MATHEMATICS

Progression a1 (1 - rn )
Sum of terms in G.P. : Sn = , r<1
1-r
Arithmetic Progression ( A. P. ) Sum of Infinite Geometric Progression
- a sequence of numbers if the differences a1
S ∞=
between consecutive terms are the same. 1-r
7 , 10 , 13 , 16 , 19 …
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 … an Harmonic Progression (H.P.)
a1 = the first term - a sequence of numbers in which their
an = the nth term reciprocals forms an arithmetic
d = common difference progression.
= a2 – a 1 = a 3 – a 2
H.P. A.P.
nth term of A.P. 5 1
an = a1 + ( n-1 ) d 5
1 3
Sum of terms in A.P.
n 3
Sn = ( a1 + an )
2
n Binomial Theorem
or Sn = ( 2a1 + (n – 1)d )
2
n
Expansion of (a + b)
Geometric Progression ( G.P. ) Properties:
- a sequence of numbers if the ratios of 1. The number of terms in the expansion of (a +
consecutive terms are the same. b)n is n + 1.
2 , 6 , 18 , 54 , 162 … 2. The first term is an , the last term is bn.
3. The exponent of “a” descends linearly from n
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 … an
to 0.
a1 = the first term 4. The exponent of “b” ascends linearly from 0 to
an = the nth term n.
r = common ratio 5. The sum of the exponents of a and b in any of
a a the terms is equal to n.
= 2 = 3 6. The coefficient of the second term and the
a1 a2
second to the last term is n.
nth term of G.P.
an = a1 rn-1
rth term of (a + b)n

n!
rth term = an-r+1 br-1
(n- r + 1)! (r - 1)!
n
if middle term : r = + 1
2
 MATHEMATICS

Pascal’s Triangle Distinguishable Permutations

- used to determine coefficients of the Suppose a set of n objects has n1 of one kind
terms in a binomial expansion. of object, n2 of a second kind, n3 of a third
kind, and so on, with n = n1 + n2 + n3 + …+ nk.
n!
(a + b)0 1 P=
n1 !n2 !n3 !...nk !
(a + b)1 1 1
(a + b)2 1 2 1
(a + b)3 1 3 3 1 Cyclical Permutation (Permutation of n things
(a + b)4 1 4 6 4 1 in a circle)
(a + b)5 1 5 10 10 5 1 P = (n – 1)!
(a + b)6 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
Combination
- a method of selecting subsets of a larger
set in which order is not important.
Counting Principles, Permutations,
Combinations
Combinations of n elements taken r at a time
n!
Fundamental Counting Principle nCr = =
(n - r)! r!
Let E1 and E2 be two events. The first event
E1 can occur in m1 different ways. After E1
has occurred E2 can occur in m2 different Probability
ways.The number of ways that the two
events can occur is m1• m2. Probability of an Event
If an event E has n(E) equally likely outcomes
Permutation and its sample space S has n(S) equally likely
-is an ordering of the elements such that one outcomes, then the probability of event E is
element is first, one is second, one is third,
and so on. n(E) favorable outcome
P(E) = =
n(S) probable outcome
Permutations of n elements
P = n!

Permutations of n elements taken r at a time

n!
nPr = =
(n - r)!
 MATHEMATICS
Probability of Independent Events Properties of Logarithms
Two events are independent if the
occurrence of one has no effect on the Base Logarithm
occurrence of the other. To find the 1. log (uv) = log u + log v
probability that two independent events will u
2. log = log u – log v
occur, multiply the probabilities of each. v
3. log un = n log u
P ( A and B ) = P(A) • P(B) 4. loga a = 1
log v
5. logu v =
Probabilty of Mutually Exclusive Events logu
Two events A and B (from the same sample 6. loga m = n then an = m
space) are mutually exclusive if A and B have 7. log m = log n then m = n
no outcomes in common. Natural Logarithm
8. ln (uv) = ln u + ln v
P( A U B ) = P(A) + P(B) u
9. ln = ln u – ln v
v
Probability of the Complement of an Event 10. ln un = n ln u
The complement of an event A is the 11. ln u = loge u , e = 2.718
collection of all outcomes in the sample space
that are not in A. Quadratic Equation
P ( A’ ) = 1 – P (A)
If Ax2 + Bx + C = 0
Properties of Exponents
-B ± B2 4AC
x =
1. am an = am + n 2A
am where B2 – 4AC is called the discriminant
2. n
= am – n
a
1 if B2 = 4AC , the roots are equal
3. a-n =
an if B2 > 4AC , the roots are real, unequal
4. a0 = 1 , a ≠ 0 if B2 < 4AC , the roots are imaginary
5. (ab)m = am bn
6. (am)n = am n Properties of Roots
a a m B
7. ( )m = m Sum of roots : x1 + x2 = -
b A
b
C
8. a2 = a 2 = a2 Product of roots : x1 x2 =
A
 MATHEMATICS
Verbal Problems
Key Words and Phrases Verbal Description Algebraic Statement

Equality
Equals, equal to, is are, was, The sale price S is 10 less S = L – 10
will be, represents than the list price L.

Addition
Sum, plus, greater, increased The sum of 5 and x 5+x
by, more than, exceeds, total Seven more than y Y+7
of

Subtraction
Difference, minus, less, The difference of 4 and b 4–b
decreased by, subtracted Three less than z z–3
from, reduced by, the
remainder

Multiplication
Product, multiplied by, twice, Two times x 2x
times, percent of

Division
Quotient, divided by, ratio, The ratio of x and 8 x
per 8

Variance and Standard Deviation Work Problem

Rate of working x Time working

ΣV 2
Standard Deviation = = Completion of the work
(n - 1)
Rate x Time = 1
ΣV 2
Variance = where n = no. of trials
( n -1)
V = residual
 MATHEMATICS
Clock Problem Variation Problem

Case I: clock with hour hand and minute hand x is directly proportional to y

xQy  x = ky

11
12
1 x is inversely proportional to y
2 1 1
10 xQ x = k
y y
9 3
k = constant of proportional
8 4
7 5 Proportion Problem
6
a c
a:b=c:d  =
b d
x = number of minutes the minute hand moves
x
= number of minutes the hour hand moves b and c are called means
12
a and d are called extremes
d is the fourth proportional to a, b, and c
Case II: clock with hour hand, minute hand
and second hand
- the mean proportinal to a and b is ab

Rate Problem
12
1 - motion of body with uniform velocity.
11
Distance = Rate x Time
10 2

9 3 Age Problem
8 4
Past Present Future
7 5
6 was is will be
ago now

10 8
x = number of seconds the second hand moves
x
= number of seconds the minute hand moves A – 10 A A+8
60
x
= number of seconds the hour hand moves
720
 MATHEMATICS
Determinants & Matrices Determinants

Minors & Cofactors of a square matrix Determinant of 2 x 2 matrix

- if A is a square matrix, then the minor
Mij of the entry aij is the determinant 1 3
of the matrix obtained by deleting the 5 2
ith row and jth column A. The cofactor
Cij of the entry aij is given by : Determinant of 3 x 3 matrix
Cij = (-1)i+j Mij.
1 3 2
Sign pattern for cofactors 2 1 4
3 2 1
+ - + -
- + - + Determinant of 4 x 4 matrix
+ - + -
- + - + 2 0 1 1
1 2 2 3
Equality of Matrices 3 2 3 2
4 4 2 3
a b c -1 3 0
d e f = 5 -2 4
Complex Numbers
g h I -8 9 7
For real numbers a and b, the number
Operations of Matrices
a + bi
1. Addition / Subtraction
is a complex number, bi is an imaginary number.
2. Multiplication
i2 = -1
3. Adjoint Matrix : Aadj
- is a matrix formed from the
Operations of complex numbers
transposed cofactor matrix.
Addition
4. Inverse Matrix : A-1
(a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i
Aadj
A-1 = Subtraction
A (a + bi) - (c + di) = (a - c) + (b - d)i
Multiplication
(a + bi)(c + di)
Division
a + bi
c + di
 MATHEMATICS 8

Partial Fractions PLANE GEOMETRY & MENSURATION

Distinct Linear Factors

x7 TRIANGLE – a polygon having three sides.
x  x6
2

c
the partial fraction decomposition is: b Right triangle – is a triangle
having one right angle.
x7 A B
  a
x  x6
2
x3 x2
1
Area, A = ab
2
Repeated Linear Factors Pythagorean theorem: c2 = a2 + b2
5 x 2  20 x  6
x 3  2x 2  x
the partial fraction decomposition is: x x Isosceles triangle – is a triangle
having two equal sides

5 x 2  20 x  6 A B C y
  
x  2x  x
3 2
x x  1  x  12
1 1
Area, A = x y sin θ or A = x ( x) sin β
2 2
Distinct Linear and Quadratic Factors
3x 2  4 x  4
x3  4x x x Equilateral triangle – is a triangle
having three equal sides
the partial fraction decomposition is:
x
3x 2  4 x  4 A Bx  C
  2
x 3  4x x x 4 CIRCLE – is a plane closed curve, all points of
which are at the same distance from a point
Repeated Quadratic Factors within called the center
8 x 3  13x
( x 2  2) 2 A circle is inscribed in a
the partial fraction decomposition is: a polygon when the sides of the
r b polygon are tangent to it.
•
8 x  13x Ax  B Cx  D
3
 2  Area of triangle
( x 2  2) 2 x  2 ( x 2  4) 2 c
A=rS
a +b+c
Inscribed circle S=
2
 MATHEMATICS 9
CIRCLE – is a plane closed curve, all points of
which are at the same distance from a point The perpendicular bisectors
within called the center of the sides of a triangle pass
• through a common point
called circumcenter, which
A circle is inscribed in a is equidistant from the three
a polygon when the sides of the vertices of the triangle.
r b polygon are tangent to it.
• circumcenter
Area of triangle
c
A=rS
a +b+c
Inscribed circle S=
2 An inscribed angle is an
angle whose vertex is a point
 on the circle and whose sides
A circle is circumscribed
about a polygon when it are chords.
a passes through the vertices
b of the polygon. inscribed angle
r •
c
Area of triangle
abc r A central angle is an angle
A=
Circumscribed circle 4r  whose vertex is the center of
• the center and whose sides
A circle is escribed outside a
r are radii.
triangle if it is tangent to one
side and the other two side
b r • prolonged.
central angle
a
c Area of triangle
Escribed circle A = r(s – a)
An inscribed angle is
measured by one-half the
a  central angle.
•
b The bisectors of the three  β
• =
angles of a triangle meet at a
2
common point called the
c incenter, which is equidistant
from the three sides of the
triangle.
incenter
 MATHEMATICS 10
Trapezoid – is a quadrilateral
a Ptolemy’s Theorem: a
d The product of the segments of a chord two and only two sides of which
intersecting each other are equal. are parallel.
b h a +b
ab=cd A= h
c 2
b

If a tangent and a secant are drawn A B

A P to a circle from the same point, the d1 Parallelogram – is a
tangent is a mean proportional quadrilateral the opposite sides
between the entire secant and its d2
if which are parallel.
external segment.
B 1
C A= d1 d2 sin 
C PA · PA = PB · PC D 2

A A B
B If two secants are drawn to a Rhombus – is a parallelogram
P circle from the same point, the d1 with equal sides are oblique
product of one entire secant d2 angles.
C and its external segments 1
equals the product of the other. A= d1 d2
D PA · PB = PC · PD C 2
D
B

c Cyclic Quadrilateral
d Polygons – is a plane closed broken line.
A d1 ac + bd = d1 d2
C Sum of interior angles = (n-2) 1800
d2 A + C = 1800
b n = number of sides
a B + D = 1800

D Sum of exterior angles = 3600

Quadrilateral – is a polygon of four sides.

Octagon Number of diagonals, D
C
n
D= (n 3)
2
B
d1
Area of quadrilateral: 3 sides - triangle
4 sides - quadrilateral
d2
D 1
A = d1 d2 sin  5 sides - pentagon
2 6 sides - hexagon
A
7 sides - heptagon
8 sides - octagon
9 sides - nonagon
A= (s a)(s b)(s c)(s d) abcd cos 2 θ 10 sides - decagon
a +b+c+d ∠A + ∠C ∠B + ∠D 11 sides - undecagon
s= = = 12 sides - dodecagon
2 2 2
 MATHEMATICS 11
Plane Curvilinear Figures
Pyramid – is a polyhedron inclosed
sector by three or more triangular faces
with common vertex, and one other
Circular Sector – is the plane face called base.
 portion of a circle enclosed h Ah
r r between two radii and an arc. Volume : V =
3
A Lateral Area, S
Asec tor Acircle = perimeter of base multiplied
=
θ 360 by one half the slant height
slant height, L
segment
Circular Segment – is the Frustum of a Pyramid – is the part
portion of a circle enclosed b of the pyramid included between its
r  r between chord and its arc. base and a section parallel to its
base.
h
h Volume, V = (B + b + Bb )
Asegment = Asector- Atriangle 3
Lateral Area, S
= is the sum of the perimeter of
B the bases multiplied by one half
the slant height

SOLID GEOMETRY & MENSURATION Sphere – is a solid bounded by

surface all points of which are
equidistant from a point called the
r center.
Cone – a solid bounded by a 4 3
conic surface and a plane Volume, V = πr
3
intersecting all the elements.
L Surface Area, S = 4  r2
h π r2 h
Volume : V =
r 3
Lateral Area : S = r L h
Spherical Zone (One base)
r
Frustum of a Cone – is the
portion of a cone included
Surface Area, S = 2  r h
r between the base and a
section parallel to the base.
h L

πh
R Volume :V =
3
(R 2 + r 2 + Rr) h
Spherical Zone (Two bases)
Lateral Area : S = R + r) L r
Surface Area, S = 2  r h
 MATHEMATICS 12
A
Spherical Segment (One base)
Right Prism
h
Volume, V = A h
A = base area
π h2
r h
Volume, V = (3r - h)
3

a
Spherical Segment (Two bases)
h4 Truncated Prism
h h1
Volume, V Volume, V = A ( haverage )
h2 h3 A = base area
r πh
= (3a 2 + 3b 2 + 4h 2 )
24
A
b

Prismatoid
h L
Volume, V = ( A1 + 4 Am + A2 )
Spherical Sector / Spherical Cone 6
r 2 2 A1 & A2 = end area
Volume, V = πr h Am = area at mid section
3

Spherical Wedge Cube

Volume, V = a3
πr3 θ
Volume, V =
270 o Surface Area, S = 6a2
= central angle of wedge Radius of sphere
circumscribing a cube
3
R= a
Spherical Lune 2
a = side of cube
πr2 θ
Surface Area, S =
90 o
= central angle of lune

Triangular spherical Pyramid

πr3 E
Volume, V =
540
E = A + B + C - 180
Spherical Triangle
πr2 E
Area, A =
180
E = A + B + C - 180
 MATHEMATICS 13
POLYHEDRON – is a solid bounded by planes.

Tetrahedron – a polyhedron having four equal faces each Isocahedron – a polyhedron having twenty equal faces
of which is an equilateral triangle. each of which is an equilateral triangle.
Volume
Volume
V = 2.18 a 3
2 3
V= a Surface Area
12
Surface Area A = 8.66 a 2
Radius of Inscribe Sphere
A= 3 a2
R = 0.76 a
Radius of Inscribe Sphere
6
R= a PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
12
a = length of side of plane
Right Angle Formulas
Hexahedron – a polyhedron having six plane faces.
Volume
V = a3 Hypotenuse, c
Surface Area Opposite, a
2
A = 6a

Radius of Inscribe Sphere
a Adjacent, b
R=
2
opposite a
Sin  = =
Octahedron – a polyhedron having eight equal faces each hypotenuse c
of which is an equilateral triangle. adjacent b
Volume Cos  = =
hypotenuse c
2 3
V= a sin θ a
3 Tan  = =
Surface Area cos θ b
A = 2 3 a2 cos θ b
Cot  = =
Radius of Inscribe Sphere sin θ a
1 c
6 Sec  = =
R= a cos θ b
6
1 c
Csc  = =
Dodecahedron – a polyhedron having twelve equal faces sin θ a
each of which is a regular pentagon. Versed sin  = 1 – cos 
Volume Coversed sin  = 1 – sin 
V = 7.66 a 3 Exsecant  = sec 
Surface Area
A = 20.65 a 2 Pythagorean Relation
Radius of Inscribe Sphere sec2  = 1 + tan2 
R = 1.11a sin2  + cos2  = 1
csc2  = 1 + cot2 
 MATHEMATICS 14
Fundamental Identities
SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
Addition Formula
sin ( A + B ) = sin A cos B + sin B cos A Right Spherical Triangles
A
cos ( A + B ) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B
tan A + tan B co-A
tan ( A + B ) =
1 - tan A tan B b c b
co-c
Subtraction Formula B
a
sin ( A - B ) = sin A cos B - sin B cos A co-B
C a
cos ( A - B ) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan A - tan B
tan ( A - B ) = Right Spherical Triangle Napier’s Circle
1 + tan A tan B
Double Angle Formula Napier’s Rules
sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A Rule I (Tan – Ad Rule) : The sine of any middle
cos 2A = cos2 A – sin2 A = 1 – 2 sin2 A part is equal to the product of the tangents of
2 tan A the two adjacent parts.
tan 2A =
1 - tan 2A
Rule II (Co – Op Rule) : The sine of any middle
cot 2 A - 1
cot 2A = part is equal to the product of the cosines of the
2 cot A two opposite parts.
Powers of Function
1 Note : In applying Napier’s Rules, any one of the five
sin2 A = (1 – cos 2A)
2 circular parts mentioned above maybe called a middle
1 part, the parts next to it are adjacent parts, and the
cos2 A = (1 + cos 2A) other two parts are called opposite parts.
2
1 - cos 2A
tan2 A = Oblique Spherical Triangles B
1 + cos 2A
1 + cos 2A c
cot2 A = Law of Sines a
1 - cos 2A sin a sin b sin c A
= =
sin A sin B sin C
B
Law of Sines
c b C
sin A sin B sin C Law of Cosines for the Sides
= =
a b c A cos a = cos b cos c + sin b sin c cos A
a
cos b = cos a cos c + sin a sin c cos B
Law of Cosines b cos c = cos a cos b + sin a sin b cos C
2 2 2
a = b + c – 2bc Cos A
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac Cos B C Law of Cosines for the Angles
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab Cos C cos A = - cos B cos C + sin B sin C cos a
cos B = - cos A cos C + sin A sin C cos b
cos C = - cos A cos B + sin A sin B cos c
 MATHEMATICS 15
Parallel Lines
ANALYTIC GEOMETRY y Line 1: slope is m1
Line 2: slope is m2
STRAIGHT LINE
y m1 = m2
P2 (x2 , y2)

d O x

C (x2 , y1) Perpendicular Lines

P1(x1 , y1)
y Line 1: slope is m1

x
O A (x1 , 0) B (x2 , 0)
m1 m2 = -1
Distance Formula

O x
d= (x - x ) 2 + (y - y ) 2 Line 2: slope is m2
2 1 2 1
The Straight Line Equations
Midpoint Formula
y 2 - y1
x +x 1. Two-Point Form : y – y1 = (x - x 1 )
x-coordinate : x= 1 2 x 2 - x1
2
y +y P (x2 , y2)
y-coordinate : y= 1 2 y
2

Slope of a Line Q (x1 , y1)

y Q (x2 , y2) O x

2. Point-Slope Form : y – y1 = m ( x – x1 )

R (x2 , y1) P (x1 , y1)
P(x1 , y1) y

O x

x
O
Slope, m = tan 
Line : slope is m
RQ y - y1
  2
PR x 2 - x1
 MATHEMATICS 16

3. Slope-Intercept Form : y = mx + b CIRCLE

- a locus of a point which moves at a constant
y distance from a fixed point called the center
and the constant distance of any point from
the center is called the radius.
b
x P
O
Line : slope is m

x y
4. Intercept Form : + =1
a b
y

b Equation of Circle
1. General Form : Ax2 + By2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
x
O a A=B

2. Standard Form
5. General Form : Ax + By + C = 0 a. Center at origin : C (0 , 0)
y
Ax 1 + By1 +C
Distance from a point to a line:d =
A 2 + B2 x2 + y2 = r2
x
y
d
P (x1 , y1)

b. Center at ( h , k) : C (h , k)
x y
O

Ax + By + C = 0 h
m 2 - m1
Angle between two lines: tan 
1 + m1 m 2
 (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2
y k
 Line 1 : slope is m 1
x

x
O

Line 2 : slope is m2
 MATHEMATICS 17

PARABOLA 2. Standard Form

- a locus of a points which are equidistant from a a. Vextex at V(0,0) and opening to the right
fixed point called the focus and a fixed line called
the directrix. y2 = 4ax

b. Vextex at V(0,0) and opening to the left

y2 = - 4ax

directrix V
V = vertex
F = focus
LR = latus rectum

c. Vextex at V(0,0) and opening upward

V F
a a
x2 = 4ay

LR

axis of parabola V

Eccentrcity : e = 1
Latur Rectum : LR = 4a
d. Vextex at V(0,0) and opening downward
Equation of Parabola
1. General Form
a. Axis parallel to x.
Ax2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 V

b. Axis parallel to y.
By2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

x2 = - 4ay
 MATHEMATICS 17
e. Vextex at V(h, k) and opening to the right
(y – k)2 = 4a(x – h) ELLIPSE
- a locus of a point whose sum of the distances
from two fixed points called the foci is constant
and is equal to the length of the major axis, 2a.
h V

f. Vextex at V(h, k) and opening to the left

(y – k)2 = - 4a(x – h)
latus rectum minor axis
a a
h V

d1 d2
k V1 C F2 V2
F1
b
g. Vextex at V(h, k) and opening upward d d
c c
directrix directrix
(x – h)2 = 4a(y – k)
major axis

h C = center of ellipse
V F1 & F2 = the two fixed points called foci
k
V1 & V2 = vertices of ellipse
a + a = length of major axis = d1 + d2

c
Eccentricity: e = must be less than 1
h. Vextex at V(h, k) and opening downward a
a
2 Distance from center to directrix: d =
(x – h) = - 4a(y – k) e
Relation of a, b and c : a2 = b2 + c2
2b 2
h V Length of latus rectum : LR =
a
k Equation of Ellipse
1. General Form
a. Major axis parallel to x.
Ax2 + By2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
b. Major axis parallel to y.
Ax2 + By2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
 MATHEMATICS 18

2. Standard Form
a. Center at C(0,0) and major axis parallel to x d. Center at C(h,k) and major axis parallel to y
2 2
x y
2 + =1
a b2 (x - h) 2 (y - k) 2
+ =1
b2 a2
C

b. Center at C(0,0) and major axis parallel to y

x 2 y2
+ =1
b2 a 2

HYPERBOLA
C - a locus of a point whose difference of the
distances from two fixed points called the foci is
constant and is equal to the length of the
transverse axis, 2a.

c. Center at C(h,k) and major axis parallel to x

(x - h) 2 (y - k) 2
+ =1
a2 b2

C
 MATHEMATICS 19
b. Center at C(0,0) and transverse axis parallel to y
transverse axis conjugate axis
y2 x 2
- =1
a 2 b2
latus
rectum
b
V1
F1 b C V2 F2

a a

c c
d
assymtote directrix c. Center at C(h,k) and transverse axis parallel to x
C = center of hyperbola (x - h) 2 (y - k) 2
F1 & F2 = the two fixed points called foci - =1
a2 b2
V1 & V2 = vertices of hyperbola
a + a = length of transverse axis = d2 – d1

c
Eccentricity: e = must be greater than 1
a
a
Distance from center to directrix: d =
e d. Center at C(h,k) and transverse axis parallel to y
2 2 2
Relation of a, b and c : c = a + b
2b 2
(y - k) 2 (x - h) 2
Length of latus rectum : LR =
- =1
a2 b2
a
Equation of Hyperbola
1. General Form
a. Transverse axis parallel to x.
Ax2 - By2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
b. Transverse axis parallel to y.
By2 - Ax2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
Equilateral Hyperbola

2. Standard Form
a. Center at C(0,0) and transverse axis parallel to x
x 2 y2
- =1
a 2 b2 x2 – y2 = a2 y2 – x2 = a2

2xy = a2 2xy = -a2

 MATHEMATICS 20
Tangents and Normals Cartesian and Polar Coordinates

To get equation of a tangent line on a curve at a x P

given point P(x1, y1)
normal tangent
2
r
- change x to x x1 y
- change y2 to y y1 
x + x1
- change x to
2
y + y1
- change y to polar axis
2
x y1 + y x1 Cartesian coordinates : P (x , y)
- change xy to
2 Polar coordinates : P (r,  )
Another method to get equation of a tangent
line on a curve at a given point P(x1, y1)

Equation of tangent : y – y1 = m1 (x – x1) Solid Analytic Geometry

dy z
m1 =
dx
m1 = first derivative of y wrt x of the equation
of curve at point P(x1 , y1)
B zo
 d
Equation of normal : y – y1 = m2 (x – x1)
 y
m1 m2 = -1 A

xo
Diameter of Conics
yo
x
Distance between two points
d= x2o + y2o + z2o

Direction Cosines
diameter xo
cos =
Diameter = locus of the mid-points of a system of d
parallel chord. yo
cos =
d
dy zo
Equation of diameter: m = cos =
dx d
m = slope of the parallel chords
dy
= first derivative of the equation of conic
dx
 MATHEMATICS 21

Distance from a point P1(x1, y1, z1) to the Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Plane Ax + By + Cz + D = 0. du
d (arcsin u) =
1 - u2
Ax1 + By1 + Cz1 + D - du
d= d (arccos u) =
A2 + B 2 + C 2
1 - u2
du
Angle between two planes d (arctan u) =
1 + u2
A1x + B1y + C1z + D = 0
- du
A2x + B2y + C2z + D = 0 d (arccot u) =
1 + u2
A1A2 + B1B2 + C1C2 du
d (arcsec u) =
Cos  =
A12 + B12 + C12 A2 2 + B2 2 + C2 2 u u2 - 1
- du
d (arccosec u) =
u u2 - 1
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

FORMULAS Theorems of Limits

Algebraic Functions: Limit of a Constant

d (c) = 0 ; c is constant lim 2 = 2
d (cu) = c du x→ 2

d (un) = n un-1 du Obvious Limit

d (uv) = u dv + v du lim x = 2
x→ 2
u v du - u dv
d( )= Limit of a Product
v v2
lim 2x 2 = lim ( 2 • x • x) = 2 • 2 • 2 = 8
Logarithmic & Exponential Functions: x→ 2 x→ 2
du Limit of a Sum
d (ln u) =
u
lim ( x 3 + 3) = lim ( 8 + 3) = 11
d (a ) = au ln a du
u
; a is constant x→ 2 x→ 2
u u
d (e ) = e du Limit of a Quotient
du
d (loga u) = x3 + 3 11
u ln a lim =
x→ 2 2x 2 + 5 13
Trigonometric Functions
d (sin u) = cos u du
d (cos u) = - sin u du
d (tan u) = sec2 u du
d (cot u) = -csc2 u du
d (sec u) = sec u tan u du
d (csc u) = - csc u cot u du
 MATHEMATICS 22

Curvature of Curve, k APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION

y"
k= Maxima and Minima
3
[ 1 + (y') 2 ] 2
Guides in solving problems of maxima and minima
Radius of Curvature,  1. Draw a figure when appropriate
1 2. Assign a letter to each of the quantities
 =
k mentioned in the problem.
3. Select the quantity which is to be made a
Center of Curvature of a Curve maximum or minimum and express it as a
function of the other quantities.

Abscissa:  = x -
[
y ' 1 + (y ') 2 ] 4. Use information in the problem to
y" eliminate all quantities but one so as to
have a function of one variable.

Ordinate:  = y +
[1 + (y ') 2 ] 5. Differentiate and equate to zero, to get
the maximum or minimum.
y"

Related Rates
Points of Inflection
At points of inflection, the second derivative of
Guides in solving problems of related rates
d2 y
y is zero, Y” = =0 1. Draw a diagram. Label any numerical
dx 2 quantities which remain fixed throughout
the problem (such as dimensions).
Slope of the curve 2. Denote all quantities which change with
The slope of the curve y = f(x) at any point is time by letters. A relation (or relations) is
dy found among the quantities which vary;
the first derivative of the function, y’ = .
dx these relations must hold for all time.
3. Take differentials of the relation or
relations found in guide 2. Divide by dt to
obtain a relation among the derivatives.
4. Insert the special numerical values of all
quantities to get the desired result.
 MATHEMATICS 23

INTEGRAL CALCULUS du 1 a + a 2 - u2
 = - ln
a u
+c
u a 2 - u2
FORMULAS
du 1 a + a 2 + u2
u n +1  = - ln +c
 un du = n +1
+c u a 2 + u2 a u

Integration by Parts
 eu du = eu + c
 u dv = u v -  v du
 du
u
= ln u +c

au
 au du = ln a
+c

 sin u du = - cos u + c
 cos u du = sin u + c
 sec2 u du = tan u + c
 sec u tan u du = sec u + c
 sec u du = ln sec u + tan u + c
 csc u du = - ln csc u + cot u + c
 csc2 u du = - cot u + c
 csc u cot u du = - csc u + c

du u
 = arcsin
a
+ c
a 2 - u2
du 1 u
 2 2
=
a
arctan
a
+ c
a +u
du 1 u
 =
a
arcsec
a
+ c
u u2 - a2
du
 2 2
= ln ( u + u2 + a2 ) + c
u +a
du
 2 2
= ln  u + u2 - a2  + c
u -a
du 1 u+a
 2 2
=
2a
ln
u-a
+ c
a -u
 ENGINEERING ECONOMY 1

ENGINEERING ECONOMY i = effective interest per interest period

no min al int erest rate
=
Simple Interest number of compoundin g per year
- the interest earned by the principal is n = total number of compoundings
computed at the end of the investment period.
To compute values of i and n:
0 t nominal interest rate = 12 %
number of years of investment = 6 years
a. compounded annually
i = 0.12/1 = 0.12
P F n = 6(1) = 6
b. compounded semi-annually
Future Worth : F = P + I i = 0.12/2 = 0.06
Interest earned : I = Prt n = 6(2) = 12
P = principal or present worth c. compounded quarterly
r = simple interest rate ( per year ) i = 0.12/4 = 0.03
t = time in years of fraction of a year n = 6(4) = 24
d. compounded monthly
Ordinary simple interest i = 0.12/12 = 0.01
- the interest is computed on the basis of one n = 6(12) = 72
banker’s year ( 1 banker’s year = 360 days ) e. compounded bi-monthly
i = 0.12/6 = 0.02
Exact simple interest n = 6(6) = 36
- the interest is based on the exact number of
days in a year ( ordinary year = 365 days, leap Continuous compounding
rt
year = 366 days) Future Worth : F = Pe

Compound Interest Annuity

- the interest is computed every end of each - is a series of uniform payments made at equal
interest period (compounding period) and the intervals of time.
interest earned for that period is added to the i. as payment of a debt by a series of equal
principal. payment at equal time intervals, also known as
amortization.
0 n
ii. to accumulate a certain amount in the
future by depositing equal amounts at equal
time intervals, these amounts are called
P F sinking fund.
iii. as a substitute periodic payment for a
n compounding period future lump sum payments.
n
Future Worth : F = P ( 1 + i )
 ENGINEERING ECONOMY 2
Ordinary Annuity
- the payments is made at the end of each period Annuity Due
starting from the first period. - the payment is made at the beginning of each
period starting from the first period.
0 1 2 3 4 n
0 1 2 3 4 n

A A A A A
A A A A A A
A [ (1 + i)n - 1 ] F
Future Worth : F = F1
i

0 1 2 3 4 n
F2
Perpetuity
- is an annuity where the payment periods extend
A A A A A forever or the periodic payments continue
indefinitely.
P A
A [ (1 + i)n - 1 ] Present worth of perpetuity : P =
Present Worth : P = i
(1 + i) n i
A = periodic payment Depreciation
P = present worth of all periodic payments - is the decrease in the value of an asset due to
F = future worth of all the periodic payments usage of passage of time.
after the last payment is made cost
i = interest rate per payment
n = number of payments

Uniform Payment Series with Continuous Dm

Compunding D
rn
A [ 1- e ]
Present Worth : P = FC
er - 1
BVm
A [ e rn - 1]
Future Worth : F = SV
er - 1
Deferred Annuity m n time
0
- the first payment is deferred a certain number
of periods after the first.
0 1 2 3 4 n FC = first cost
Dm = total depreciation after m years
BVm = book value after m years
A A A A m = any time before n
n = life of the property in years
P1
SV = salvage value
P0
 ENGINEERING ECONOMY 3

Methods of Computing Depreciation Annual Cost, AC

AC = annual interest of investment
Straight Line Method + annual operation and maintenance
FC - SV + annual depreciation cost
Annual Depreciation =
n (FC - SV) i
Total Depreciation after m years AC = (FC)i + OC +
(1 + i) n - 1
FC - SV
= (m)
n
Capitalized Cost
Book Value = First Cost – Depreciation
Annual Cost
=
i
Sinking Fund Method
(FC - SV) i
Annual Depreciation = Benefit Cost Ratio
(1 + i) n - 1 Pr esent Worth of Benefits
Total Depreciation after m years =
Pr esent Worth of Cost
A [ (1 + i) m - 1 ]
=
i Payout Period
Fixed Capital Investment
Declining Balance Method (Mathesons Method) =
Annual Pr ofit + Annual Depreciation
Depreciation at the mth year
= FC ( 1 – k )m-1 k
k = annual rate of depreciation
SV
=1- n
FC
Book value at the mth year
= FC (1 – k)m

Double Declining Balance Method

Depreciation at the mth year
= FC ( 1 – k )m-1 k
k = annual rate of depreciation
2
=
n
Book value at the mth year
= FC (1 – k)m

Sum of Years Digit Method

Life of Property = 10
Sum of years digit = 55
Year Depreciation
1 (FC – SV) 10/55
2 (FC – SV) 9/55
 MATHEMATICS
Area in Polar Coordinates
Cardioids
Rules of Symmetry r = a ± a cos θ or r = a ± a sin θ

Rule 1
If the substitution of (r, -θ) for (r, θ) yields the
same equation, the graph is symmetric with
respect to the x – axis.

Rule 2
If the substitution of (r, π – θ) for (r, θ) yields
the same equation, the graph is symmetric with
respect to the y – axis.

Rule 3
If the substitution of (-r, θ) or of (r, θ + π) for
(r,θ) yields the same equation, the graph is 3 2
Area = a
symmetric with respect to the pole. 2

Limacons
Lemniscates
r = a ± b cos θ or r = a ± b sin θ
r2 = a2 cos 2θ or r2 = a2 sin 2θ

Area = a2
 MATHEMATICS
Rose or Petal
r = a cos nθ or r = a sin nθ

 number of petals is equal to n if n is an odd

integer.
 number of petals is equal to 2n if n is even
integer.
 MATHEMATICS
Plane Areas by Integration

dx

L y2
y
y1

Vertical Strip:
A   dA   L dx  