TURBOCHARGER

Mahajan.vilas.siddhant
ME-5G,1104,Shree.H.H.J.B.Polytechnic,Chandwad

Contents:
 Introduction
 Historical presective
 Nomenclature
 Working principle
 Advantage
 Disadvantage
 Conclusion
 Reference

Introduction:

A turbocharger or tubro is a gas compressor used for forced induction of an internal

combustion engine. A form of supercharger, the turbocharger increase the pressure of
air entiring the engine to create more power . A turbocharger has the compressor
powered by the turbine which is driven by engine’s own exhaust gases rather than
direct mechanical drives. This allows a turbocharger to achieved a higher degree of
efficiency than other types of forced induction compressor which are more vulnerable
to parasitic loss.
Early
Turbocharger are commonly used on truck,car,train,aircraftand construction
equipement engine.they are most often used with otto cycle and diesel cycle internal
combustion engines. They have also been found useful in automotive fuel cell.

Historical presective:

The turbocharger was invented by swiss engineer Alfred buchi. His patent for a
turbocharger was applied for in 1905. Diesel ship and locomotive with turbocharger
began appearing in the 1920’s

Nomenclature :

early manufacture of turbocharger referred to them as “turbochargers”.A supercharger

is an air compressor used for forced induction of an engine . Logically then, adding a
turbine to turn the supercharger would yield a “turbocharger”. However, the term was
soon shortened to turbocharger.
This is now a source of confusion , as the term “turbochargered”is some times used to
refer to an engine that used both crankshaft-driven supercharger and an exhaust-
driven turbocharger, often referred to as twinchargering.
 Working principle:

A turbocharger is small centrifugal pump driven by the energy of the exhaust gases of
an engine. A turbocharger consist of a turbine and a compressor on a shared shaft . the
turbine converts kinectic energy from the engine exhaust’s velocity and potential
energy from the exhaust higher than atmospheric pressure into rotational kinectic
energy, which is in turn used to drive the compressor . the compressor draws in
ambient air pumps it into the intake manifold at increased pressure , resulting in a
greater mass of air entering the cylinder on each intake stroke.

To avoid detonation and physical damage to the host engine, the intake manifold
pressure must not get too high . thus the pressure at the intake manifold of the engine
must be controlled by some means. A wastegate , which vents excess exhaust gas so
that it will bypass the exhaust turbine is the most common boost control device. An
actuator , connected to compressor outlet via a signal hose. And usually controlled via
a solenoid by the cars engine control units forces the wastegate to open as the boost
pressure rises .the reduction in turbine speed result in the compressor slowing and in
less air pressure at the intake manifold.

Modern group NRally cars are forced by the rules to use a 34mm restrictor at the
compressor inlet. Which effectively limits the maximum boost (pressure above
atmospheric ) that the cars can achieve at high rpm . Interestingly , at low rpm they
can boost pressure of above 22psi(1.5bar).
 Multiple turbocharger:

 Parallel
Some engine . such asV-type engines, utilize two identically sized but smaller turbo
each fed by a separate set of exhaust streams from the engine. The two smaller turbos
produce the same (or more) aggregate amount of boost as a larger single turbo , but
since they smaller they rach their optimal RPM , and thus optimal boost delivery ,
more quickly . such an arrangement of turbos is typically referred to as a parallel
twin-turbo system. The first production automobile with parallel twin turbochargers
was Maserati Biturbo of the early 1980s . later such installations include Porsche 911
TT , Nissan GT-R , Mistubhishi 3000GT VR-4 , Nissan300ZXTT , Toyota Supra
Turbi ,AudiRS6 , and BMW twin turbo 3.0liter inline N54 ^ cylinder ( N54 uses two
different in size turbos, A sequential setup ) cas (E90,E81,E60).
  Sequentlial

Some cars maker combat lag by using two small turbos . A typical arrangement for this is to
have active across the entire rev range of the engine and one coming on line at higher RPM
. below this RPM , both exhaust and air inlet of the secondary turbo are closed . being
individually smaller they do not suffer from excessive lag and having the second turbo
operating at a higher RPM range allows it to get to full rotational speed before it is required .
such combinations are referred to as a sequential twin turbo . porche first used this
technology in 1985 in the porche 959 . sequential twin turbo ar usually much more
complicated than a single or parallel twin turbo system because they required what amount
to three sets of intake and wastegate pipes for the two turbochargers as well as valves to
control the direction of the exhaust gases. Many new diesel engines use this technology to
not only eliminate lag but also to reduces fuel consumption and reduce emissions.

Advantage of turbocharger
 Smaller and lighter than mechanical blower
 Less moving parts
 No drive required from engine
 Can easily deliver the large quantities of air required
 Increases thermal efficiency.
 Disadvantage of turbocharger
 Installation is key component in the effectiveness of a turbocharger , and not
all mechanics are capable of installing one properly
 System in some vehical may not be able to handle a turbocharger and can
cause the system to malfunction and breakdown.
 Turbocharger are quite expensive

Conclusion :
Here the main aim is to effectively utilize the non renewable energy such as petro;
and diesel . complete combustion of the fuel can be achieved .power output can be
increased . wind energy can be used for air compression.

Reference:
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/turbocharger
 Power engineering S.D.Ambatkar.