Cable Stays Vibrtn Mitigation 2011 - Bridge - Bennett - 1 PDF

Vibration Mitigation Measures in Cable Stayed
Bridges
Mark Bennett1, Vijay Kodakalla1 and Vivek Gupta1
1
The Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW
Abstract Many cable stayed bridges built have suffered from excessive vibration
problems due to rain wind phenomenon and/or parametric excitation. The
technology of parallel strand stay cables has evolved since its introduction in the
early 1990s. Most of these bridges have been retrofitted with cross ties and
external or internal dampers. The aim of this paper is to present an approach,
which can be used to assess the vulnerability of a given stay cable to rain and wind
induced vibrations and to provide suitable mitigation measures. A specific case
study is presented in this paper using the ANZAC Bridge located in Sydney. The
ANZAC Bridge has three spans with a central span of 345m configured with fan
shaped cable stays. In the original design the stay cables were to be cement
grouted. However, un-grouted parallel strand stay cables were adopted during
construction. Three cases are considered for comparison purposes of rain and wind
effects. The first case deals with the cement grouted stay cables as “originally
designed”, second case deals with wax filled anchorages “as constructed” and, the
last case deals with dampers installed and surface treatment of the stay cables. A
specific model calculation for the ANZAC bridge is discussed as a case study.
This paper also discusses the available remedial measures to retrofit the stay
cables. The methods provided in this paper can be used for new designs and also
in retrofitting existing cable stayed bridges.
Background
On wet and windy days, the inclined stays of cable-stayed bridges can experience
large amplitude, potentially damaging oscillations known as rain–wind-induced
vibration (RWIV). RWIV is confirmed by wind tunnel tests as a result of
complicated non-linear interaction between rivulets of rain water that run down
the stay cables and the wind loading on the stays from the unsteady aerodynamics
[1, 5].
V. Ponnampalam, H. Madrio and E. Ancich 219
Sustainable Bridges: The Thread of Society
AP-G90/11_045© ABC 2011
220 Mark Bennett, Vijay Kodakalla and Vivek Gupta
At the time the ANZAC Bridge was designed, the use of cement grouted stays was
common practice. However by the time the bridge was constructed the use of un-
grouted stays, that permitted strand by strand installation and stressing and single
strand replacement was being adopted. The general view and schematic of
ANZAC bridge are shown in Figures 1 and 2 respectively.
Stay cable oscillations during rainy weather were observed before construction of
the bridge was complete. During construction nylon ropes were fitted in an
attempt to minimise the amplitude of the vibrations. After the bridge was opened
to traffic the nylon ropes were replaced by steel ropes and springs
Fig. 1.View of ANZAC Bridge
Stay#332 Stay#432
Stay#301 Stay#401
Fig. 2. Schematic of ANZAC Bridge
Causes of Cable Vibration
The mechanism of dynamic excitation of stay cables is extremely complex and not
yet fully understood despite intensive research and wind tunnel tests over the past
20 years. Stay cables are inherently susceptible to dynamic instability due to their
Vibration Mitigation Measures in Cable Stayed Bridges 221
low damping. The most common symptom of dynamic susceptibility and

instability is the excessive vibration in some or all of the stay cables. The
vibrations may be caused due to one or more factors including;
• Wind induced vibration such as vortex shedding, buffeting, wake/dry
galloping;
• Rain-wind induced vibration;
• Resonance/Pedestrian induced vibration;
• Parametric excitation; and
• Seismic induced vibration.
This paper deals with the noticeable vibrations in the ANZAC bridge due to rain
and wind induced vibrations in stay cables only.
A Brief History
Until the late 1980s the phenomenon of rain wind vibrations had not been
identified. In 1986, Hikami [1] identified the phenomenon during the construction
of Meiko-Nishi cable stayed bridge. It is presently considered that rain-wind
induced oscillation causes most of the reported vibration problems in cable stayed
bridges [1].
The observation in 1996 and the video record taken of the ANZAC Bridge helped
in identifying the type of oscillation and, it’s possible cause. Excessive stay cables
vibrations (Figure 3) were observed on light rainy days with moderate wind
speeds. Occasionally, the springs on the damping ropes broke and there was
concern that over time the stays could be subject to fatigue damage.
Fig. 3. Vibrating stay cables (Snap shot from the video-Courtesy VSL [4])
The following stay cable vibration characteristics have been identified from the
past observations and limited analysis.
• The calculated average frequency for the stays is 1.1Hz.
• A few cables are experiencing large amplitudes reported up to 1.50m.

• The vibrations in cables can be attributed to rain and wind excitations.
Theoretical Background
Vibration of taut string with distributed damping
The fundamental frequency of the stay cable can be estimated using the taut string
model. This model is based on the following simplified assumptions [5];
• Sag of the cable is small when compared to its length
• The cable is inextensible
The accuracy of this approximation is usually adequate for practical purposes as

against the theoretically correct dynamic properties for an inclined stay cable as
shown in Figure.
Fig. 4. Schematic of vibrating cable -Taut String Theory (L>>s), Schematic taut string model
(left), Damping logarithm decrement (right)
The transverse vibration of a taut string with uniformly distributed viscous

damping can be described by [2]
∂2w ∂w ∂2w
m +c =H 2 (1)
∂t 2 ∂t ∂x
Where;
w( x, t ) Transverse displacement
m Dynamic mass of stay cable per m ( m = μ / g in Kg-sec2/m2)

μ is linear mass kg/m
c Viscous coefficient per unit length and,
H Tension in stay cables
For a string of length L, fixed at both ends, w( x, t ) can be approximated by a
finite degrees of freedom (DOF) system:
w( x, t ) = ∑ nN=1 sin( nπx / L) u n (t ) (2)
Where the sinusoidal spatial functions sin(nπx / L) are the normal modes for a
string and substituting w( x, t ) into Equation 1 and rearranging yields
u n" (t ) ' 2
+ 2ζ nω n u n + ω n u n = 0 (3)
nπ H
ωn =
L m and, ζ n = c / 2mω n (4)
Where;
ωn Fundamental circular frequency in radians/sec
n n = 1, 2, 3… mode shapes
L Length of the chord in meters
ζn Damping ratio to the critical
In practical form the natural frequency ( f n = ω n / 2π )

n H
fn =
2L m (5)
Determination of logarithmic decrement
u u
Selecting two consecutive peaks of n , n +1 as shown in Figure 4(b) one finds the
expression for the logarithmic decrement as
un 2πζ n
δ = ln =( )
u n +1 1 − ζ n2
(6)
For lightly damped system ( ζ n < 0.2), the equation 6 simplifies to [2]
δ = 2πζ n . (7)
Damping in stay cables
All stay cables exhibit intrinsic damping properties. The intrinsic damping in a
stay is compared against net damping for the adoption of suitable vibration
mitigation measures.
The net damping in a stay cable is the sum of the following damping:
δ net = δ i + (δ ae ) + δ p
(8)
Where,
δi Intrinsic damping of the stay cable
δ ae Aerodynamic damping of the stay cable
δp
Additional passive damping provided in the stay cable
Intrinsic or Structural damping
The intrinsic damping is due to the internal friction between the tensile elements
in the stay cables. This is dependant on the stay cable system and, type of annulus
infill grout (if any).
Un-grouted stay cables; generally the damping decreases as the cable length
increases and can be expressed for the individually coated parallel strand un-
grouted stay cables as [4];
δ i = 2π (0.24% − 6 L / 1000000) % (9)

Grouted stay cables; based on Kumarasena [5], the intrinsic cable damping ratios
( ζ i ) can range from 0.001 to 0.005, but an accurate value is difficult to predict.
The lower end of this range is typical of a very long stay cable without any grout
infill, while the upper end of this range is more typical of shorter stay cables with
grouting and perhaps some external damping.
An intrinsic damping of 1.6% ( δ i = 2πζ i = 0.016 ) is adopted for the grouted stay
cables based on an average critical damping ratio of 0.0025.
Aerodynamic damping due to RWIV
Under light rain and low wind speeds, the water that runs down the cable surface
concentrates as two rivulets one on the lower and the other on the upper surface.
The water rivulets change the effective shape of the stay cable and move as the
stays oscillate causing cyclic changes in the aerodynamic forces which promote
oscillation.
Hikami and Shiraishi [1] showed that the lower rivulet has a stabilising role, as its
formation produces aerodynamic forces in opposition to the cable motion, i.e
damping forces. On the contrary, the upper rivulet generates exciting forces and is
responsible for the behavior of the cable as shown in Figure 5.
The damping resulting from the movement of air around a solid object is called
aerodynamic damping. This damping value could be positive or negative to the
intrinsic damping based on the formation of rivulet on stay cable pipe along with
geometric properties and external causing factors including wind.
Fig. 5. Aerodynamic phenomenon schematic diagram of cable with rivulet [1]
RWIV depends upon the following factors;

• The angle of attack.
• This phenomenon is limited to narrow range wind speeds between 6 and 18
m/sec with light rain. The water rivulets are blown away in high speeds and no
rivulets are formed in heavy rains.
• The natural frequency of the stays (typically 1.0 Hertz).
• Low structural damping 0.03 to 0.1% of critical.
• Low mass – 50 to 150 Kg/m.
• Non linear structural behavior.
The drag and lift forces on the stay cable are as follows
1 1
Fd = ρU 2 DC d and, Fl = ρU 2 DCl (10)
2 2
The net aerodynamic damping can be expressed as [4]
δ ae = ρDUC d / 4 μf n (∂C L / ∂i − C d ) (11)
Where,
C d - Drag coefficient with a value of 0.6 for rain-wind combination scenario ased
on Reynolds Number (range from 2 x 105 to 4 x 105) [3, 8]
(∂C L / ∂i )
- The uplift gradient changes from cable to cable, from moment to
moment depending upon the following parameters
• Cable diameter (D)

• Azimuth angle between cable plane and wind
• Angle of cable in the vertical
• Wind velocity (U)
• Rain intensity
• Achieved amplitude (y0)
The lift ratio is 1.0 for wind-rain combination with wind speed at 15m/s [6].
Geurts and Van Staalduinen [1] have developed formulae for a rough estimation at
the critical wind speed U cr associated with occurrence of rain wind vibration and
of maximum amplitude of vibration y 0 given by
8μπf n
U cr =
∂C
− ρ ( l + Cd ).D
∂α
y0 2 8 ∂C l 2ζμω n
And; (ω n . ) = 3 (− − ) (12)
U ∂ Cy ∂α 1
ρUD
2
∂α 3
Scruton Number Analysis
Vibration of the stays can also be mitigated by surface treatment of the stay. The
effectiveness of the surface treatment can be determined by Scruton Number
Analysis. The following tentative stability criterion for rain induced vibrations of
smooth circular cables is considered based on PTI recommendations [7] for stay
cable design testing and installation;
S c = μζ / ρD 2 (13)
This expression is called the mass damping factor or Scruton Number.
Where:
μ Mass of cable per unit length (Kg/m)
ζ Damping as ratio of critical damping
ρ Air density (1.225 kg/m3)
D Cable diameter (m)
This relationship shows that increase in the mass density and damping of the cable
increases the Scruton Number.
The minimum desired Scruton Numbers (Sc) for [7];

• regular cable arrangements is Sc>10 and;
• cable pipes with effective surface treatment suppressing rain-wind induced
vibration .is Sc>5.
Passive Damping ( δ p )
Insufficient net damping in the stay cable system may result in noticeable
vibration. To counter the vibration net damping can be increased by providing a
passive damping which may include viscous, hydraulic and friction dampers. To
mitigate such vibrations, a minimum of damping logarithmic decrement of 3 to
4% is required [10].
The damping constant for passive dampers design can be estimated from
Kumarasena FHWA report [5] as follows;
L
l
H
H
x c m
Fig. 6. Passive dampers schematic diagram
ζ n / (l L) ≅ π 2 k /((π 2 k ) 2 + 1) (14)
c l
and, k = n
μLω n L
where;
l Distance of location of the proposed passive damper from bottom
anchorage;
c Required passive damping constant for damper design to mitigate
excessive vibration
ANZAC Bridge Analysis
The dynamic responses of the bridge ‘with’ and ‘without’ the use of cement grout
are shown in the following figures, Figure 7 to Figure 10.
The stay cable forces are obtained based on 3D Microstran model and cross
checked with measured tensions in the stays.
The first mode frequency of the ANZAC bridge stay cables vary from 0.8Hz to
2.1Hz for the un-grouted stay cables, and 0.6Hz to 1.62Hz for the grouted stay
cables as shown in Figure 7, using the taut string model.
2.50
Un-Grouted Cable Stay
If Grouted Cable Stays
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
1
1
30
30
30
30
30
31
31
31
31
31
32
32
32
32
32
33
S t a y C a ble N um be rs
Fig. 7. First mode frequency
Net damping Criteria
The damping properties are estimated based on the previous discussion under
“Theoretical Background” section for the grouted and the un-grouted stay cables.
From the Figures 8 and 9, it can be inferred that there is a significant increase in
the net damping in cement grouted stay cables. The variation is mainly attributed
to the intrinsic damping properties of the grouted stay cables and comparatively
higher cable mass. Considering a typical stay cable mass densities and diameters,
the net damping achieved by the stay cables is well below 3% ( ζ =0.005) to 6%
( ζ =0.01) limits [7, 10].
Intrinsic Damping
4.00 Aerodynamic Dampin (+)
Aerodynamic Damping (-)
Net Damping
Required 3% Damping (Minimum)
Damping Logarithmic Damping (%)
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
1
1
30
30
30
30
30
31
31
31
31
31
32
32
32
32
32
33
-1.00
-2.00
-3.00
Stay Cable Numbers
Fig. 8. Damping for the ANZAC Bridge stay cables – un-grouted
3.50
3.00
Intrinsic Damping
Aerodynamic Damping (+)
Damping Logarithmic Decrement (%)
2.50 Aerodynamic Damping (-)

Net Damping
2.00 Required 3% Damping (Minimum)
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
1
-0.50
30
30
30
30
30
31
31
31
31
31
32
32
32
32
32
33
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
Stay Cable Numbers
Fig. 9. Damping (For grouted stay cables)
The average value of Scruton Number for the un-grouted and the grouted stay
cables are 2.3 and 5.25 respectively as shown in Figure 10. These values are much
lower than minimum desired Scruton Number implying that rain wind induced
vibration of the ANZAC bridge stay cables would be expected.
12.00
10.00
'Sc' for current case
Scruton Number (Sc)
8.00 'Sc' Required w ith Surface Treatment

'Sc' Required w ith Dampers
'Sc' for if Grouted Cable Stay
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
1
1
30
30
30
30
30
31
31
31
31
31
32
32
32
32
32
33
Stay Cable Numbers
Fig. 10. Scruton numbers for stay cables
The maximum theoretical amplitude is 700mm, calculated using Equation 12 and

is shown in Figure 11. The calculated value is much more than the CEB-FIB limit
of maximum stay amplitude of L/1700 [10].
A m plitude of C able Vibration (Theoritical)
800
700 Theoritical Amplitude of Cable

Vibration
600
500
in m m
400
300
200
100
0
1
1
30
30
30
30
30
31
31
31
31
31
32
32
32
32
32
33
Stay Cable Numbers
Fig. 11. Theoretical amplitude of stay cables
Additional passive damping is required for the longer stay cables and minimum
for the shorter stay cables as shown in Figure 12 for the passive damper design.
Passive Damping Constant (Required)

1200
Additional Damping Constant
1000
800
(kN-s/m)
600
400
200
0
1
1
30
30
30
30
30
31
31
31
31
31
32
32
32
32
32
33
Stay Cable Numbers
Fig. 12. Damping Constant ( δ p ) required for damper designs
Vibration Mitigation
A list of bridges that have experienced excessive stay cable vibration and the
remedial measures is given in Table I [5].
Table I. Bridges reported with excessive cable vibrations and provided remedial measures [5]
Year Bridge Name Location Main Observation Double Remedy
span Amplitude
(m) Vibration
(m)
1995 Normandy Le Havre, 853 Cable vibrations 1.50 Viscous dampers
France during steady 1 to installed
2m/s winds
1996 Second Severn Bristol, 457 Cable vibrations 1.50 Cross cables
UK with and without installed
rain
1991 Helgeland Sandnessjoen, 427 Large cable 0.60 Cross cables
Norway vibrations; installed
depending on
deck motion
1997 Meiko Nishi Aichi, 404 Vibration during 0.55 Cross cables
Japan light rain/low installed
wind speeds
1981 Tjorn Gothenburg, 360 Vibration during – Viscous dampers

Sweden light rain installed
1990 Tempozan Osaka, 351 Vibration during 2.00 Viscous dampers

Japan rain and 10m/s installed
winds
1995 Anzac Sydney, 345 Vibration during 1.50 Now proposed

Australia light rain and dampers with
wind surface treatment
1974 Kohlbrandt Hamburg, 326 – 1.00 Viscous dampers
Germany installed
1977 Brotonne Rouen, 320 Vibrating in 0.60 Viscous dampers

France 15m/s winds installed
1990 Weirton- West Virginia, 250 Vibrations noted 0.60 Visco-elastic

Steubenville USA when winds are dampers installed
parallel to deck in the guide pipe at
deck level
1988 Yobuko Saga, 250 Vibration during 0.15 Manila ropes
Japan light rain attached to cables
1988 Aratsu Kyushu 186 Vibration during 0.60 Viscous dampers

Island, light rain installed
Japan
1989 Wandre Wandre, 168 Vibration during 0.50 Petroleum wax fill
Belgium light rain and in the guide pipe
10m/s winds
1987 Ben-Ahin Huy, 168 Vibration noted 1.00 Petroleum wax
Belgium during light grout added in the
drizzle and 10 guide pipe and
m/s winds cross cables also
added
1993 Alzette Luxembourg 130 Vibration during – Neoprene guides
drizzle and light inside the guide
winds pipe at deck and
petroleum wax fill
in the guide pipe
The selection of mitigation measures should comply with the following objectives:
• Good aesthetics
• Low whole life costs
• Future maintenance and durability
• Method and ease of installation
• Damping efficiency - Energy dissipation capacity based on tolerance level of
the amplitude. According to CEB-FIB bulletin [10] the maximum amplitude of
a vibrating cable shall be kept below L/1700 limit.
• Comply with the fatigue limits of stays and stay components.

The available vibration mitigations measures are as follows:
Cross ties are basically providing transverse secondary cables. These secondary
cables increase the in-plane stiffness of stays and lateral constraints that influence
the oscillations. Cross ties are less effective at controlling out-of-plane oscillations
and may be used in conjunction with dampers as a permanent solution for long
stays as shown in Figure 13.
The surface modification on the stay cable pipes stops the movement of water
rivulets. The types of cable surface treatments available in practice are lumped
surface roughness, axially aligned protrusions and helical fillets as shown in
Figure 14. [1,3,5,9].
All the major cable manufacturers are now supplying the stay cables with
necessary surface modifications to the new bridges to mitigate rain wind
vibrations.
Fig. 13. Cross ties–Normandie Bridge

Fig. 14. Typical Surface Treatments [5]
Passive Damping is basically energy dissipation of the exciting force and its
displacement due to shear, friction and viscous forces. The cables equipped with
additional dampers are generally protected from any type of excitations [6].
Generally the damper is located at a distance between 0.015 to 0.030L [5] from
the lower theoretical hinge point of the cable. Based on the external reaction on
the cable motions, the installed element has the function to introduce damping
reactions in to the cable.
The commonly used dampers to mitigate RWIV are as follows:
Elastomeric
Elastomeric damper works on shear deformation concept. Due to limitation on

shear deformation properties of elastomer, these dampers may be useful where
stays are relatively of short length and subjecting to low stay tension such as in
pedestrian bridges stays.
Viscous dampers
Viscous dampers consist of free moving plates/ piston like arrangement encased in
viscous liquid like silicone container to assure energy dissipation. These dampers
may be adopted for its response forces to modal shapes of vibrating cable by
providing optimal required damping and have been widely used in the vibration
mitigation measures in the past Refer Table-I and Figures 15 for the details.
Fig. 15. Typical Viscous Dampers (Courtesy: Freyssinet/BSA). Internal Elastomeric Damper
(left, Internal Radial Damper (middle) and External Damper (right)
Friction dampers
Friction dampers dissipate energy by means of friction resistance offered by the

dampers components. Refer Figure 16 for typical friction dampers.
Fig. 16. Typical Friction Dampers (Courtesy: VSL). VSL Friction damper (left) and VSL Gensui
damper (right)
Conclusions
Rain-wind induced vibration is the one of the most common forms of vibration
observed in cable stayed bridges This vibration is predominant when the rain
intensity is light and wind speed in the order of 10-15m/s. The intrinsic damping
property of a stay cables plays an important role in determining any passive
damping requirement and type of damper required.
Cement grouted cables provide intrinsic damping with additional mass but are
susceptible to many maintenance issues and difficulty in bridge upgrade/strands
replacement.
The surface treatment to the stay cable pipes may eliminate rain wind induced
vibration. Where surface treatment alone is not sufficient, passive damper should
also be installed.
Disclaimer
The opinions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors, and do not
necessarily represent the Policy of the Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to express their thanks to the Chief Executive, Roads and Traffic Authority of
NSW for permission to present this paper and, to Bridge Solution Alliance (BSA), Freyssinet and
VSL.
References
[1] Elsa de Sa Caetano (2007) Vibrations in Cable Stayed Bridges IABSE Structural
Engineering Document: 22-56
[2] Harold R Bosch, James R Pagenkopf (2009) Dynamic Properties of Stay Cable on the
Penobscot Narrows Bridge
[3] SETRA (2002) Recommendation of French Interministerial Commission on Stay Cables:
25-93
[4] VSL Expert Report on ANZAC Bridge (2008) Stay Cable Vibration Mitigation
[5] Kumarasena et, al (2007) Wind Induced Vibration of Stay Cables. Federal Highway
Administration (FHWA) USA Report: FHWA-RD-05-083
[6] Dr. Kovacs, (2008) ANZAC Bridge Cable Vibration. Independent Expert Opinion,
Dynamic Consulting
[7] Post Tensioned Institute 5th Edition (2007) Recommendations for Stay Cable Design,
Testing and Installation: 44-49,
[8] Michael Virlogeux (2004) Cable Vibrations in Cable-Stayed Bridges, High performance
Stay Cable Systems Conference, Hong Kong
[9] Freyssinet HD Stay Cables Catalogue
(http://www.freyssinetusa.com/pdfs/brochures/Stay_Cable.pdf)
[10] CEB-FIP Recommendation Bulletin 30 (2005) Acceptance of Stay Cable System using
Prestressing Steels

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Vibration Mitigation Measures in Cable Stayed

Mark Bennett1, Vijay Kodakalla1 and Vivek Gupta1

Fig. 1.View of ANZAC Bridge

Fig. 2. Schematic of ANZAC Bridge

Causes of Cable Vibration

low damping. The most common symptom of dynamic susceptibility and

• A few cables are experiencing large amplitudes reported up to 1.50m.

Vibration of taut string with distributed damping

The accuracy of this approximation is usually adequate for practical purposes as

The transverse vibration of a taut string with uniformly distributed viscous

m Dynamic mass of stay cable per m ( m = μ / g in Kg-sec2/m2)

w( x, t ) = ∑ nN=1 sin( nπx / L) u n (t ) (2)

In practical form the natural frequency ( f n = ω n / 2π )

Determination of logarithmic decrement

Damping in stay cables

Intrinsic or Structural damping

δ i = 2π (0.24% − 6 L / 1000000) % (9)

Aerodynamic damping due to RWIV

Fig. 5. Aerodynamic phenomenon schematic diagram of cable with rivulet [1]

RWIV depends upon the following factors;

The net aerodynamic damping can be expressed as [4]

δ ae = ρDUC d / 4 μf n (∂C L / ∂i − C d ) (11)

• Cable diameter (D)

Scruton Number Analysis

This expression is called the mass damping factor or Scruton Number.

The minimum desired Scruton Numbers (Sc) for [7];

Fig. 6. Passive dampers schematic diagram

ANZAC Bridge Analysis

Fig. 7. First mode frequency

Net damping Criteria

Fig. 8. Damping for the ANZAC Bridge stay cables – un-grouted

2.50 Aerodynamic Damping (-)

Fig. 9. Damping (For grouted stay cables)

8.00 'Sc' Required w ith Surface Treatment

Fig. 10. Scruton numbers for stay cables

The maximum theoretical amplitude is 700mm, calculated using Equation 12 and

700 Theoritical Amplitude of Cable

Stay Cable Numbers

Fig. 11. Theoretical amplitude of stay cables

Passive Damping Constant (Required)

Fig. 12. Damping Constant ( δ p ) required for damper designs

1981 Tjorn Gothenburg, 360 Vibration during – Viscous dampers

1990 Tempozan Osaka, 351 Vibration during 2.00 Viscous dampers

1995 Anzac Sydney, 345 Vibration during 1.50 Now proposed

1977 Brotonne Rouen, 320 Vibrating in 0.60 Viscous dampers

1990 Weirton- West Virginia, 250 Vibrations noted 0.60 Visco-elastic

1988 Aratsu Kyushu 186 Vibration during 0.60 Viscous dampers

• Comply with the fatigue limits of stays and stay components.

Fig. 13. Cross ties–Normandie Bridge

Fig. 14. Typical Surface Treatments [5]

The commonly used dampers to mitigate RWIV are as follows:

Elastomeric damper works on shear deformation concept. Due to limitation on

Friction dampers dissipate energy by means of friction resistance offered by the

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