PHYSICS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES

ECTROMAGNETIC FIELD AND CHARGED

PARTICLE # 2
12 JANUARY-2018
BITS PILANI HYDRABAD CAMPUS ASRARUL HAQUE
ECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
AND
CHARGED PARTICLE
 THE ECTROMAGNETIC FIELD AND ITS INTERACTION
WITH CHARGED PARTICLE

Maxwell equations:
B  E  
 E   (1)   B  0  j   0  (2) .E  (3) .B  0 (4)
t  t  0
A(r , t )
E   (r , t )  (4) B    A(r , t ) (5)
t

      (7)
t (Gauge Transformation)
A  A  A   (8)

A  A 
E  E       (  )   E
t t t t
B  B    A    A      B
ASRARUL HAQUE PHYSICS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES 2017
 WAVE EQUATION

E B   (r , t ) A(r , t )

 . A 
.E  2
 (9)
0 t 0

 E  1  2
A  1  
  B  0  j   0   A  2 2    . A  2     0 j (10)
2

 t  c t  c t 

ASRARUL HAQUE PHYSICS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES 2017

 WAVE EQUATION IN COULOMB GAUGE

Coulomb Gauge: . A  0 /   0. In static Coulomb field:


 (r , t ) =  (r ) and  0.
. A  t
2
   =0
t 0

1  2
A  1  
 A  2 2    . A  2     0 j
2

c t  c t 

1  2
A
  A 2 2  0
2

c t
ASRARUL HAQUE PHYSICS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES 2017
 WAVE EQUATION IN COULOMB GAUGE
1  2
A
 A 2 2  0
2
(11)
c t
Plane wave solution

A(r , t )  A0 ( )ˆ cos(k .r  t    ) (12)

A general pulse of radiation

can be described by 
representing a vector A(r , t )  ˆ  A0 ( ) cos(k .r  t    )d  (2.1)
potential A(r , t ) as a 0

superposition of plane waves

of the form (12).

ASRARUL HAQUE PHYSICS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES 2017

 WAVE EQUATION IN COULOMB GAUGE

We have:

0  . A(r , t )  k .ˆ  0 (13) A(r , t )  A0 ( )ˆ cos(k .r  t    ) (12)

E  E0 ( )ˆ sin(k .r  t    ) (14)

E0 ( )
B (k  ˆ ) sin(k .r  t    ) (15)


k .E  0  k .B E.B  0

E , B and k are mutually perpendicular.

ASRARUL HAQUE PHYSICS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES 2017
CHARGED PARTICLES IN
ECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
 CHARGED PARTICLES IN ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD

The Hamiltonian of a charged particle q and mass m in an

electromagnetic field is

1
 
2
H p  qA  q (2.2)
2m

We have:

H
1 2
2m
p 
q
2m

p. A  A. p 
q 2
2m
A  q 
 
2
q q 2
  i
2
. A  A.  A  q (2.3)
2m 2m 2m
 p  i  
ASRARUL HAQUE PHYSICS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES 2017
 CHARGED PARTICLES IN ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD

The time dependent Schrodinger equation is


i  (r , t )  H (r , t )
t
 
 
2
q q 2
   i2
. A  A.  A  q  (r , t ) (2.4)
 2m 2m 2m 

This Schrodinger equation remain unchanged under the following gauge

transformations:

    (2.5)
t
A  A   (2.6)
iq  ( r ,t )
 (r , t )   (r , t )e (2.7)
ASRARUL HAQUE PHYSICS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES 2017
 CHARGED PARTICLES IN ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD

  
 
2
q q 2
i  (r , t )     i
2
. A  A.  A  q  (r , t ) (2.4)
t  2m 2m 2m 

Gauge Transformations:

    (2.5)
t
A  A   (2.6)
iq  ( r ,t )
 (r , t )   (r , t )e (2.7)

   (H.W.)
 
2
q q
i  (r , t )    2  i . A  A.  A2  q  (r , t ) (2.8)
t  2m 2m 2m 
ASRARUL HAQUE PHYSICS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES 2017
 CHARGED PARTICLES IN ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD

  
 
2
q q 2
i  (r , t )     i
2
. A  A.  A  q  (r , t ) (2.4)
t  2m 2m 2m 

In Coulomb Gauge: . A  0.

  2
q q 2 
i  (r , t )     i
2
A.  A  q  (r , t ) (2.9)
t  2m 2m 2m 

ASRARUL HAQUE PHYSICS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES 2017

 SCHRODINGER EQUATION FOR A ONE ELECTRON ATOM

 
Hydrogenic Atoms (One electron atoms/ions): H , He , Li ,...

The time dependent Schrodinger equation for a one electron atom in electro-
magnetic field is

i  (r , t )  H (t ) (r , t )
t
Where,
2
q q 2
H (t )    i2
A.  A  q
2m 2m 2m
2 2 2
e e Ze
 2  i A.  A2  (2.10)
2m m 2m 4 0 r
For electron q = - e.
ASRARUL HAQUE PHYSICS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES 2017
 SCHRODINGER EQUATION FOR A ONE ELECTRON ATOM
2 2 2
e e Ze
H (t )   2  i A.  A2  (2.10)
2m m 2m 4 0 r
We may write:
2 2 2
Ze e e
H (t )   2  i A.  A2  H 0  H int (t )
2m 4 0 r m 2m
Where,
2
Ze 2
 Time independent Hamiltonian of one 
H0    
2
: 
2m 4 0 r  electron atom in the absence of em field 

e e 2 2  Hamiltonian describing the interaction 

H int (t )  i A.  A : 
m 2m  of one-electron atom with the em field 
ASRARUL HAQUE PHYSICS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES 2017
 SCHRODINGER EQUATION FOR A ONE ELECTRON ATOM

Weak field case:

A2 is negligible compared to the term linear in A.

e2 2 e
A is of higher order as compared with the term A. p .
2m m
2
(because e is small)

Now: e e
H int (t )  H (t )  i A.  A. p
m m

  2
Ze 2
e 
i  (r , t )  [ H 0  H (t )] (r , t )     
2
 A. p  (r , t ) (2.11)
t  2m 4 0 r m 
ASRARUL HAQUE PHYSICS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES 2017
 DIGRESSION

TIME-DEPENDENT PERTURBATION THEORY

 FIRST-ORDER PERTURBTION THEORY

We consider a Hamiltonian

H (t )  H 0  H (t )  H 0  V (t )
Where,

H 0 : time-independent Hamiltonian of the system in the absence of external

fields, and

V (t ) : a small time-dependent perturbation.

The state vector  (t ) of the system obey the time-dependent Schrodinger

equation

i  (t )  H (t ) (t ) (1)
t
 FIRST-ORDER PERTURBTION THEORY

The Schrodinger equation involving H 0 is

H 0n  Enn

with:  k n r   kn .
 
 3
d

Expand  (t ) in the n

 En 
iEn t

 (t )   d n (t )e n   d n (t )e  in t
n ; n   (2)
n n  
iEn t

with time-dependent coefficients d n (t ) from which a factor e has been
extracted for later convenience.
 FIRST-ORDER PERTURBTION THEORY
Substitute (2)
En t
i
 (t )   d n (t )e n
n
in (1)

i  (t )  H (t ) (t ).
t
We have:

i ( Ek  En ) t
   ( Ek  En ) 
d k (t ) 
i
d
n
n (t )e Vkn (t ) 
i
d
n
n (t )e ikn t
Vkn (t ); kn 



 FIRST-ORDER PERTURBTION THEORY
Master equation:

d k (t ) 
i
 n
d
n
(t ) e ikn t
Vkn (t )

Everything that we have done so far is exact. Now we shall apply

perturbation techniques by expanding d n (t ) in a perturbation series:

d n (t )  d n(0) (t )   d n(1) (t )   2 d n(2) (t )  .....

Insert d n (t ) into master equation:

d k(0) (t )   d k(1) (t )   2 d k(2) (t )  .....



i
d
n
(0)
n (t )   d n(1) (t )   2 d n(2) (t )  ..... eikntVkn (t )
 FIRST-ORDER PERTURBTION THEORY
Equating the coefficients of the zeroth and first powers of  , we have

 term:
0 d k(0) (t )   d k(1) (t )   2 d k(2) (t )  .....


i
d
n
(0)
n (t )   d n(1) (t )   2 d n(2) (t )  ..... eikntVkn (t )

d (0)
k (t )  0

(0)
This implies that d k is constant in time which is true as the zero-order
Hamiltonian is time independent and

 1 term:
t
1
d (1)
k (t ) 
i
 n 
d
n
(0)
dt e ikn t 
Vkn (t )  d (1)
k (t 0 )
t0
 SPECIAL SIMPLE INITIAL CONDITION
(“Turning on” the Perturbation)
Let:
d n(0) (t0 )   mn , d n(1) (t0 )  d n(2) (t0 )  .....  0

En t En t0 En t0 iEm t
i i i 
 (t )   d n (t )e n   (t0 )   d n(0) (t0 )e n    mn e n e m
n n n

Now:
0
t
1
d k (t ) 
(1)

i
 n 
d
n
(0)
dt e ikn t 
Vkn (t )  d (1)
k (t 0 )
t0
t t
1 1
=
i
 nm 

n
dt e ikn t 
Vkn (t ) 
i  dt e ikm t 
Vkm (t )
t0 t0
 SPECIAL SIMPLE INITIAL CONDITION
(“Turning on” the Perturbation)
Therefore:

d k (t )  d k(0) (t )   d k(1) (t )   2 d k(2) (t )  .....   km   d k(1) (t )  .....

The Probability of a transition from the unperturbed state k to perturbed

one  (t ) is:

Pk m (t )   (t ) | k
2

Em t 2 Em t 2

d 
i i
= 3 
rd (t )e
m  k

m  mk

d (t )e
m
m m

Ek t 2
i 2

 d (t )e  d k (t )   km   d (t )  .....
2 (1)
k k
 TRANSITION RATE

  2 2 Ze 2 e 
i  (r , t )   H 0  H  (r , t )       A. p  (r , t ) (2.12)
t  2m 4 0 r m 

Let  k and Ek are eigen functions and energy eigenvalues of H 0 . Then

H 0 k = Ek k .

The general solution of (2.12) can be expressed as

 (r , t )   Ck (t ) k e  iEk t / (2.13)
k

ASRARUL HAQUE PHYSICS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES 2017

 TRANSITION RATE

Substitution of (2.13) into (2.12), leads to:

1
Cb (t ) 
i
 bk
H
k
 (t )C k (t )e ibk t
(2.14)

Where,

H bk (t )   b H (t )  k

And
Eb  Ek
bk 

Perturbation technique requires: Ck  Ck0  Ck1   2Ck2  .....

ASRARUL HAQUE PHYSICS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES 2017

 TRANSITION RATE

Let us suppose that the system is initially in a well defined stationary bound
state of energy Ea described by the wave function  a and that the pulse of
radiation is switched on at t = 0. Thus the initial conditions are given by

Ck0 (t  0)   ka

and, to the first order in the perturbation H’, we have

t t
1 e
0 ba 
iba t  iba t 
Cb (t ) 
(1)
H  (t )e dt     b A.  a e dt  (2.14)
i m0
with Eb  Ea
ba 

 b A.  a   b* A. a d 3r
ASRARUL HAQUE PHYSICS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES 2017
 TRANSITION RATE
t
e
Cb (t )     b A.  a e
(1) iba t 
dt  (2.14)
m0

A(r , t )  ˆ  A0 ( ) cos(k .r  t    )d 
0

ei ( k .r t  )  e  i ( k .r t  )
 ˆ  A0 ( ) d (2.15)
0
2
Now,
t
e

i ( k .r t  ) iba t 
Cb (t )  
(1)
 b A0 ( ) e 
ˆ .  a e dt d 
2m 0
t
e

 i ( k .r t  ) iba t 
  b A0 ( ) e 
ˆ .  a e dt d  (2.16)
2m 0
ASRARUL HAQUE PHYSICS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES 2017
 ENERGY DENSITY OF THE FIELD AND THE PHOTON DENSITY

Energy density of the field:

 2
  2

1 2 B
 1 B
 2 1 1  2
0 E   1 2  0 E  1  2  0 E
2  0  2  E 0 0  2  c 0 0 
   

  0 E0 ( ) sin 2 (k .r  t    )
2

T
1 1
sin (k .r  t    )   sin (k .r  t    )dt 
2 2

T 0 2
1 1  cos(k .r  t    )
T
1
  dt 
T 0 2 2
ASRARUL HAQUE PHYSICS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES 2017
 ENERGY DENSITY OF THE FIELD AND THE PHOTON DENSITY

Average energy density of the field:

 ( )   0 E0 ( ) sin 2 (k .r  t    )   0 2 A02 ( ) sin 2 ( k .r  t    )

2

1
  0 2 A02 ( )
2
Energy density of Photons:
If:
N ( )  No. of photons of angular frequncy  within a volume V.

The energy density of Photons is Each Photon carries a

N ( )
   ( ). quantum of energy .
V
ASRARUL HAQUE PHYSICS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES 2017