MAIN PROJECT REPORT

ON
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF INTZE TANK
(A Case Study for GRIET Campus)

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering

By

K.ABISHEK 11241A0132

CH.SRIKANTH 11241A0169

Y.HEMANTH REDDY 11241A0160

G.PREM KUMAR 11241A0117

SUSHEEL CHOWDARY 10241A0182

Under the esteemed guidance of

MR. S.VENKATA CHARYULU
(Assistant professor of Civil Engineering Department)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
GOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE Autonomous under JNTUH- NBA Accredited)
Bachupally, Nizampet Road, Kukatpally, Hyderabad-500 090.

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled Design and analysis of Intze tank
(A case study for GRIET campus) submitted by

K.ABISHEK 11241A0132

to the Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering And Technology , Hyderabad, in partial

fulfillment for the award of the degree of B. Tech in Civil Engineering is a bona fide record of
project work carried out by him/her under my/our supervision. The contents of this report, in full
or in parts, have not been submitted to any other Institution or University for the award of any
degree or diploma.

Signature of Internal Guide Signature of External Guide Signature of Head

of the Dept.

(S.VENKATA CHARYULU) (Dr.MD.HUSSAIN)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our gratitude to all the people behind the screen who helped us to
transform an idea into a real application. We would like to express our heart-felt gratitude to our
parents without whom we would not have been privileged to achieve and fulfill our dreams. We
are grateful to our principal DR.JANDYALA N.MURTHY who most ably run the institution
and has had the major hand in enabling us to do our project.

We profoundly thank DR.MOHD HUSSAIN, Head of the Department of Civil Engineering who
has been an excellent guide and also a great source of inspiration to our work.

We would like to thank our internal guide Mr.VENKATA CHARYULU Assistant Professor for
his technical guidance, constant encouragement and support in carrying out our project at college.

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of the task would be
great but incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible with their constant
guidance and encouragement crowns all the efforts with success. In this context, We would like
thank all the other staff members, both teaching and non-teaching, who have extended their
timely help and eased our task.

K.ABISHEK 11241A0132

CH.SRIKANTH 11241A0169

Y.HEMANTH REDDY 11241A0160

G.PREM KUMAR 11241A0117

SUSHEEL CHOWDARY 10241A0182

3
 ABSTRACT

Due to enormous need by the public, water has to be stored and supplied according to their needs.
Water demand is not constant throughout the day. It fluctuates hour to hour. In order to supply
constant amount of water, we need to store water. So to meet the public water demand, water
tank need to be constructed. Storage reservoirs and overhead tanks are used to store water, liquid
petroleum, petroleum products and similar liquids. The force analysis of the reservoirs or tanks is
about the same irrespective of the chemical nature of the product. All tanks are designed as crack
free structures to eliminate any leakage.
This project gives in brief, the theory behind the design of liquid retaining structure (Elevated
circular water tank with domed roof and conical base) and design and analysis of an Intze water
storage tank for GRIET campus using working stress method and also by STAAD pro. Both
results are compared and better method is chosen for design of Intze tank.

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 INDEX
CONTENTS : PAGE NO.
1. SYMBOLS 1
2. INTRODUCTION 4
2.1 SOURCE OF WATER 4
3. WATER DEMAND 5
3.1 WATER QUANTITY ESTIMATION 5
3.2 WATER CONSUMPTION RATE 6
3.3 FIRE FIGHTING DEMAND 6
3.4 FACTORS EFFECTING PER CAPITA DEMAND 7
3.5 FLUCTUATION IN RATE OF DEMAND 7
4. POPULATION FORCECASTING 8
4.1 DESIGN PERIDO OF POPULATION 8
4.2 POPULATION FORCECASTING METHODS 8
5. WATER TANKS 9
5.1 CLASSFICATION OF WATER TANKS 9
6. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF CONCRETE 10
6.1 JOINTS IN LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURES 11
6.1.1 MOVEMENT JOINT 12
6.1.2 CONTRACTION JOINTS 13
6.1.3 TEMPORARY JOINTS 14
7. GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 15
7.1 PLAIN CONCRETE STRUCTURES 15
7.2 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN CONCRETE 16
7.3 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN STEEL 16
7.4. STRESSES DUE TO DRYING SHRINKAGE 17
7.5. FLOORS 17
7.6 WALLS 18
7.7 ROOFS 18
7.8 MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT 19
 7.9 MINIMUM COVER TO REINFORMCEMENT 20
8. DOMES 21
9. MEMBRANE THEORY OF SHELLS OF REVOLUTION 22
10. WATER TANK WITH SPHERICAL DOME 24
11. DESIGN OF RCC DOMES 25
12. OVER HEAD WATER TANK AND TOWERS 28
13. STUDY FOR GRIET CAMPUS 29
14. DESIGN BY WORKING STRESS METHOD 33
15. DESIGN BY STAAD PRO 50
15.1 INPUT GENERATION 51
15.2 TYPES OF STRUCTURES 53
15.3 STAAD PRO INPUT COMMAND LINE 56
15.4 STAAD ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 63
16. CONCLUSION 71
17. REFERENCES 72

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 1.SYMBOLS

A = Total area of section

Ab = Equivalent area of helical reinforcement.
Ac = Equivalent area of section
Ah = Area of concrete core.
Am = Area of steel or iron core.
Asc = Area of longitudinal reinforcement (comp.)
Ast = Area of steel (tensile.)
Ai = Area of longitudinal torsional reinforcement.
Asv= Total cross-sectional are of stirrup legs or bent up bars within distance Sv
Aw =Area of web reinforcement.
A  = Area of cross -section of one bars.
a = lever arm.
ac = Area of concrete.
B =flange width of T-beam. b = width.
br =width of rib.
C =compressive force.
c = compressive stress in concrete.
c’= stress in concrete surrounding compressive steel.
D = depth
d = effective depth
dc = cover to compressive steel
ds= depth of slab
dt= cover to tensile steel
e = eccentricity.

1
dc/d = compressive steel depth factor
F =shear characteristic force.
Fd= design load
Fr = radial shear force.
f= stress (in general)
fck = characteristic compressive stress of concrete.
Fy = characteristic tensile strength of steel.
H = height.
I = moment of inertia.
Ie=equivalent moment of intertia.
j= lever arm factor.
Ka=coefficient of active earth pressure.
Kp =coefficient of passive earth pressure.
k = neutral axis depth factor (n/d).
L=length.
Ld =devolopment length.
l = effective length of column or length or bond length.
M = bending moment or moment.
Mr=moment of resistance or radial bending moment.
Mt =torsional moment.
Mu=ultimate bending moment M
e=circumferential bending moment
m = modular ratio. n = depth of neutral axis.
nc=depth of critical neutral axis.
Pa=active earth pressure.
Pp= passive earth pressure.
Pu= ultimate axial load on the member(limit state design).
P = percentage steel.
P’= reinforcement ratio.
Pa=active earth pressure indencity.

2
Pe=net upward soil pressure.
Q= shear resistance.
T= shear stress.
q’=shear stress due to torsion
R= radius.
s= spacing of bars.
sa= average bond stress.
sb= local bond stress.
T=tensile force.
Tu=ultimate torsional moment.
 st or t= tensile stress in steel.
tc= compressive stress in compressive steel.
Vu=ultimate shear force due or design load.
Vus=shear carried by shear reinforcement.
W= point load.
X= coordinate.
xu= depth of neutral axis.
Z= distance.
 = inclination.
 = surcharge angle.
 = unit weight of soil
 f = partial safety factor appropriate to the loading.
 m = partial safety factor appropriate to the material. o cc = permissible stress in concrete.
 cbc = permissible compressive stress in concrete due to bending.
 sc = permissible compressive stress in bars.
 st = permissible stress in steel in tension.
 st = permissible tensile strss in shear reinforcement.
 sy = yield point compressive stress in steel.
 = co efficient of friction.

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 2. INTRODUCTION

A water tank is used to store water to tide over the daily requirement. In the construction of
concrete structure for the storage of water and other liquids the imperviousness of concrete is
most essential .The permeability of any uniform and thoroughly compacted concrete of given
mix proportions is mainly dependent on water cement ratio .The increase in water cement ratio
results in increase in the permeability .The decrease in water cement ratio will therefore be
desirable to decrease the permeability, but very much reduced water cement ratio may cause
compaction difficulties and prove to be harmful also. Design of liquid retaining structure has to
be based on the avoidance of cracking in the concrete having regard to its tensile
strength.Cracks can be prevented by avoiding the use of thick timber shuttering which prevent
the easy escape of heat of hydration from the concrete mass the risk of cracking can also be
minimized by reducing the restraints onfree expansion or contraction of the structure.
1. Objective:
1. To make a study about the analysis and design of water tanks.
2. To make a study about the guidelines for the design of liquid retaining Structure according
to IS code.
3. To know about the design philosophy for the safe and economical design of water tank.
4. To develop programs for the design of water tank of flexible base and rigid base and the
underground tank to avoid the tedious calculations.
5. In the end, the programs are validated with the results of manual calculation given in
concrete Structure and then analyzed by STAAD pro.
2.1 Sources of water supply:
The various sources of water can be classified into two categories:
Surface sources, such as
1. Ponds and lakes,
2. Streams and rivers,
3. Storage reservoirs, and
4. Oceans, generally not used for water supplies, at present.
Sub-surface sources or underground sources, such as
1. Springs,
2. Infiltration wells, and
3. Wells and Tube-wells.

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 3. WATER DEMAND

3.1 Water Quantity Estimation: The quantity of water required for municipal uses for which
the water supply scheme hasto be designed requires following data:Water consumption rate (Per
Capita Demand in litres per day per head)Population to be served.
Quantity= Per demand x Population
3.2 Water Consumption Rate: It is very difficult to precisely assess the quantity of water
demanded by the public, sincethere are many variable factors affecting water consumption. The
various types of waterdemands, which a city may have, may be broken into following class
Water Consumption for Various Purposes:
Types of Consumption Normal Range Average %
(lit/capita/day)

1 Domestic Consumption 65-300 160 35

Industrial and Commercial 45-450 135 30

2
Demand
3 Public including Fire Demand 20-90 45
10
Uses
4 Losses and Waste 45-150 62 25

3.3 Fire Fighting Demand: The per capita fire demand is very less on an average basis but
the rate at which the water is required is very large. The rate of fire demand is sometimes treated
as a function of population and is worked out from following empirical formulae:
Authority Formula (P in thousand) Q for 1 lakh
Population)
American Q(L/min)=4637P(1-0.01 41760
1
InsuranceAssociation OP)
2 Kuchling'sFormula Q(L/min)=3182 P 31800
3 Freeman'sFormula Q(L/min)=1136.5(P/5+10) 35050
4 Ministry Q(kilo liters/d)=100P for 31623
ofUrbanDevelopmentManual P>50000
Formula

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3.4 Factors affecting per capita demand:
• Size of the city: Per capita demand for big cities is generally large as compared tothat for
smaller towns as big cities have sewered houses.
• Presence of industries.
• Climatic conditions.
• Habits of economic status.
• Quality of water: If water is aesthetically $ people and their
. Medically safe, the consumption will increase as people will not resort to privatewells, etc.
• Pressure in the distribution system.
• Efficiency of water works administration:
Leaks in water mains and services;and un authorised use of water can be kept to a minimum
by surveys.
• Cost of water.
• Policy of metering and charging method: Water tax is charged in two different ways on the
basis of meter reading and on the basis of certain fixed monthly rate.
3.5 Fluctuations in Rate of Demand:
Average Daily Per Capita Demand = Quantity Required in 12 Months/ (365 x Population)
If this average demand is supplied at all the times, it will not be sufficient to meet the
fluctuations.
•Seasonal variation : The demand peaks during summer. Firebreak outs are generally more in
summer, increasing demand. So, there is seasonal variation
.• Daily variation depends on the activity. People draw out more water on Sundays and Festival
days, thus increasing demand on these days.
• Hourly variations are very important as they have a wide range. During active household
working hours i.e. from six to ten in the morning and four to eight in the evening, the bulk of the
daily requirement is taken. During other hours the requirement is negligible. Moreover, if a fire
breaks out, a huge quantity of water is required to be supplied during short duration,
necessitating the need for a maximum rate of hourly supply. So, an adequate quantity of water
must be available to meet the peak demand. To meet all the fluctuations, the supply pipes,
service reservoirs and distribution pipes must be properly proportioned. The water is supplied
by pumping directly and the pumps and distribution system must be designed to meet the peak
demand. The effect of monthly variation influences the design of storage reservoirs and the

6
hourly variations influences the design of pumps and service reservoirs. As the population
decreases, the fluctuation rate increases.
Maximum daily demand = 1.8 x average daily demand
Maximum hourly demand of maximum day i.e. Peak demand
= 1.5 x average hourly demand
= 1.5 x Maximum daily demand/24
= 1.5 x (1.8 x average daily demand)/24
= 2.7 x average daily demand/24
= 2.7 x annual average hourly demand

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 4.POPULATION FORECAST

4.1 Design Periods & Population Forecast:

This quantity should be worked out with due provision for the estimated requirements of the
future. The future period for which a provision is made in the water supply scheme is known as
the design period.
Design period is estimated based on the following:
• Useful life of the component, considering obsolescence, wear, tears, etc.
• Expandability aspect.
• Anticipated rate of growth of population, including industrial, commercial developments&
migration-immigration.
• Available resources.
• Performance of the system during initial period.
4.2 Population Forecasting Methods:
The various methods adopted for estimating future populations are given below. The particular
method to be adopted for a particular case or for a particular city depends largely on the factors
discussed in the methods, and the selection is left to the discretion and intelligence of the
designer.
1. Incremental Increase Method
2. Decreasing Rate of Growth Method
3. Simple Graphical Method
4. Comparative Graphical Method
5. Ratio Method
6. Logistic Curve Method
7. Arithmetic Increase Method
8. Geometric Increase Method

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 5.WATER TANKS

5.1 CLASSIFICATIONS:
Classification based on under three heads:
1. Tanks resting on ground
2. Elevated tanks supported on stagging
3. Underground tanks.
Classification based on shapes
 Circular tanks
 Rectangular tanks
 Spherical tanks
 Intze tanks
 Circular tanks with conical bottom

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 6. DESIGN REQUIREMENT OF CONCRETE (I. S. I)

In water retaining structure a dense impermeable concrete is required therefore, proportion of fine
and course aggregates to cement should be such as to give high quality concrete. Concrete mix
lesser than M20 is not used. The minimum quantity of cement in the concrete mix shall be not
less than 30 kN/m .The design of the concrete mix shall be such that the resultant concrete issue
efficiently impervious. Efficient compaction preferably by vibration is essential. The permeability
of the thoroughly compacted concrete is dependent on water cement ratio. Increase in water
cement ratio increases permeability, while concrete with low water cement ratio is difficult to
compact. Other causes of leakage in concrete are defects such as segregation and honey combing.
All joints should be made watertight as these are potential sources of leakage. Design of liquid
retaining structure is different from ordinary R.C.C. structures as it requires that concrete should
not crack and hence tensile stresses in concrete should be within permissible limits. A reinforced
concrete member of liquid retaining structure is designed on the usual principles ignoring tensile
resistance of concrete in bending. Additionally it should be ensured that tensile stress on the
liquid retaining ace of the equivalent concrete section does not exceed the permissible tensile
strength of concrete as given in table 1. For calculation purposes the cover is also taken into
concrete area. Cracking may be caused due to restraint to shrinkage, expansion and contraction of
concrete due to temperature or shrinkage and swelling due to moisture effects. Such restraint may
be caused by .
(i) The interaction between reinforcement and concrete during shrinkage due to drying.
(ii) The boundary conditions.
(iii) The differential conditions prevailing through the large thickness of massive concrete Use
of small size bars placed properly, leads to closer cracks but of smaller width. The risk of
cracking due to temperature and shrinkage effects may be minimized by limiting the changes in
moisture content and temperature to which the structure as a whole is subjected. The risk of
cracking can also be minimized by reducing the restraint on the free expansion of the structure
with long walls or slab founded at or below ground level, restraint can be minimized by the
provision of a sliding layer. This can be provided by founding the structure on a flat layer of
concrete with interposition of some material to break the bond and facilitate movement. Incase
length of structure is large it should be subdivided into suitable lengths separated by movement

10
joints, especially where sections are changed the movement joints should be provided. Where
structures have to store hot liquids, stresses caused by difference in temperature between inside
and outside of the reservoir should be taken into account.The coefficient of expansion due to
temperature change is taken as 11 x 10-6 /° C and coefficient of shrinkage may be taken as 450 x
10-6 for initial shrinkage and 200 x 10-6 for drying shrinkage.
6.1 JOINTS IN LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURES:
6.1.1 MOVEMENT JOINTS. There are three types of movement joints.
(i) Contraction Joint. It is a movement joint with deliberate discontinuity without initial gap
between the concrete on either side of the joint. The purpose of this joint is to accommodate
contraction of the concrete. The joint is shown in fig a.

Fig. a

A contraction joint may be either complete contraction joint or partial contraction joint. A
complete contraction joint is one in which both steel and concrete areinterrupted and a partial
contraction joint is one in which only the concrete is interrupted, the reinforcing steel running
through as shown in Fig.b

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 Fig (b)
(ii) Expansion Joint. It is a joint with complete discontinuity in both reinforcing steel and
concrete and it is to accommodate either expansion or contraction of the structure. A typical
expansion joint is shown in

Fig.(c)
This type of joint is provided between wall and floor in some cylindrical tank designs.

12
6.1.2 CONTRACTION JOINTS:
This type of joint is provided for convenience in construction. This type of joint requires the
provision of an initial gap between thead joining parts of a structure which by closing or opening
accommodates the expansion or contraction of the structure.

Fig (d)
(iii) Sliding Joint. It is a joint with complete discontinuity in both reinforcement and concrete
and with special provision to facilitate movement in plane of the joint. A typical joint is shown in
Fig. This type of joint is provided between wall and floor in some cylindrical tank designs.

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6.1.3 TEMPORARY JOINTS:
A gap is sometimes left temporarily between the concrete of adjoining parts of a structurewhich
after a suitable interval and before the structure is put to use, is filled with mortaror concrete
completely with suitable jointing materials. In the first case width of the gap should be sufficient
to allow the sidesto be prepared before filling.Figure (g)

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 7. GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS (I.S.I)

7.1Plain Concrete Structures:

Plain concrete member of reinforced concrete liquid retaining structure may be designed against
structural failure by allowing tension in plain concrete as per the permissible limits for tension in
bending. This will automatically take care of failure due to cracking. However, nominal
reinforcement shall be provided, for plain concrete structural members.
7.2. Permissible Stresses in Concrete:
(a) For resistance to cracking: For calculations relating to the resistance of members to
cracking, the permissible stresses in tension (direct and due to bending) and shear shall confirm to
the values specified in Table 1.The permissible tensile stresses due to bending apply to the face of
the member in contact with the liquid. In members less than 225mm 0 thick and in contact with
liquid on one side these permissible stresses in bending apply also to the face remote from the
liquid.
(b) For strength calculations: In strength calculations the permissible concrete stresses shall be
in accordance with Table 1. Where the calculated shear stress in concrete alone exceeds the
permissible value, reinforcement acting in conjunction with diagonal compression in the concrete
shall be provided to take the whole of the shear.
7.3 Permissible Stresses in Steel:
(a) For resistance to cracking. When steel and concrete are assumed to act together for
checking the tensile stress in concrete for avoidance of crack, the tensile stress in steel will be
limited by the requirement that the permissible tensile stress in the concrete is not exceeded so the
tensile stress in steel shall be equal to the product of modular ratio of steel and concrete, and the
corresponding allowable tensile stress in concrete.
(b) For strength calculations:
In strength calculations the permissible stress shall be as follows:
a) Tensile stress in member in direct tension 1000 kg/cm .
b) Tensile stress in member in bending on liquid retaining face of members or face away from
liquid for members less than 225mm thick 1000 kg/cm .
c) On face away from liquid for members 225mm or more in thickness 1250 kg/cm .
d) Tensile stress in shear reinforcement For members less than 225mm thickness 1000 kg/cm

15
for members 225mm or more in thickness 1250 kg/cm .
(v)Compressive stress in columns subjected to direct load 1250 kg/cm .
7.4 Stresses due to drying Shrinkage or Temperature Change:
(i) Stresses due to drying shrinkage or temperature change may be ignored provided that .
(a) The permissible stresses specified above in (ii) and (iii) are not otherwise exceeded.
(b) Adequate precautions are taken to avoid cracking of concrete during the construction period
and until the reservoir is put into use.
(c) Recommendation regarding joints given in article 8.3 and for suitable sliding layer beneath
the reservoir are complied with, or the reservoir is to be used only for the storage of water or
aqueous liquids at or near ambient temperature and the circumstances are such that the concrete
will never dry out.
(ii) Shrinkage stresses may however be required to be calculated in special cases, when
ashrinkage co-efficient of 300 x 10_6 may be assumed.
(iii) When the shrinkage stresses are allowed, the permissible stresses,tensile stresses to
concrete (direct and bending) as given in Table 1 may be increased by 33.33 per cent.
7.5 Floors:
(i) Provision of movement joints.
Movement joints should be provided as discussed in article 3.
(ii) Floors of tanks resting on ground.
If the tank is resting directly over ground, floor may be constructed of concrete with nominal
percentage of reinforcement provided that it is certain that the ground will carry the load without
appreciable subsidence in any part and that the concrete floor is cast in panels with sides not more
than 4.5m.with contraction or expansion joints between. In such cases a screed or concrete layer
less than 75mm thick shall first be placed on the ground and covered with a sliding layer of
bitumen paper or other suitable material to destroy the bond between the screed and floor
concrete. In normal circumstances the screed layer shall be of grade not weaker than M10,where
injurious soils or aggressive water are expected, the screed layer shall be of grade not weaker
than M15 and if necessary a sulphate resisting or other special cement should be used.
(iii) Floor of tanks resting on supports
(a) If the tank is supported on walls or other similar supports the floor slab shall be designed as

16
floor in buildings for bending moments due to water load and self weight.
(b) When the floor is rigidly connected to the walls (as is generally the case) the bending
moments at the junction between the walls and floors shall be taken into account in the design of
floor together with any direct forces transferred to the floor from the walls or from the floor to the
wall due to suspension of the floor from the wall. If the walls are non-monolithic with the floor
slab, such as in cases, where movement joints have been provided between the floor slabs and
walls, the floor shall be designed only for the vertical loads on the floor.
(c) In continuous T-beams and L-beams with ribs on the side remote from the liquid, the tension
in concrete on the liquid side at the face of the supports shall not exceed the permissible stresses
for controlling cracks in concrete. The width of the slab shall be determined in usual manner for
calculation of the resistance to cracking of T-beam, L beam sections at supports.
(d) The floor slab may be suitably tied to the walls by rods properly embedded in both the slab
and the walls. In such cases no separate beam (curved or straight) is necessary under the wall,
provided the wall of the tank itself is designed to act as a beam over the supports under it.
(e) Sometimes it may be economical to provide the floors of circular tanks, in the shape of
dome. In such cases the dome shall be designed for the vertical loads of the liquid over it and the
ratio of its rise to its diameter shall be so adjusted that the stresses in the dome are, as far as
possible, wholly compressive. The dome shall be supported at its bottom on the ring beam which
shall be designed for result of circumferential tension in addition to vertical loads.
7.6 Walls:
(i) Provision of joints
(a) Where it is desired to allow the walls to expand or contract separately from the floor, or to
prevent moments at the base of the wall owing to fixity to the floor, sliding joints may be
employed.
(b) The spacing of vertical movement joints should be as discussed in article 3.3 while the
majority of these joints may be of the partial or complete contraction type, sufficient joints of the
expansion type should be provided to satisfy the requirements given in article
(ii) Pressure on Walls.
(a) In liquid retaining structures with fixed or floating covers the gas pressure developed above
liquid surface shall be added to the liquid pressure.

17
(b) When the wall of liquid retaining structure is built in ground, or has earth embanked against
it, the effect of earth pressure shall be taken into account.
(iii) Walls or Tanks Rectangular or Polygonal in Plan.
While designing the walls of rectangular or polygonal concrete tanks, the following points should
be borne in mind.
(a) In plane walls, the liquid pressure is resisted by both vertical and horizontal bending
moments. An estimate should be made of the proportion of the pressure resisted by bending
moments in the vertical and horizontal planes. The direct horizontal tension caused by the direct
pull due to water pressure on the end walls, should be added to that resulting from horizontal
bending moments. On liquid retaining faces, the tensile stressesdue to the combination of direct
horizontal tension and bending action shall satisfy the following condition:
(t./t )+ ( o’c t . /o’ct )  1
t. = calculated direct tensile stress in concrete
t = permissible direct tensile stress in concrete (Table 1)
o 'c t = calculated tensile stress due to bending in concrete.
o 'c t = permissible tensile stress due to bending in concrete.
(c) At the vertical edges where the walls of a reservoir are rigidly joined, horizontal
reinforcement and haunch bars should be provided to resist the horizontal bending moments even
if the walls are designed to withstand the whole load as vertical beams or cantilever without
lateral supports.
(d) In the case of rectangular or polygonal tanks, the side walls act as two way slabs, where by
the wall is continued or restrained in the horizontal direction, fixed or hinged at the bottom and
hinged or free at the top. The walls thus act as thin plates subjected triangular loading and with
boundary conditions varying between full restraint and freeedge. The analysis of moment and
forces may be made on the basis of any recognized method.

18
(iv) Walls of Cylindrical Tanks.
While designing walls of cylindrical tanks the following points should be borne in mind:
(a) Walls of cylindrical tanks are either cast monolithically with the base or are set in grooves
and key ways (movement joints). In either case deformation of wall under influence of liquid
pressure is restricted at and above the base. Consequently, only part of the triangular hydrostatic
load will be carried by ring tension and part of the load at bottom will be supported by cantilever
action.
(b) It is difficult to restrict rotation or settlement of the base slab and it is advisable to provide
vertical reinforcement as if the walls were fully fixed at the base, in addition to the reinforcement
required to resist horizontal ring tension for hinged at base, conditions of walls, unless the
appropriate amount of fixity at the base is established by analysis with due consideration to the
dimensions of the base slab the type of joint between the wall and slab, and , where applicable,
the type of soil supporting the base slab.
7.7 Roofs
(i) Provision of Movement joints:
To avoid the possibility of sympathetic cracking it is important to ensure that movement joints in
the roof correspond with those in the walls, if roof and walls are monolithic. It, however,
provision is made by means of a sliding joint for movement between the roof and the wall
correspondence of joints is not so important.
(ii) Loading:
Field covers of liquid retaining structures should be designed for gravity loads, such as the weight
of roof slab, earth cover if any, live loads and mechanical equipment. They should also be
designed for upward load if the liquid retaining structure is subjected to internal gas pressure. A
superficial load sufficient to ensure safety with the unequalintensity of loading which occurs
during the placing of the earth cover should be allowed for in designing roo fs. The engineer
should specify a loading under these temporary conditions which should not be exceeded. In
designing the roof, allowance should be made for the temporary condition of some spans loaded
and other spans unloaded, even though in the final state the load may be small and evenly
distributed.
(iii) Water tightness: In case of tanks intended for the storage of water for domestic purpose,
the roof must be made water-tight. This may be achieved by limiting the stresses as for the rest of

19
the tank, or by the use of the covering of the water proof membrane or by providing slopes to
ensure adequate drainage.
(iv) Protection against corrosion: Protection measure shall be provided to the underside of the
roof to prevent it from corrosion due to condensation.
7.8 Minimum Reinforcement:
(a) The minimum reinforcement in walls, floors and roofs in each of two directions atright
angles shall have an area of 0.3 per cent of the concrete section in that direction for sections up to
100mm, thickness. For sections of thickness greater than 100mm, and less than 450mm the
minimum reinforcement in each of the two directions shall be linearly reduced from 0.3 percent
for 100mm thick section to 0.2 percent for 450mm, thicksections. For sections of thickness
greater than 450mm, minimum reinforcement in each of the two directions shall be kept at 0.2 per
cent. In concrete sections of thickness225mm or greater, two layers of reinforcement steel shall
be placed one near each face of the section to make up the minimum reinforcement.
(b) In special circumstances floor slabs may be constructed with percentage of reinforcement
less than specified above. In no case the percentage of reinforcement in any member be less than
0.15% of gross sectional area of the member.
7.9 Minimum Cover to Reinforcement:
(a) For liquid faces of parts of members either in contact with the liquid (such as inner faces or
roof slab) the minimum cover to all reinforcement should be 25mm or the diameter of the main
bar whichever is grater. In the presence of the sea water and soil sand water of corrosive
characters the cover should be increased by 12mm but this additional cover shall not be taken into
account for design calculations.
(b) For faces away from liquid and for parts of the structure neither in contact with the liquid on
any face, nor enclosing the space above the liquid, the cover shall be as for ordinary concrete
member.

20
 8. DOMES
A dome may be defined as a thin shell generated by the revolution of a regular curve about one of
its axes. The shape of the dome depends on the type of the curve and the direction of the axis of
revolution. In spherical and conoidal domes, surface is described by revolving an arc of a circle.
The centre of the circle may be on the axis of rotation (spherical dome) or outside the axis
(conoidal dome). Both types may or may not have as symmetrical lantern opening through the
top. The edge of the shell around its base is usually provided with edge member cast integrally
with the shell.
Domes are used in variety of structures, as in the roof of circular areas, in circular tanks, in
hangers, exhibition halls, auditoriums, planetorium and bottom of tanks, bins and bunkers.
Domes may be constructed of masonry, steel, timber and reinforced concrete. However,
reinforced domes are more common nowadays since they can be constructed over large spans
membrane theory for analysis of shells of revolution can be developed neglecting effect of
bending moment, twisting moment and shear and assuming that the loads are carried wholly by
axial stresses. This however applies at points of shell which are removed some distance away
from the discontinuous edge. At the edges, the results thus obtained maybe indicated but are not
accurate.
The edge member and the adjacent hoop of the shells must have very nearly the same strain when
they are cast integrally. The significance of this fact is usually ignored and the forces thus
computed are, therefore, subject to certain modifications. Stresses in shells are usually kept fairly
low, as effect of the edge disturbance, as mentioned above is usually neglected. The shell must be
thick enough to allow space and protection for two layers of reinforcement. From this point of
view 80 mm is considered as the minimum thickness of shell.

21
 9. MEMBRANE THEORY OF SHELLS OF
REVOLUTION
Fig shows a typical shell of revolution, on which equilibrium of an element, obtained by
intersection of meridian and latitude, is indicated. Forces along the circumference are denotted by
Nf and are called meridian stresses and forces at right angles to the meridian plane and along the
latitude are horizontal and called the hoop stresses, denoted by N .Neglecting variations in the
magnitudes of Nf and N , since they are very small the state of stress in the element is shown in
fig (b).

22
two forces N  (rd 0) have the resultant N  (rd  0d  as shown in Fig.(c) and the resultant acts
normal to the surface pointed towards the inner side. Forces N  (r1dp) again have horizontal
resultant of magnitude N  (r1 d  ) d  as shown in Fig (d). It has a component N  (r1d  ) d 
sin  directed normally to the shell and pointing towards the inner side. These two forces and the
external force normal to the surface and a magnitude Pr(rd  ) must bein equilibrium.
Thus, Nf (rd)df++N (r1df)dsinf +Pr(rd)(r1d )= 0
Combining and as r = r2 sinf from Fig. (a)
Nf /rl+N/r2 = -Pr = pressure normal to the surface In this equation pr is considered positive when
acting towards the inner side and negative when acting towards the outer side of the shell.Value
s and Nf and N will be positive when tensile and negative compressive.
The equation is valid not only for shells in thform of a surface of revolution, but may be apped to
allshells, when the coordinate lines for p= constant and 0 = constant, are the lines of curvature of
the surface.

Forces in shell Force Nf act tangentially to the surface a all around the circumference.
Considering thequilibrium of a segment of shell cut along the parallel to latitude defined by the
angle as shown in Fig

2prNf sin f + W= 0,

Where W= total load in the vertical direction on the surface of the shell above the cut.
This gives,
Nf = -W/2prsinf

Eq. is readily solved for Nr and N may then be determined by Eq. This theory is applicable to a
shell of any material as only the conditions of equilibrium have been applied and no compatibility
relationships in terms of deformation have been introduced. It is, therefore, immaterial whether
Hooke's law is applicable or not.

23
 10. WATER TANK WITH SPHERICAL BOTTOM

Referring to the tank in Fig.(a),supported along the circumference as shown,the magnitude of Na

may be obtained from consideration of equilibrium. If it is required to obtain Na at section 1 - 1
from calculation of the total downward load, there are two possibilities. The downward load may
be taken to be the weight of water and tank of the annular part i.e. W1 shown in Fig.(b)

Fig. Water tank with spherical bottom.

Alternatively, the downward load may be calculated from the weight of water and tank bottom of
the part i.e W2 less upward reaction of the support as shown in Fig. For section which cuts the
tank bottom inside the support, the reaction has to be considered with the weight of water and
tank of the annular part. Similar is the case with Intze reservoir as in Fig. (a), which combines a
truncated dome with a spherical segment. Pattern of the two forces Nft and Nf2 at point A are
shown in Fig
(b) To eliminate horizontal forces on the supporting ring girder, it is necessary that
Nftcos a1 = Nf2cos a2.

24
 11. DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE DOMES
The requirements of thickness of dome and reinforcement from the point of view of induced
stresses are usually very small. However, a minimum of 80 mm is provided so as to
accommodate two layers of steel with adequate cover. Similarly a minimu m of steel provided is
0.15% of the sectional area in each direction along the meridians as well as along the latitudes.
This reinforcement will be in addition to the requirements for hoop tensile stresses.

The reinforcement is provided in the middle of the thickness of the dome shell Near the edges
usually some ring beam is provided for taking the horizontal component of the meridian stress.
Some bending moment develops in the shell near the edges. As shown in Fig. it is normal to
thicken the shell near the edges and provide increased curvature. Reinforcements near the top as
well as near the bottom face of the shell are also provided. The size of the ring beam is obtained
on basis of the hoop tension developed in the ring due to the horizontal component of the
meridian stress. The concrete area is obtained so that the resulting tensile stress when concrete
alone is considered does not exceed 1.1N/mm to 1.70 N/mm for direct tension and 1.5 N/mm to
2.40 N/mm for tension due to bending in liquid resisting structure depending on the grade of
concrete.

Reinforcement for the hoop stress is also provided with the allowable stress in steel as 115 N/mm
(or 150N/mm ) in case of liquid retaining structures and 140 N/mm (or190 N/ mm ) in other
cases. The ring should be provided so that the central line of the shell passes through the centroid
of the ring beam. Reinforcement has to be provided in both the directions. If the reinforcement
along the meridians is continued upto the crown, there will be congestion of steel there. Hence,
from practical considerations, the reinforcement along the meridian is stopped below the crown
and a separate mesh, as shown in Fig (a), is provided. Alternatively, the arrangement of the bars
may be made as shown in plan in Fig (b)

In case of domes with lantern opening with concentrated load acting there, ring beam has to be
provided at the periphery of the opening. The edge beam there will, however, be subjected to
hoop compression in place of hoop tension.

25
Openings may be provided in the dome as required from other functional or architectural
requirements. However, reinforcement has to be provided all around theopening as shown in Fig.
(c). The meridian and hoop reinforcement reaching the opening should be well anchored to such
reinforcement.

The allowable stresss specified in IS 3370 for such tanks are as follows:
Type of stresses: Permissible stress in N/mm High yield strength Plain bars confirming to
deformed bars as per Grade-I of IS 432-1966. IS 1786-1966 or is 1139-1966. Tensile stress in
members under no table of contents entries found direct load.

Direct tensile stress in concrete a may be taken as 1.1 N/mm2, 1.2 N/mm2, 1.32 N/mm2, 1.5
N/mm2, 1.6 N/mm2 and 1.7 n/mm2 for M15, M20, MM25, M30, M35 and M40 respectively, the value
in tension due to bending i.e, being 1.5 N/mm2 , 1.7N/mm2, 1.82N/mm2, 2.0N/mm2,N/mm2 and
2.4N/mm2

26
When steel and concrete are assumed to act together for checking the tensile stress in concrete for
avoidance of cracks, the tensile streess in the steel will be limited by the requirements that the
stress as mentioned above should not be exceeded. The tensill stress in steel will be modular ratio
multiplied by the corresponding allowable tensile stress in concrete.

Stresses due to shrinkage or temperature change may be ignored if the permissible stresses in
concrete and steel are not exceeded and adequate precautions are taken to avoid cracking of
concrete during construction period, until the reservoir is put into use and if it is assured that the
concrete will never dry out. If it is required to calculate shrinkage stresses, a shrinkage strain of
300 x10-6 may be assumed.

1
When shrinkage stresses are considered, the permissible stresses may be increased by 33 %
3

When shrinkage stresses are considered it is necessary to check the thickness for no crack.

Minimum reinforcement of each of two directions at right angles shall have an areof 0.3% for
100 mm thick concrete to 0.2% for 450 mm thick concrete wall. In floor slabs, minimum
reinforcement to be provided is 0.15%. The minimum reinforcement as specified above may be
decreased by 20%), if high strength deformed bars are used.

Minimum cover to reinforcement on the liquid face is 25 mm or diameter of the bar, whichever is
larger and should be increased by 12 mm for tanks for sea water or liquid of corrosive character.

27
 12. OVERHEAD WATER TANKS AND TOWERS
Overhead water tanks of various shapes can be used as service reservoirs, as a balancing tank in
water supply schemes and for replenishing the tanks for various purposes. Reinforced concrete
water towers have distinct advantages as they are not affected by climatic changes, are leak proof,
provide greater rigidity and are adoptable for all shapes.
Components of a water tower consists of-
(a) Tank portion with
(1) Roof and roof beams (if any) (2) sidewalls
(3) Floor or bottom slab (4) floor beams, including circular girder
(6) Staging portion, consisting of (7) Columns
(8) Bracings and (9)Foundations
Types of water Tanks may be
(a) Square open or with cover at top
(b) Rectangular open or with cover at top
(b) Circular open or with cover at which may be flat or domed.
Among these the circular types are proposed for large capacities. Such circular tanks may have
flat floors or domical floors and these are supported on circular girder.
The most common type of circular tank is the one which is called an Intze Tank. In such cases, a
domed cover is provided at top with a cylindrical and conical wall at bottom. A ring beam will be
required to support the domed roof.A ring beam is also provided at the junction of the cylindrical
and conical walls.The conical wall and the tank floor are supported on a ring girder which is
supported on a number of columns.
Usually a domed floor is shown in fig a result of which the ring girder supported on the columns
will be relieved from the horizontal thrusts as the horizonal thrusts of the conical wall and the
domed floor act in opposite direction.
Sometimes, a vertical hollow shaft may be provided which may be supported on the domed floor.
The design of the tank will involve the following.
(1) The dome: at top usually 100 mm to 150 mm thick with reinforcement along themeridians
and latitudes. The rise is usually l/5th of the span.
(2) Ring beam supporting the dome: The ring beam is necessary to resist the horizontal
component of the thrust of the dome. The ring beam will be designed for the hoop tension

28
 induced.
(3) Cylindrical walls: This has to be designed for hoop tension caused due to horizontal water
pressure.
(4) Ring beam at the junction of the cylindrical walls and the conical wall: This ring beam is
provided to resist the horizontal component of the reaction of the conical wall on the
cylindrical wall. The ring beam will be designed for the induced hoop tension.
(5) Conical slab: This will be designed for hoop tension due to water pressure. The slab will
also be designed as a slab spanning between the ring beam at top and the ring girder at
bottom.
(6) Floor of the tank. The floor may be circular or domed. This slab is supported on the ring
girder.
(7) The ring girder: This will be designed to support the tank and its contents. The girder will
be supported on columns and should be designed for resulting bending moment and
Torsion.
(8) Columns: These are to be designed for the total load transferred to them. The columns will
be braced at intervals and have to be designed for wind pressure or seismic loads whichever
govern.
(9) Foundations: A combined footing is usually provided for all supporting columns. When this
is done it is usual to make the foundation consisting of a ring girder and a circular slab.
Suitable proportions for the Intze.
for case(1) suggested by Reynolds. Total volume ~0.585D
for case (2), the proportion was suggested by Grey and Total Volume is given by
2
V1  PD 4  H  0.39 D3 . for H  D / 2.

  D 2  d 2  d   0.102 D
p.h
V2 
12

V3 
ph1
6
 3r 2  h12   0.01D3

With h1= 3/25D and r = 0.0179D3

Volume V = 0.4693D3
Volume V = 0.493D3

29
 13. STUDY FOR GRIET CAMPUS

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology is located in Nizampet area of

kukatpally. Water statistics show that the groundwater is being depleted day by day and as well
as the demand especially in summer season. The campus is depending on both bore-well and
water tankers for its water need.
The GRIET campus is an emerging engineering college in the state hence in future there would
be more per capita demand for water in the coming years to come. The water consumption will be
increased at a greater rate if there is any introduction of residential hostels in the campus in years
to come. Because of power crisis, improper functioning and delay of water tankers and poor
availability of ground water in the surrounding area there would be huge crisis for water in the
campus.
So there is a need for proper storage and optimum utilization of water is needed for future use.
Hence construction of elevated Intze water tank at proper elevated area would be most preferable
to meet the future need of water demand.
13.1 Water analysis of GRIET campus:
GRIET campus utilizes both water from bore well and water tankers to meet its daily needs. On
an average the campus consumes about 16 water tankers of capacity 24000liters per week. It
converts some amount of water into drinking water from mineral water plant available at back of
Block-2.
Campus have major underground water tanks of capacities 1 lakh liters from where it is pumped
to all four blocks and to the mineral water plant. This tank is filled by both tankers and bore well
available at Ganges valley school. The water is pumped by two major pumps of capacities 7.5hp
and 5hp motors.
In addition to this every block have overhead water tanks separate for drinking water and using
water from where it is distributed all over the block to wash rooms and drinking water filters. The
capacities of tanks are shown from below table.

30
Population of GRIET As per IS code Institutional Total demand of water
per-capita demand

5000 56.5 liters 282500

Tanks present for storage Capacity of the tank(liters)

Main underground water storage tank 100000

Block-1 19000

Block-2 13000

Block-3 50000

Block-4 25000

31
Proposed site For Intze water tank

32
 14.DESIGN BY WORKING STRESS METHOD

1.Data
Capacity of Tank= 1 million litres = 750 m3
Height of support tower = 16 m
Number of columns = 8
Depth of foundations = 1 m below ground level
Materials M 20 grade concrete
Fe 415 grade HYSD bars
2. Permissible stresses
For calculations relating to resistance to cracking
σct = 1.2 N/mm2, σcb= 1.7 N/mm2 , σst=150N/mm2
For strength calculations, the stresses in concrete and steel are the same as those
recommended in clauses B-2.1 and B-2.2 of IS:456-2000.
σcc= 5N/mm2, m=13, Q=0.897, j=0.906, σcb =7N/mm2
(As per IS:3370(part-2)-1965, clause 3.3.1 and 3.4.2)

3. Dimensions of tank

33
Referring to Fig 5.8, let D= inside diametr of the tank.
Assuming the average depth = 0.75 D,
we have
𝜋𝐷2
( × 0.75𝐷)= 1000 m3
4
Therefore D = 12 m
Height of cylindrical portion of tank = 8 m
Depth of conical dome =2m
Diameter of the supporting tower =8m
Spacing of bracings =4m
The salient dimensions of the tank and staging are shown in Fig. 5.9.

34
4. Design of top dome
Thickness of dome slab t = 100 mm
Self weight of dome = (0.1 24) = 2.4 kN/m2
Live load = 1.5 kN/m2
Finishes = 0.1 kN/m2
Total load w = 4.0 kN/m2
If R = radius of the dome
D = diameter at base = 12 m
r = central rise[(1/6) × 12] =2m
(𝐷/2)2 + 𝑟 2 62 +22
R = ( 2𝑟 ) = ( 2×2 ) = 10 m
Semi-central angle cos θ= 8/10 = 0.8
Therefore θ = 36ο 50'
𝑤𝑅
Meridional thrust T1 = (1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )
4×10
= (1+0.8) = 22.22 kN/m
1
Circumferential force = wR (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )
1
= (4 × 10) (0.8 − 1.8)
= 10 kN/m
22.22×103
Meridional stress = ( 1000×100 )
= 0.22 N/mm2 < 5 N/mm2
10×103
Hoop stress = (1000×100 ) = 0.10 N/mm2 < 5 N/mm2
The stresses are with in same limits.
providing nominal reinforcements of 0.3%
Ast = (0.3×100×1000
100
) = 300 mm2
Provide 8 mm diameter bars at 160 mm c/c both circumferentially and meridionally.
5. Design of top ring beam
Hoop tension Ft = (𝑇1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝐷
2
)
22.22×0.8×12
=( 12
) = 106.6 kN
3
Ast = (106.6×10
150
) = 710 mm2
Provide 8 bars of 12 mm diameter ( Ast = 904 mm2)
If Ac = cross-sectional area of ring beam
106.6×103
( ) = 1.2
𝐴𝑐 +13×904
Therefore Ac = 77.082 mm2
Provide 300 mm × 300 mm top ring beam, with 8 bars of 12 mm diameter as main
reinforcement and 6 mm diameter stirrups at 200 mm c/c.

6. Design of cylindrical tank wall:

Maximum hoop tension at the base of the wall
Ft = (whD/2)
Where w= density of water= 10kN/m3
h= depth of water
Therefore Ft = ((10x8x12)/2)
=480kN/m

35
Tension reinforcement per meter height
Ast = ((480x10^3)/150)
=3200 mm^2
Provide 20mm diameter bars at 180mm c/c on each face (Ast=3492mm^2)
Tension reinforcement required at 2m below the top is
Ast= (3200x2/8)
=800mm^2
Provide 10mm diameter bars at 180mmc/c on each face. If t=thickness of side wall at bottom,
((480x10^3)/1000t+(13x3492))=1.2
Therefore t= 358mm.
Adopt 400 mm thick walls at the bottom, gradually reducing the thickness to 200mm at the top.
Distribution reinforcement required at the bottom is given by
 0.2  400 1000 
Ast     696mm
2

 115 
Provide 100mm diameter bars at 100 mm c/c on both faces
 0.2  200 1000 
At the top Ast     348mm
2

 115 
Provide 10mm diameter bars at 300 mm c/c on both faces. The details of reinforcements provide
in the cylindrical tank walls at differe3nt heights are shown in Table 5.1
Table 5.1 Details of reinforcements in water tank walls

Distance Main hoop steel Vertical distribution

From top each face steel, each face
(m) (mm c/c) (mm c/c)
0-2 10-180 10-300
2-4 16-200 10-250
4-8 20-180 10-180

7. Design of bottom ring beam:

Loads on ring beam

Load due to top dome = (meridional thrust x sin  ) = (22.22 x sin 360 50’) = 13.3 KN/m
Load due to top ring beam = (0.3 x 0.3 x 24 ) = 2.16 KN/m
 0.4  0.2 
Load due to cylindrical wall =    8  24  57.6kN / m
 2 
Self weight of ring beam (assuming a section 1.2 m x 0.6 m ) = (1.2 x 1.6x2.4) 17.28 kN/m
Therefore total vertical load V1 = 91 kN/m
Horizontal force H = V1 cot 
= 91 x cot 450) = 91 kN/m
Therefore tension due to vertical loads is given by
 HD   9112 
Hg      546 KN
 2   12 
Hoop tension due to water pressure

36
  whdD   10  8  0.6 12 
Hw      288kN
 2   2 
Therefore hoop tension = (Hg + Hw)
= (546 + 288) = 834 kN
 843 103 
Ast     5560mm
2

 150 
Provide 18 bars of 20mm diameter (Ast = 5562 mm2). Maximum tensile.
 834 103 
 
 1200  600   13  5652  
 834 103 
   1.05 N / mm  1.2 N / nm
2 2

 1200  600   13  5652  

Provide a ring beam 1200 mm wide and 600mm deep with 18 bars of 20mm diameter and 10mm
diameter stirrups at 180 mm c/c.
8. Design of conical dome:
 12  8 
Average diameter of conical dome =    10m
 2 
Average depth of water = (8+2/2) = 9 m
Weight of water above conical dome
 10  9  2 10  5655kN
Assuming 600 mm thick slab,
Self weight of slab =  10  2.83  0.6  24  5655kN
= 1280 kN
Load from top dome, top ring beam, cylindrical wall and bottom ring beam
=  12  91  34340kN
Therefore load at base of conical slab
=(565+1280+3430) = 10.36 kN
 10365 
Load/unit length V2    = 413kN/m
  8 
Meridional thrust
T  V2 cos ec  (413  cos ec 450 )
Meridional stress
 584 103 
 2
 = 0.973N/mm <5N/mm
2

 600 1000 
Therefore the stress is within safe limits
Hoop tension in the conical dome will remain maximum at the top of the conical dome slab since
diameter D is maximum at this section.

Hoop tension H = (p cosec  +qcot  )(D/2)

Water pressure p = (10x8)= 80 kN/m2
 = 450

37
D = 12 m
Therefore H = (80 cosec 450 + 14.4cot 450)(12/2) = 765 kN
 765 103 
Therefore Ast     150mm
2

 150 
Provide 25 mm diameter bars at 180mm c/c (Ast = 5470mm2)
 0.2  600 1000 
  1200mm
2
Distribution reinforcement = 
 100 
Provide 10mm diameter bars at 130mm c/c on both faces along the meridians.

Maximum tensile stress =

 765 103 
 600 1000   13  5470 
= 1.13 Nnm2 < 1.2N/nm2
Stress is within safe limits.

9. Design of bottom spherical dome:

Assume thickness of dome slab = 300 mm
Diameter at base D = 8m
Central rise r = (1/5x8) =1.6m
If r = Radius of the dome
(2R-r)r = (D/2)2
(2R-1.6)1.6 = 42
Therefore R = 5.8 m
Self weight of dome slab
 2   5.8 1.6  0.3 24  420kN
Volume of water above the dome
 2  5.82 1.6   42 
=   4 8  2   
2
  5.8  1.6 
 3 3 
3
= 440 m
Therefore weight of water = (400x10) = 4400 kN
Therefore load on dome = (420+4400) = 4820 kN
 4820 
Load/unit area w =  2 
 96kN / m2
  x 4 
 wR 
Meridional thrust T1 =  
 1  cos  
 4.2 
cos     0.724. Therefore   44.5
0

 5.8 
 96  5.8 
Therefore T1     323 kN / m
 1  0.724 
 323 103 
  107 N / mm
2
Meridional stress = 
 300  1000 
Stress is within safe limits.

38
  1 
Circumferential force = wR   cos  
 1  cos  

 96  5.8   0.724
1 
 = 80.1792kNm
 1.724 
 80.2kNm
 80.2 103 
  0.267 N / nm
2
Hoop stress = 
 300 1000 
Stress is within safe limits.
Provide nominal reinforcement of 0.2 %.
 0.2  3001000 
Ast    600mm
2

 100 
Provide 12 mm diameter bars at 150mm c/c circumferentially and meridionally.
10. Design of bottom circular girder
Thrust from conical dome T1=413 acting at an angle  = 450 to the horizontal
Net horizontal force on the ring beam
= (T1 cos   T2 cos  )
= [(413x0.707)-(357x0.713)] = 38 kN/m
Assuming the ring girder to be 600 mm and 1200mm deep.
 152 103  2
Hoop stress =   = 0.21N/mm
 600 x1200 
Stress is within safe limits.
Vertical load on ring beam
= [T1 sin   T2 sin  ]
[(413x0.707)_(357x0.70)]=542 kN/m
Total load w = (542+17.28) = 560 kN/m
Total design load on the ring girder
W   Dw  (  8  560)  14074kN
The circular girder is supported on 8 columns.
The moment coefficients for different numbers of columns as per Ramamrutham 18 are complied
in Table 5.2
Table 5.2 Moment coefficients in circular girders supported on columns
Number Negative Positive Maximum Angular Angle
of BM at BM at twisting distance between
Columns support centre moment for maximum the
of spans or forque torsion columns
 K1 K2 K3 0 0
4 0.0342 0.0176 0.0053 19 12 90
6 0.0142 0.0075 0.0015 12 44 60
8 0.0083 0.0041 0.0006 9 33 45
10 0.0054 0.0023 0.0003 7 30 36
12 0.0037 0.0014 0.0017 6 15 30

39
Using the moment coefficients given in Table 5.2
Maximum negative BM at support section
= (0.0083 WR) = (0.0083x14074x4) = 467 kNm
Maximum positive BM at mid-span section
= (0.0041WR)= (0.0041 x14074 x4) = 34 kNm
Shear force at support section.
 560  4   / 4 
V    880kN
 2 
Shear force the section of maximum torsion (at an angle of 9.50 from column support)
 560    4  9.5 
V   880    521kN
 180 
(a) Desig. Of support section

M = 467 kNm
V = 880 kN
467 106
Therefore d =  931mm
0.897  600
Adopt effective depth d= 1150 mm, cover = 50 mm
 467 106 
Ast     3008mm
2

 150  0.9 1150 

Is 456 Clause B 5-4
Provide 6 bars of 25 mm diameter (Ast = 2946 mm2)
 880 103 
Tv     1.27 N / mm
2

 600 1150 
 100 Ast   100  2946 
    0.426
 bd   600 1150 
From Table 1.3b, Tc = 0.27 N/mm2
Since Tc<Tv, shear reinforcement are required
 0.27  600 1150 
Shear borne by concrete   
 1000 
= 186kN
Balance shear = (880-186) = 694kN
Using 12 mm diameter 4 – legged stirrups, spacing
 150  4 113 1150 
Sv    = 112 mm
 694 103 
Adopt 12 mm diameter 4 legged stirrups at 110 mm c/c near supports
(b) Design of mid – span section
Maximum positive moment in the section
 231106 
  1488mm
2

 150  0.9 1150 
But minimum area of reinforcement in the section

40
 0.3  600 1200 
  2160mm
2

 100 
Provide 5 bars of 25 mm diameter at mid-span section and 4-legged stirrups of 10mm diameter at
300 mm c/c
(c ) Design of section subjected to maximum torsion
T = 34 kNm D = 120 mm
V = 521 kN b= 600 mm
M=0 d= 1150mm
 1  D / d  1  1200 / 600 
M1  T    34    60kNm
 1.7   1.7 
IS 456 – 2000, clause B-6.4.2
Therefore Me1   M  M1    0  60  60kNm
 60 106 
Ast     387mm
2

 150  0.9  1150 

But minimum area of tension reinforcement
 0.3  600 1200 
Ast     2160mm
2

 100 
IS: 456-2000, Clause B 6.3.1 =
Provide 5 bars of 25mm diameter (Ast = 2455 mm2) Equivalent shear V2 = (V+1.6(T/b)
 34 
  521  1.6    612kN
 0.6 
 Ve   612 10 
3
Tve        0.88 N / mm
2

 bd   600 1150 
 100 Ast   100  2455 
    0.32
 bd   600  1150 
From Table 1.3b, Tc = 0.24 N/nm2
Since Tv>Tc, shear reinforcements are required.
Using 12mm diameter 4 legged stirrups with the side covers of 25 mm and top and top and
bottom covers of 50 mm, spacing.
IS : 456-2000 Clause B6.4.3.
 Asv sv   4 11150 
Sv        188mm
 Tve  Tc  b   0.88  0.24)600 
Adopt 12 mm diameter 4 legged stirrups at 180mm c/c.

11. Design of column of supporting tower

The supporting tower comprises 8 equally spaced columns on a circle of 8m diameter.
Loads on columns
 14074 
Vertical load on each column =    1760kN
 9 
Self weight of column of height 16m and diameter 650mm

41
 
  0.65 16  24   127 kN
2

4 
Self weight of bracings (3 numbers at 4 m intervals,
  8 
(size 500 mm x 500 mm) =  3  0.5  0.5   24   57 kN
 8 
Total vertical load on each = (1760+127+57) = 1944kN
Wind forces on column
= (8_2/2)x0.7x1.5x12 = 114 kN
Wind force on conical dome
=(2x10x0.7x1.5) = 11kN
Wind force on five columns
= (5x0.65x16x0.7x1.5) = 55kN
Wind force on bracings
=(0.5x8x3x1.5) = 18 kN
Therefore total horizontal wind force
=(114+21+11+55+18) = 219 kN
Assuming contra flexure points at mid-height of columns and fixity at base due to raft
foundations, the moment at the base of the columns is computed as
 219  4 
M    438kNm
 2 
If M1 = moment at the base of the column due to wind loads
=(114x23)+(21x17)+(11x16)+(6x12)+(6x8)+(6x4) = 3299kNm
And V = reaction developed at the base of exterior columns
V
M1   M   r 2
r1
V  4  
2

3299  439   2  4   4 
2
 
4   2  
Therefore V= 179 kN
=(1944+179) = 2123 kN
Moment in each column at base = (438/8) = 55kNm
Axial load P = 2123kN
Bending moment M = 55kNm
Eccentricity e = (M/P) = (55x106/2123x103) = 25.9
Since eccentricity is small, direct stresses are predominant.
Using 8 bars of 32 mm diameter and lateral ties of 10mm diameter at 300mm c/c.
Asc 8  804  6432mm2
Equivalent area of composite section
  (650)2 
Ae    1.5 13  6432    0.45 106 mm2
 4 
Equivalent second moment of area of composite section

42
    3254    275  
2

le    
 1.5  13   2  804  275 2
  4  804   
 4    2  
= 13.48 x 109mm4
Direct compressive stress
 2123 103 
 tc1   6 
 4.71N / nm2
 0.45 10 
 55 106  325 
Bending stress =  tc1   9 
 1.32 N / nm2
 13.48  10 
Permissible streses in concrete are increased 33.33% while considering the wind effect.
1 1 
I.S. 456 – 2000, clause B – 41   cc  cb   1
  cc  cb 
Therefore
 4.71 1.32 
    0.84  1
 5 1.33 7 1.33 
Stress is within safe limits.
12. Design of bracings
Moment in brace = (2xmoment in column x 2 )
M = (2x55x 2 )
=156 kNm
Section of brace = 500 mm x 500mm
Therefore b = 500 mm, d = 450mm
Moment of resistnace of section
M1 = (0.897x500x4502) = 91x106 Nmm = 91 kNm
Balance moment M2 = (M-M1)
=(156-91)
= 65kNm
 91106 
Ast1     976mm
2

 230  0.9  450 

 65 106 
Ast 2     707mm
2

 230  450 
Ast  ( As1  As2  1683mm 2
Provide 4 bars of 25 mm diameter (Ast = 1964 mm2) at the top and bottom since wind direction
is reversible.
Length of brace L = (2x4xsin 22.50)=3.06m

43
  moment in brace 
Maximum shear force in brace=  
 1/ 2 length of brace 

 156 
=    102kN
 0.5  3.06 
 102 103 
= Ty    0.45 N / mm
2

 500  450 
 100 Ast   100  1964 
=     0.87
 bd   500  450 
IS: 456-2000 Clause B.5.4 and Table 23
From Table 1.3b.
Tc  0.37 N / nm 2
Since Ty > Tc, shear reinforcement are required, Shear borne by concrete
 0.37  500  450 
=    83kN
 1000 
Balance Shear = (102-83) = 19kN
Using 10mm diameter 2 – legged stirrups at 330 mm c/c
13. Design of foundations
A circular girder with a raft slab is provided the tower foundations
Total load on foundations = (1944xs8) = 15 552 kN
Self weight of foundations at 10%% = 1555kN
Total load = 17107 kN
SBC of soil at site = 250 kN/m2
Therefore area off foundation = (17107/250) = 68.4m2
If a raft slab with equal projection on either side of a circular ring beam is provided and if b =
width of raft slab, then
  8  b  68.4m
Therefore b= 2.72m
Adopt a raft slab of 5m inner diameter and 11m outer diameter (b=3m)
(a) Design of circular girder

Total load on circular girder W = 15 552 kN

 15552 
Load per metre on girder =    618.8kN / M
  8 
Referring to moment coefficients given in Table 5.2, the maximum moments in the circular girder
are computed.
Maximum negative moment at support = 0.0083 WR
=(0.0083 x 15 552 x 4) = 516 kNM
Maximum positive moment at mid-span = 0.041WR
= 0.0006WR = ( 0.0006x15 552 x 4) = 37.3kNm
Shear force at support section

44
  618.8  4   / 4) 
V    972kN
 2 
Shear force at section of maximum torsion
 618    4  9.5) 
V   972    562kN
 180 
The support section is designed for a maximum negative moment
M = 516 kNm and a shear force V = 972kN
Assuming the width of section b = 750 mm
 516 106 
  875mm
2
Effective depth d= 
 230  0.9  930 
Adopt d = 930 mm, overall depth D = 1000 mm and cover = 70 mm
 516 106 
Ast     1.39 N / nm
2

 750  930 
Provide 6 bars of 25 mm diameter (Ast = 2496 mm2)
 972 103 
Tv     1.39 N / nm
2

 750  930 
 100 Ast   100  2946 
=     0.42
 bd   750  930 
From Table 1.3b, Tc = 0.26N/nm2
Since Tv>Tc, shear reinforcements are required. Shear borne by concrete
 0.26  750  930 
   181kN
 1000 
Therefore balance shear = ( 972-181) = 791 kN
Using 12mm diameter 4 legged stirrups,
 230 113  930 
Sv    = 122 mm
 79110 
3

Adopt 120mm spacing for stirrups

Reinforcement required for mid-span section
 255 106 
Ast     1325mm
2

 230  0.9  930 

But minimum reinforcement is given by
 0.85bd   0.85  750  930 
Ast        1429mm
2
 f
 y   415 
Provide 3 bars of 25mm diameter at mid-span section. The section subjected to
maximum torsional moment and shear should be designed for the following forces:
T = 37.3kNm D = 1000mm
V = 562 kN b = 750 mm
M= 0 d= 930mm
IS: 456-2000 clause B-6.4.2.

45
  D/d 1  1000 / 750 
M 1  T 1    3.73    51kNm
 1.7   1.7
Therefore M e1   M  M1   (0  51)  51kNm
 51106 
Ast     265mm
2

 230  0.9  930 

Minimum area of reinforcement = 1429mm2
Provide 3 bars of 25 mm diameter (Ast = 1473mm2)
Equivalent shear
Ve  V  1.6 T / b    [562  1.6(37.3 / 0.75)]  641KN
IS : 456-2000 Clause B-6.3.1
 641103 
Tv     0.92 N / mm
2

 750  930 
 100 A   0.21 750  930 
    495kN
 bd   1000 

Using 12 mm diameter 4 – legged stirrups,

 4 113  230 
Spacing Sv     195mm
 0.092  0.21)750 
Adopt 12 min diameter 4-legged stirrups at 190 mm c/c
(b)Design of raft slab
Maximum projection of raft slab from face of column
 3  0.75 
 1.125m
 2 
 155.52 
Soil pressure =  2 2 
 206 kN / m2
 5.5  2.5 
Considering 1 m width of raft slab along the circular arc,
 206 1.12 
Maximum BM =    124.63kNm
 2 
124.63 106
d  373mm
0.897 1000
Provide 500 mm overall depth with an effective depth d = 450 mm to contain the shear
stresses with in permissible limits.
 124.6 106 
Ast     1205mm
2

 230  0.9  450 

Provide 25mm diameter bars at 200 mm c/c to reduce shear stress (Ast -2454 mm2)
 0.12  500 1000 
  600mm
2
Distribution reinforcement = 
 100 
Provide 12 mm diameter bars at 180mm c/c

46
Shear force at a section 450 mm from the face of the column is given by
IS : 456-2000 Table 23
V   206  0.651.00   134kN
 134 103 
Tv     0.29 N / mm
2

 1000  450 
 100 A   100  2454 
   0.545
 bd   1000  450 
From Table 1.3b, Tc = 0.31 N/mm2
Since Tv<Tc,shear stresses are within safe permissible limits.
The thickness of the footing is retained at 500 mm up to a distance of 500 mm from the
column face and thereafter gradually decreased to 250 mm at the edges. The details of
reinforcements in the various structural elements of the intze-type tank are shown in below
figures

47
Fig-14.1 Structural detailing of Intze tank

48
Fig-14.2 Reinforcement details of ring girder braces and columns

Fig-15.3 Reinforcement details of ring beam and raft slab

49
 15. DESIGN BY STAAD PRO

STAAD Pro features a state-of-the-art user interface, visualization tools, powerfull analysis and
design engines with advanced finite element and dynamic analysis capabilities. From model
generation, analysis and design to visualization and result verification, STAAD Pro is the
professional’s choice for steel, concrete, timber, aluminium and cold-formed steel design of low
and high-rise buildings, culverts, petrochemical plants, tunnels, bridges, piles and much more.
STAAD Pro consists of the following:
The STAAD Pro Graphical User Interface: It is used to generate the model, which can then be
analyzed using the STAAD engine. After analysis and design is completed, the GUI can also be
used to view the results graphically.
The STAAD analysis and design engine: It is a general-purpose calculation engine for structural
analysis and integrated Steel, Concrete, Timber and Aluminium design.
To start with we have solved some sample problems using STAAD Pro and checked the accuracy
of the results with manual calculations. The results were to satisfaction and were accurate. In the
initial phase of our project we have done calculations regarding loadings on buildings and also
considered seismic and wind loads.
Structural analysis comprises the set of physical laws and mathematics required to study and
predicts the behaviour of structures. Structural analysis can be viewed more abstractly as a
method to drive the engineering design process or prove the soundness of a design without a
dependence on directly testing it.
To perform an accurate analysis a structural engineer must determine such information as
structural loads, geometry, support conditions, and materials properties. The results of such an
analysis typically include support reactions, stresses and displacements. This information is then
compared to criteria that indicate the conditions of failure. Advanced structural analysis may
examine dynamic response, stability and non-linear behaviour.

The aim of design is the achievement of an acceptable probability that structures being designed
will perform satisfactorily during their intended life. With an appropriate degree of safety, they
should sustain all the loads and deformations of normal construction and use and have adequate
durability and adequate resistance to the effects of seismic and wind. Structure and structural

50
elements shall normally be designed by Limit State Method. Account should be taken of accepted
theories, experiment and experience and the need to design for durability. Design, including
design for durability, construction and use in service should be considered as a whole. The
realization of design objectives requires compliance with clearly defined standards for materials,
production, workmanship and also maintenance and use of structure in service.
15.1 Input Generation:
The GUI (or user) communicates with the STAAD analysis engine through the STD input file.
That input file is a text file consisting of a series of commands which are executed sequentially.
The commands contain either instructions or data pertaining to analysis and/or design. The
STAAD input file can be created through a text editor or the GUI Modeling facility. In general,
any text editor may be utilized to edit/create the STD input file. The GUI ModeLling facility
creates the input file through an interactive menu-driven graphics oriented procedure.

Figure 15.1 : STAAD input file

51
15.2 Types of Structures:
A STRUCTURE can be defined as an assemblage of elements. STAAD is capable of analyzing
and designing structures consisting of frame, plate/shell and solid elements. Almost any type of
structure can be analyzed by STAAD.
A SPACE structure, which is a three dimensional framed structure with loads applied in any
plane, is the most general.
A PLANE structure is bound by a global X-Y coordinate system with loads in the same plane.
A TRUSS structure consists of truss members which can have only axial member forces and no
bending in the members. A FLOOR structure is a two or three dimensional structure having no
horizontal (global X or Z) movement of the structure [FX, FZ & MY are restrained at every
joint]. The floor framing (in global X-Z plane) of a building is an ideal example of a FLOOR
structure. Columns can also be modeled with the floor in a FLOOR structure as long as the
structure has no horizontal loading. If there is any horizontal load, it must be analyzed as a
SPACE structure.

52
15.3 STAAD pro input command line:

The STAAD pro input command file for our Intze tank is as shown below:
STAAD SPACE
START JOB INFORMATION
ENGINEER DATE 01-Apr-15
END JOB INFORMATION
INPUT WIDTH 79
UNIT METER KN
JOINT COORDINATES
1 4 0 0; 2 2.82843 0 -2.82843; 3 2.44921e-016 0 -4; 4 -2.82843 0 -2.82843;
5 -4 0 -4.89843e-016; 6 -2.82843 0 2.82843; 7 -7.34764e-016 0 4;
8 2.82843 0 2.82843; 9 4 4 0; 10 2.82843 4 -2.82843; 11 2.44921e-016 4 -4;
12 -2.82843 4 -2.82843; 13 -4 4 -4.89843e-016; 14 -2.82843 4 2.82843;
15 -7.34764e-016 4 4; 16 2.82843 4 2.82843; 17 4 8 0; 18 2.82843 8 -2.82843;
19 2.44921e-016 8 -4; 20 -2.82843 8 -2.82843; 21 -4 8 -4.89843e-016;
22 -2.82843 8 2.82843; 23 -7.34764e-016 8 4; 24 2.82843 8 2.82843; 25 4 12 0;
26 2.82843 12 -2.82843; 27 2.44921e-016 12 -4; 28 -2.82843 12 -2.82843;
29 -4 12 -4.89843e-016; 30 -2.82843 12 2.82843; 31 -7.34764e-016 12 4;
32 2.82843 12 2.82843; 33 4 16 0; 34 2.82843 16 -2.82843;
35 2.44921e-016 16 -4; 36 -2.82843 16 -2.82843; 37 -4 16 -4.89843e-016;
38 -2.82843 16 2.82843; 39 -7.34764e-016 16 4; 40 2.82843 16 2.82843;
41 0 16.3609 3.58299; 42 2.53355 16.3609 2.53355;
43 3.58299 16.3609 2.19387e-016; 44 2.53355 16.3609 -2.53355;
45 4.38775e-016 16.3609 -3.58299; 46 -2.53355 16.3609 -2.53355;
47 -3.58299 16.3609 -6.58162e-016; 48 -2.53355 16.3609 2.53355;
49 0 16.6806 3.13357; 50 2.21577 16.6806 2.21577;
51 3.13357 16.6806 1.9187e-016; 52 2.21577 16.6806 -2.21577;
53 3.83739e-016 16.6806 -3.13357; 54 -2.21577 16.6806 -2.21577;
55 -3.13357 16.6806 -5.75609e-016; 56 -2.21577 16.6806 2.21577;
57 0 16.9562 2.65583; 58 1.87795 16.9562 1.87795;

53
59 2.65583 16.9562 1.62617e-016; 60 1.87795 16.9562 -1.87795;
61 3.25234e-016 16.9562 -2.65583; 62 -1.87795 16.9562 -1.87795;
63 -2.65583 16.9562 -4.87851e-016; 64 -1.87795 16.9562 1.87795;
65 0 17.1852 2.15407; 66 1.52315 17.1852 1.52315;
67 2.15407 17.1852 1.31894e-016; 68 1.52315 17.1852 -1.52315;
69 2.63788e-016 17.1852 -2.15407; 70 -1.52315 17.1852 -1.52315;
71 -2.15407 17.1852 -3.95682e-016; 72 -1.52315 17.1852 1.52315;
73 0 17.3654 1.63283; 74 1.15458 17.3654 1.15458;
75 1.63283 17.3654 9.99785e-017; 76 1.15458 17.3654 -1.15458;
77 1.99957e-016 17.3654 -1.63283; 78 -1.15458 17.3654 -1.15458;
79 -1.63283 17.3654 -2.99936e-016; 80 -1.15458 17.3654 1.15458;
81 0 17.4953 1.09682; 82 0.775571 17.4953 0.775571;
83 1.09682 17.4953 6.71589e-017; 84 0.775571 17.4953 -0.775571;
85 1.34318e-016 17.4953 -1.09682; 86 -0.775571 17.4953 -0.775571;
87 -1.09682 17.4953 -2.01477e-016; 88 -0.775571 17.4953 0.775571;
89 0 17.5738 0.550902; 90 0.389547 17.5738 0.389547;
91 0.550902 17.5738 3.37319e-017; 92 0.389547 17.5738 -0.389547;
93 6.74639e-017 17.5738 -0.550902; 94 -0.389547 17.5738 -0.389547;
95 -0.550902 17.5738 -1.01196e-016; 96 -0.389547 17.5738 0.389547; 97 0 17.6 0;
98 -4.25 16.25 0; 99 -3.0052 16.25 3.0052; 100 -2.60229e-016 16.25 4.25;
101 3.0052 16.25 3.0052; 102 4.25 16.25 5.20458e-016; 103 3.0052 16.25 -3.0052;
104 7.80687e-016 16.25 -4.25; 105 -3.0052 16.25 -3.0052; 106 -4.5 16.5 0;
107 -3.18198 16.5 3.18198; 108 -2.75536e-016 16.5 4.5;
109 3.18198 16.5 3.18198; 110 4.5 16.5 5.51073e-016; 111 3.18198 16.5 -3.18198;
112 8.26609e-016 16.5 -4.5; 113 -3.18198 16.5 -3.18198; 114 -4.75 16.75 0;
115 -3.35876 16.75 3.35876; 116 -2.90844e-016 16.75 4.75;
117 3.35876 16.75 3.35876; 118 4.75 16.75 5.81688e-016;
119 3.35876 16.75 -3.35876; 120 8.72532e-016 16.75 -4.75;
121 -3.35876 16.75 -3.35876; 122 -5 17 0; 123 -3.53553 17 3.53553;
124 -3.06152e-016 17 5; 125 3.53553 17 3.53553; 126 5 17 6.12303e-016;
127 3.53553 17 -3.53553; 128 9.18455e-016 17 -5; 129 -3.53553 17 -3.53553;

54
130 -5.25 17.25 0; 131 -3.71231 17.25 3.71231; 132 -3.21459e-016 17.25 5.25;
133 3.71231 17.25 3.71231; 134 5.25 17.25 6.42918e-016;
135 3.71231 17.25 -3.71231; 136 9.64378e-016 17.25 -5.25;
137 -3.71231 17.25 -3.71231; 138 -5.5 17.5 0; 139 -3.88909 17.5 3.88909;
140 -3.36767e-016 17.5 5.5; 141 3.88909 17.5 3.88909;
142 5.5 17.5 6.73533e-016; 143 3.88909 17.5 -3.88909;
144 1.0103e-015 17.5 -5.5; 145 -3.88909 17.5 -3.88909; 146 -5.75 17.75 0;
147 -4.06586 17.75 4.06586; 148 -3.52074e-016 17.75 5.75;
149 4.06586 17.75 4.06586; 150 5.75 17.75 7.04149e-016;
151 4.06586 17.75 -4.06586; 152 1.05622e-015 17.75 -5.75;
153 -4.06586 17.75 -4.06586; 154 -6 18 0; 155 -4.24264 18 4.24264;
156 -3.67382e-016 18 6; 157 4.24264 18 4.24264; 158 6 18 7.34764e-016;
159 4.24264 18 -4.24264; 160 1.10215e-015 18 -6; 161 -4.24264 18 -4.24264;
162 -6 26 0; 163 -4.24264 26 4.24264; 164 -3.67382e-016 26 6;
165 4.24264 26 4.24264; 166 6 26 7.34764e-016; 167 4.24264 26 -4.24264;
168 1.10215e-015 26 -6; 169 -4.24264 26 -4.24264; 170 0 26.4562 5.33779;
171 3.77439 26.4562 3.77439; 172 5.33779 26.4562 3.26835e-016;
173 3.77439 26.4562 -3.77439; 174 6.53669e-016 26.4562 -5.33779;
175 -3.77439 26.4562 -3.77439; 176 -5.33779 26.4562 -9.80504e-016;
177 -3.77439 26.4562 3.77439; 178 0 26.8578 4.64107;
179 3.28173 26.8578 3.28173; 180 4.64107 26.8578 2.84174e-016;
181 3.28173 26.8578 -3.28173; 182 5.68348e-016 26.8578 -4.64107;
183 -3.28173 26.8578 -3.28173; 184 -4.64107 26.8578 -8.52522e-016;
185 -3.28173 26.8578 3.28173; 186 0 27.2021 3.91433;
187 2.76785 27.2021 2.76785; 188 3.91433 27.2021 2.39676e-016;
189 2.76785 27.2021 -2.76785; 190 4.79351e-016 27.2021 -3.91433;
191 -2.76785 27.2021 -2.76785; 192 -3.91433 27.2021 -7.19027e-016;
193 -2.76785 27.2021 2.76785; 194 0 27.4868 3.16228;
195 2.23607 27.4868 2.23607; 196 3.16228 27.4868 1.93627e-016;
197 2.23607 27.4868 -2.23607; 198 3.87255e-016 27.4868 -3.16228;
199 -2.23607 27.4868 -2.23607; 200 -3.16228 27.4868 -5.80882e-016;

55
201 -2.23607 27.4868 2.23607; 202 0 27.7103 2.38978;
203 1.68983 27.7103 1.68983; 204 2.38978 27.7103 1.46327e-016;
205 1.68983 27.7103 -1.68983; 206 2.92654e-016 27.7103 -2.38978;
207 -1.68983 27.7103 -1.68983; 208 -2.38978 27.7103 -4.3898e-016;
209 -1.68983 27.7103 1.68983; 210 0 27.8709 1.60182;
211 1.13266 27.8709 1.13266; 212 1.60182 27.8709 9.80801e-017;
213 1.13266 27.8709 -1.13266; 214 1.9616e-016 27.8709 -1.60182;
215 -1.13266 27.8709 -1.13266; 216 -1.60182 27.8709 -2.9424e-016;
217 -1.13266 27.8709 1.13266; 218 0 27.9677 0.803509;
219 0.568167 27.9677 0.568167; 220 0.803509 27.9677 4.91991e-017;
221 0.568167 27.9677 -0.568167; 222 9.83983e-017 27.9677 -0.803509;
223 -0.568167 27.9677 -0.568167; 224 -0.803509 27.9677 -1.47597e-016;
225 -0.568167 27.9677 0.568167; 226 0 28 0;
MEMBER INCIDENCES
9 9 10; 10 10 11; 11 11 12; 12 12 13; 13 13 14; 14 14 15; 15 15 16; 16 16 9;
17 17 18; 18 18 19; 19 19 20; 20 20 21; 21 21 22; 22 22 23; 23 23 24; 24 24 17;
25 25 26; 26 26 27; 27 27 28; 28 28 29; 29 29 30; 30 30 31; 31 31 32; 32 32 25;
33 33 34; 34 34 35; 35 35 36; 36 36 37; 37 37 38; 38 38 39; 39 39 40; 40 40 33;
41 1 9; 42 2 10; 43 3 11; 44 4 12; 45 5 13; 46 6 14; 47 7 15; 48 8 16; 49 9 17;
50 10 18; 51 11 19; 52 12 20; 53 13 21; 54 14 22; 55 15 23; 56 16 24; 65 25 33;
66 26 34; 67 27 35; 68 28 36; 69 29 37; 70 30 38; 71 31 39; 72 32 40;
137 21 29; 138 20 28; 139 22 30; 140 19 27; 141 18 26; 142 31 23; 143 25 17;
144 32 24; 209 154 161; 210 161 160; 211 160 159; 212 159 158; 213 158 157;
214 157 156; 215 156 155; 216 155 154; 225 162 169; 226 169 168; 227 168 167;
228 167 166; 229 166 165; 230 165 164; 231 164 163; 232 163 162;
ELEMENT INCIDENCES SHELL
73 39 40 42 41; 74 40 33 43 42; 75 33 34 44 43; 76 34 35 45 44; 77 35 36 46 45;
78 36 37 47 46; 79 37 38 48 47; 80 38 39 41 48; 81 41 42 50 49; 82 42 43 51 50;
83 43 44 52 51; 84 44 45 53 52; 85 45 46 54 53; 86 46 47 55 54; 87 47 48 56 55;
88 48 41 49 56; 89 49 50 58 57; 90 50 51 59 58; 91 51 52 60 59; 92 52 53 61 60;
93 53 54 62 61; 94 54 55 63 62; 95 55 56 64 63; 96 56 49 57 64; 97 57 58 66 65;

56
98 58 59 67 66; 99 59 60 68 67; 100 60 61 69 68; 101 61 62 70 69;
102 62 63 71 70; 103 63 64 72 71; 104 64 57 65 72; 105 65 66 74 73;
106 66 67 75 74; 107 67 68 76 75; 108 68 69 77 76; 109 69 70 78 77;
110 70 71 79 78; 111 71 72 80 79; 112 72 65 73 80; 113 73 74 82 81;
114 74 75 83 82; 115 75 76 84 83; 116 76 77 85 84; 117 77 78 86 85;
118 78 79 87 86; 119 79 80 88 87; 120 80 73 81 88; 121 81 82 90 89;
122 82 83 91 90; 123 83 84 92 91; 124 84 85 93 92; 125 85 86 94 93;
126 86 87 95 94; 127 87 88 96 95; 128 88 81 89 96; 129 89 90 97; 130 90 91 97;
131 91 92 97; 132 92 93 97; 133 93 94 97; 134 94 95 97; 135 95 96 97;
136 96 89 97; 145 37 38 99 98; 146 38 39 100 99; 147 39 40 101 100;
148 40 33 102 101; 149 33 34 103 102; 150 34 35 104 103; 151 35 36 105 104;
152 36 37 98 105; 153 98 99 107 106; 154 99 100 108 107; 155 100 101 109 108;
156 101 102 110 109; 157 102 103 111 110; 158 103 104 112 111;
159 104 105 113 112; 160 105 98 106 113; 161 106 107 115 114;
162 107 108 116 115; 163 108 109 117 116; 164 109 110 118 117;
165 110 111 119 118; 166 111 112 120 119; 167 112 113 121 120;
168 113 106 114 121; 169 114 115 123 122; 170 115 116 124 123;
171 116 117 125 124; 172 117 118 126 125; 173 118 119 127 126;
174 119 120 128 127; 175 120 121 129 128; 176 121 114 122 129;
177 122 123 131 130; 178 123 124 132 131; 179 124 125 133 132;
180 125 126 134 133; 181 126 127 135 134; 182 127 128 136 135;
183 128 129 137 136; 184 129 122 130 137; 185 130 131 139 138;
186 131 132 140 139; 187 132 133 141 140; 188 133 134 142 141;
189 134 135 143 142; 190 135 136 144 143; 191 136 137 145 144;
192 137 130 138 145; 193 138 139 147 146; 194 139 140 148 147;
195 140 141 149 148; 196 141 142 150 149; 197 142 143 151 150;
198 143 144 152 151; 199 144 145 153 152; 200 145 138 146 153;
201 146 147 155 154; 202 147 148 156 155; 203 148 149 157 156;
204 149 150 158 157; 205 150 151 159 158; 206 151 152 160 159;
207 152 153 161 160; 208 153 146 154 161; 233 168 169 161 160;
234 169 162 154 161; 235 162 163 155 154; 236 163 164 156 155;

57
237 164 165 157 156; 238 165 166 158 157; 239 166 167 159 158;
240 167 168 160 159; 241 164 165 171 170; 242 165 166 172 171;
243 166 167 173 172; 244 167 168 174 173; 245 168 169 175 174;
246 169 162 176 175; 247 162 163 177 176; 248 163 164 170 177;
249 170 171 179 178; 250 171 172 180 179; 251 172 173 181 180;
252 173 174 182 181; 253 174 175 183 182; 254 175 176 184 183;
255 176 177 185 184; 256 177 170 178 185; 257 178 179 187 186;
258 179 180 188 187; 259 180 181 189 188; 260 181 182 190 189;
261 182 183 191 190; 262 183 184 192 191; 263 184 185 193 192;
264 185 178 186 193; 265 186 187 195 194; 266 187 188 196 195;
267 188 189 197 196; 268 189 190 198 197; 269 190 191 199 198;
270 191 192 200 199; 271 192 193 201 200; 272 193 186 194 201;
273 194 195 203 202; 274 195 196 204 203; 275 196 197 205 204;
276 197 198 206 205; 277 198 199 207 206; 278 199 200 208 207;
279 200 201 209 208; 280 201 194 202 209; 281 202 203 211 210;
282 203 204 212 211; 283 204 205 213 212; 284 205 206 214 213;
285 206 207 215 214; 286 207 208 216 215; 287 208 209 217 216;
288 209 202 210 217; 289 210 211 219 218; 290 211 212 220 219;
291 212 213 221 220; 292 213 214 222 221; 293 214 215 223 222;
294 215 216 224 223; 295 216 217 225 224; 296 217 210 218 225; 297 218 219 226;
298 219 220 226; 299 220 221 226; 300 221 222 226; 301 222 223 226;
302 223 224 226; 303 224 225 226; 304 225 218 226;
ELEMENT PROPERTY
241 TO 304 THICKNESS 0.1
233 TO 240 THICKNESS 0.4
145 TO 208 THICKNESS 0.6
73 TO 136 THICKNESS 0.6
DEFINE MATERIAL START
ISOTROPIC CONCRETE
E 2.17185e+007
POISSON 0.17

58
DENSITY 23.5616
ALPHA 1e-005
DAMP 0.05
TYPE CONCRETE
STRENGTH FCU 27579
END DEFINE MATERIAL
MEMBER PROPERTY AMERICAN
225 TO 232 PRIS YD 0.3 ZD 0.3
209 TO 216 PRIS YD 0.6 ZD 1.2
33 TO 40 PRIS YD 1.2 ZD 0.6
41 TO 56 65 TO 72 137 TO 144 PRIS YD 0.65
9 TO 32 PRIS YD 0.5 ZD 0.5
CONSTANTS
MATERIAL CONCRETE ALL
SUPPORTS
1 TO 8 FIXED
DEFINE WIND LOAD
TYPE 1 WIND 1
INT 1.5 HEIG 28
EXP 1 JOINT 1 TO 226
LOAD 1 LOADTYPE Dead TITLE DL
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
ELEMENT LOAD
145 TO 208 PR 14.4
73 TO 133 135 136 PR -96
236 TRAP JT -0.00499725 -0.00499725 -80 -80
237 TRAP JT -0.00499725 -0.00499725 -80 -80
238 TRAP JT -0.00499725 -0.00499725 -80 -80
233 TRAP JT -0.00499725 -0.00499725 -80 -80
239 TRAP JT -0.00499725 -0.00499725 -80 -80
240 TRAP JT -0.00499725 -0.00499725 -80 -80

59
234 TRAP JT -0.00499725 -0.00499725 -80 -80
235 TRAP JT -0.00499725 -0.00499725 -80 -80
LOAD 2 LOADTYPE Live TITLE LL
ELEMENT LOAD
241 TO 304 PR -0.2
LOAD 3 LOADTYPE Wind TITLE WL X+
WIND LOAD X 1 TYPE 1
LOAD 4 LOADTYPE Wind TITLE WL X-
WIND LOAD X -1 TYPE 1
LOAD 5 LOADTYPE Wind TITLE WL Z+
WIND LOAD Z 1 TYPE 1
LOAD 6 LOADTYPE Wind TITLE WL Z-
WIND LOAD Z -1 TYPE 1
LOAD COMB 7 1.5(DL+LL+WLX+)
1 1.5 2 1.5 3 1.5
LOAD COMB 8 1.5(DL+LL+WLZ+)
1 1.5 2 1.5 5 1.5
LOAD COMB 9 1.2(DL+LL-X-)
1 1.2 2 1.2 4 -1.2
LOAD COMB 10 1.2(DL+LL-Z-)
1 1.2 2 1.2 6 -1.2
PERFORM ANALYSIS
START CONCRETE DESIGN
CODE INDIAN
FC 20000 ALL
FYMAIN 415000 ALL
DESIGN BEAM 9 TO 40 209 TO 216 225 TO 232
DESIGN COLUMN 41 TO 56 65 TO 72 137 TO 144
DESIGN ELEMENT 73 TO 136 145 TO 208 233 TO 304
CONCRETE TAKE
END CONCRETE DESIGN
PERFORM ANALYSIS
FINISH

60
Fig 15.3 Geometry of Intze tank

61
 Fig-15.4 Dead load on Intze tank

Fig 15.5 Live load acting on the tank

15.4 Analysis and design results:

1. Top Ring beam:

LENGTH: 4592.2 mm SIZE: 300.0 mm X 300.0 mm COVER: 25.0 mm

SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA (Sq.mm)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION 0.0 mm 1148.1 mm 2296.1 mm 3444.2 mm 4592.2 mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 165.29 165.29 165.29 165.29 165.29
REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

BOTTOM 165.29 165.29 165.29 165.29 165.29

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

62
 SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION 0.0 mm 1148.1 mm 2296.1 mm 3444.2 mm 4592.2 mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 3-12í 3-12í 3-12í 3-12í 3-12í
REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

BOTTOM 3-12í 3-12í 3-12í 3-12í 3-12í

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

SHEAR 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í

REINF. @ 120 mm c/c @ 120 mm c/c @ 120 mm c/c @ 120 mm c/c @ 120 mm c/c

63
2. Bottom ring beam:
LENGTH: 4592.2 mm SIZE: 1200.0 mm X 600.0 mm COVER: 25.0 mm

SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA (Sq.mm)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION 0.0 mm 1148.1 mm 2296.1 mm 3444.2 mm 4592.2 mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 1393.59 1393.59 1393.59 1393.59 1393.59
REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

BOTTOM 1393.59 1393.59 1393.59 1393.59 1393.59

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

64
 SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION 0.0 mm 1148.1 mm 2296.1 mm 3444.2 mm 4592.2 mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 7-16í 7-16í 7-16í 7-16í 7-16í
REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

BOTTOM 7-16í 7-16í 7-16í 7-16í 7-16í

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

SHEAR 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í

REINF. @ 70 mm c/c @ 70 mm c/c @ 70 mm c/c @ 70 mm c/c @ 70 mm c/c

65
4. Bottom Ring girder:
LENGTH: 3061.5 mm SIZE: 600.0 mm X 1200.0 mm COVER: 25.0 mm
SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA (Sq.mm)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION 0.0 mm 765.4 mm 1530.7 mm 2296.1 mm 3061.5 mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 1436.60 1436.60 1436.60 1436.60 1436.60
REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

BOTTOM 1436.60 1436.60 1436.60 1436.60 1436.60

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

66
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION 0.0 mm 765.4 mm 1530.7 mm 2296.1 mm 3061.5 mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 13-12í 13-12í 13-12í 13-12í 13-12í
REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

BOTTOM 13-12í 13-12í 13-12í 13-12í 13-12í

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

SHEAR 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í

REINF. @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.Design of column:
LENGTH: 4000.0 mm CROSS SECTION: 650.0 mm dia. COVER: 40.0 mm
** GUIDING LOAD CASE: 4 END JOINT: 1 TENSION COLUMN
REQD. STEEL AREA : 2654.65 Sq.mm.
REQD. CONCRETE AREA: 329176.06 Sq.mm.
MAIN REINFORCEMENT : Provide 24 - 12 dia. (0.82%, 2714.34 Sq.mm.)
(Equally distributed)
TIE REINFORCEMENT : Provide 8 mm dia. circular ties @ 190 mm c/c

SECTION CAPACITY BASED ON REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED (KNS-MET)

----------------------------------------------------------
Puz : 3788.84 Muz1 : 216.07 Muy1 : 216.07

INTERACTION RATIO: 0.29 (as per Cl. 39.6, IS456:2000)

67
5. Bracing Design:
LENGTH: 3061.5 mm SIZE: 500.0 mm X 500.0 mm COVER: 25.0 mm
SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA (Sq.mm)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION 0.0 mm 765.4 mm 1530.7 mm 2296.1 mm 3061.5 mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 481.33 481.33 481.33 481.33 481.33
REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

BOTTOM 481.33 481.33 481.33 481.33 481.33

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

68
 SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION 0.0 mm 765.4 mm 1530.7 mm 2296.1 mm 3061.5 mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 7-10í 7-10í 7-10í 7-10í 7-10í
REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

BOTTOM 7-10í 7-10í 7-10í 7-10í 7-10í

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

SHEAR 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í

REINF. @ 180 mm c/c @ 180 mm c/c @ 180 mm c/c @ 180 mm c/c @ 180 mm c/c

69
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE = 119.8 CU.METER

BAR DIA WEIGHT

(in mm) (in Newton)
-------- --------
8 19026
10 5702
12 34746
16 7963
------------
TOTAL= 67437

70
 16. CONCLUSION

Storage of water in the form of tanks for drinking and washing purposes, swimming pools for
exercise and enjoyment, and sewage sedimentat ion tanks are gaining increasing importance in
the present day life. For small capacit ies we go for rectangular water tanks while for bigger
capacit ies we provide circular water tanks.
Design of water tank is a very tedious method. Without power also we canconsume water by
gravitat ional force. Intze tank is constructed to minimize the project cost why because lower
dome inthis construct ion resists the horizontal thrust
On comparing the results obtained from both manual and STAAD design the most economical
design is obtained from Manual calculation by working stress method rather than STAAD
analysis for given loading conditions. The reinforcement detailing and design shown by Manual
analysis are much economical and safer when compared to the obtained values of design by
STAAD analysis. Hence manual design of Intze tank is preferred for given capacity for GRIET
campus.

71
 17. REFERENCES

 A parametric study of an Intze type of tank paper given in international conf of

structural and civil engineering by M.K. Sharma, Z. Ahmed, P. Bhardwaj and
S.Choudhury.
 Design of Intze Tank in Perspective of Revision of IS: 3370 by Ranjit Singh Lodhi,
Dr. Abhay Sharma, Dr. Vivek Garg (International Journal of Scientific Engineering and
Technology Volume No.3 Issue No.9, pp : 1193-1197).
 Some aspects in analysis of Intze type water tank by I. Rajendran.
 Structural Design and Drawing reinforced concrete and steel by N.Krishna Raju.
 IS-456:2000 for design of concrete
 IS-3370- 1965 for design of water retaining concrete structures

72