Heat transport

 Fouier’s law of heat conduction (molecular energy

transport)
 Heat Conduction with an Electrical Heat Source
 Heat Conduction with a Viscous Heat Source
 Heat Conduction with a Viscous Heat Source
 Forced convection
 Free convection
Heat conduction in fluids can be thought as:
 Molecular energy transport (motion of the
constituent molecules)
 Convective energy transport (depends on the
density of the fluid)
 Diffusive energy transport
 Radiative energy transport
Consider a slab of solid material of area A located between
two large parallel plates a distance Y apart. For time t < 0
the solid material is at a temperature T0 thoughout. At t = 0
the lower plate is suddenly brought to a slightly higher
temperature T1 and maintained at the temperature. As time
prroceeds, the temperature profile in the slab changes, and
ultimately a linear stedy – state condition has been reached,
a constant rate of heat flow Q throught the slab is required
to maintain the temperature difference ∆T = T1 - T0 It is
found then that for sufficiently small values of ∆T the
following relation holds:

This is, the rate of heat flow per unit area is proportional
to the temperature decrease over the distance Y. The
constant of proportionality k is the thermal conductivity of
the slab.
Fourier’s law of heat
conduction define that the
heat flux by condution is
propotional to the
temperature gradient
If temperature varies in all three directions, then we can write an eguation:

Three-dimensional for of Fourier’s law Three-dimensional for of Fourier’s law

for molecular transport of heat in for molecular transport of heat in
isotropic media anisotropic media

κ is a symmetric second-order
tensor called thermal conductiviy
tensor.
In accordance with the First Law of Thermodynamics, written for an open
system at steady-state conditions, we write:

rate of rate of
rate of rate of
energy in energy out
energy in energy out
by by
by molecular by molecular
convective convective
transport transport
transport transport

rate of rate of
rate of
work done work done rate of
work done
on system by system energy 0
on system
by by production
by external
molecular molecular
forces
transport transport
The energy production term includes:
• the degradation of electrical energy into heat,
• the heat produced by slowing down of neutrons and nuclear fragments liberated in the fission
process,
• the heat produced by viscous dissipation,
• the heat produced in chemical reactions.
The commonest types of boundary conditions are:
Conduction – mechanism of internal energy exchange form one body to
another, by the exchange of kinetic energy of motion of the molecules by
direct communication or by the drift of free electrons.
Conduction in wire (conversion from eletrical
energy to thermal energy)

Rate of heat in across cylindrical surface at r

Rate of heat out across cylindrical surface at r +
Δr Terms of Heat Balance
Rate of thermal energy production
by electrical dissipation
The Heat Balance:

Conduction term Heat production term

After integrate, we get:

Hence the final expression for the heat flux distribution is:
The integration constant is determined from:
 L

Transformation form kinetic energy to thermal energy.

Heat Balance:

Conduction term Generation term

Dividing by WLΔx and letting the shell thickness Δx go to zero then gives:
When previous equation is integrated we get:

The two integration constants are determined from the boundary

conditions:

This yields finally, for Tb ≠ T0: