuxnet
 Said to be military-grade weapon

that attacks specific control
systems
–Depends on disabling automated
processes in process control systems
 Not initially carried by the Internet
–It is, however, networked once in
–Therefore prototypical weapon of
motivated attacker
 Worst way to defeat it:
–Security by obscurity
 Best way to defeat it:
–Not get the virus
–Not execute the code
Data storage requirements

 In utility company
–Kinds of data
Customer billing data
Aggregate planning data
–Requirements often met by chain of custody procedures
 In the home
–Meter keeps records every few minutes for several hours
–Very interesting to:
Occupant, who wants to optimize their bill
Utility, who wants to manage electricity and send bills
Third party services
Third parties that want to play games, rob the house,
etc
Data security requirements
 Billing records have value to many parties, not all of which are
helpful
–Utility billing and planning
–Customer self-optimization
–Neighborhood gossip
–Criminal attacks
 Data may need to be

–Verifiable after the fact – perhaps years later
–Accessible by authorized parties
–Shielded from unauthorized parties
–Some data needs to be Public in flight
What kinds of security mechanisms

are available?
Communication
Type of control Example
Layer
End to end integrity in W3C XML

Data Content
message-based exchange Signature
Application to application
Application TLS, HTTPS, DKIM,
authentication,
Layer S/MIME, SSH
authorization, encryption
System-to-system
Network Layer authentication, IPsec ESP
authorization, encryption
Physical/Link SSID, IEEE 802.1X
Limited Membership
Layer with EAP-TLS
General view
 There are numerous other approaches to

communication in use in the grid and in building
automation
–IEC 14908 Building Automation
–ANSI C12.19, C12.22, and related management
–IEC 61850 “Goose” protocol between generators
 Internet Protocol Suite, especially IPv6,
considered appropriate for most uses in the
Smart Grid
–Specified in numerous IEC specifications

Thank You！
Q&A
Zhenkun Jin
Eamil：jinzhenkun@fhxy.net.cn
313

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Wuhan Research Institute of Posts and Telecommunications

— Communication Training Base of Asia-Pacific Telecom Union (APT)

Vice President of Fiberhome Technology college: Tao Zhiyong

1、Brief Introduction of GNSS

2 、BeiDou Satellite Navigation system and development

3、General Information and advantages about Optics Valley BeiDou

4、Core Products of Optics Valley BeiDou

5、Industry application solutions of Optics Valley BeiDou

1.1 The Four Satellite Navigation Systems

GPS GLONASS BeiDou GALILEO

1.2 The Change and Condition of in -orbit satellite of four system

At present, There're 23 in-orbit

1、Brief Introduction of GNSS

2 、BeiDou Satellite Navigation system and development

3、General Information and advantages about Optics Valley BeiDou

4、 Core Products of Optics Valley BeiDou

5、 Industry application solutions of Optics Valley BeiDou

BeiDou Navigation Satellite System( BDS) is

Introduction of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System

Three parts of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System: space constellation,

Ground • Master Control Stations (MCS)

User • BeiDou user terminals

2.2 The service region of BeiDou Satellite Navigation System

It formally provides satellite navigation service in 27th, December, 2012,

BeiDou Ground-based Augmentation System in Hubei

2.3 The Development of BeiDou Industry in China

PV(hundred million RMB) Growth rate

In recent years, it has developed into

1、Brief Introduction of GNSS

2 、BeiDou Satellite Navigation system and development

3、General Information and advantages about Optics Valley BeiDou

4、Core Products of Optics Valley BeiDou

5、Industry application solutions of Optics Valley BeiDou

3.1 Brief Introduction to Optics Valley BeiDou

Undertake the BeiDou application projects:

Main Building of Wuhan Optics Valley BeiDou

It is the only undertaker of Sino-Thai BeiDou and geo-spatial cooperation.

The only state-level geo-spatial information industrialization base in China

As a platform company of Chinese geo-spatial information industry going

The company is committed to provide satisfying BeiDou satellite Navigation and

3.2 Main Qualification

November 28, 2016,

The Approval of Enterprise Qualification about Beidou Navigation Civilian Service

January 10, 2017,

National Provincial Science and Technology

Dr.Chen Junyong Dr. Liu Jingnan

Dr. Zhang Zuxun Dr. Gong

Wuhan University Satellite Hubei Province Road

Major Honorary Awards

Core Technology： BeiDou Ground-Based Augmentation System

BeiDou Ground-Based Beidou mobile CORS station Beidou RTK

GNSS Reference BEIDOU Smart BEIDOU Positioning Device

1、Brief Introduction of GNSS

2 、BeiDou Satellite Navigation system and development

3、General Information and advantages about Optics Valley BeiDou

4、Core Products of Optics Valley BeiDou

5、Industry application solutions of Optics Valley BeiDou

Integrated BeiDou Mobile CORS Station

High Precision Product1: GNSS Reference Station Receiver

Three-star, Eight-frequency High Precision GNSS Receiver

GNSS Reference Station Receiver

High Precision Product 2： GNSS Monitoring Station Receiver

GNSS Monitoring Station Receiver

35 厄瓜多尔 17本帅府

35 厄瓜多尔 17本帅府

室内定位技术矿上矿下一体化尾矿库溃坝