ASSIGNMENT 2

Biology I, Pre-Health Sciences - Durham College

Your Full Name: Kallyssa Perry

EVALUATION NOTES

Read before submitting:

 This assignment is worth 15% of your final grade.

 This assignment is due by 11:59 pm on the due date

established by your instructor:

a. An assignment submitted after the due date and time

established by your instructor is considered a late
submission. Late submissions will be penalized 10%
for any submission made within 24 hours after the
deadline, 20% for any submission made 24-48 hours
after the deadline, and 30% for any submission made
48-72 hours after the deadline. After 72 hours, a grade
of zero will be assigned.

 This assignment should be submitted online to the DC

Connect Assignments folder.

a. 1 file needs to be submitted in total.

b. Unless otherwise directed, submissions made by other means (E.g. email or hard copy) will
not be accepted and will result in a grade of 0.
c. Computer malfunctions or technical issues are not accepted as excuses for late or missing
components. TIP: Submit your assignment early so that you have time to resolve any
potential technical issues prior to the deadline.

 While students may work in groups, each student must submit their own original work.
 PART 1 – Basic Knowledge [ 34 marks ]

Rationale: In this section you are required to answer content specific questions. These
questions are very similar in structure and style to Test 2 questions and will therefore be
excellent study practice.

Instructions:.
 Answer in the spaces provided
 Read the questions carefully and thoroughly
 Consider the point value of each question as a guide for how much detail you should include
 Remember to write all answers IN YOUR OWN WORDS
 For multiple choice/multi-select questions, indicate your answer(s) using the highlighter tool
 For short answer and matching questions please answer using red font colour

Topic: The Digestive System

1. (5 marks) Match the descriptions below with their correct term. Answers are used only once.

A. Common bile duct I. Muscularis

B. Duodenum J. Pancreatic duct
C. Epiglottis K. Peristalsis
D. Ileocecal sphincter L. Pyloric sphincter
E. Ilium M. Serosa
F. Lower esophageal sphincter N. Submucosa
G. Jejunum O. Uvula
H. Mucosa
_K__ Rhythmic, wave-like contractions of smooth muscle
_H___ Inner layer of digestive (GI) tract
_C__ Flap of skin that covers the trachea when swallowing
_B____ Part of the small intestine that the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder secrete into

_L__ Ring of muscle that allows chyme to exit the stomach

2. The pancreas releases pancreatic juice during digestion.

a. (1 mark) What is the purpose of bicarbonate within pancreatic juice?

The purpose of bicarbonate within pancreatic juice is to neutralize acidic gastric acids.
b. (2 marks) List the 4 enzymes found in pancreatic juice.

4 enzymes found in pancreatic juice are trypsinogen, pancreatic lipase, nucleases, and amylase.
 3. (1 mark) Which of the following accurately describes bile? Select ALL that apply using
the highlighter tool.
a. It is produced by the gall bladder
b. It breaks triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids
c. It emulsifies lipids
d. It travels down the common bile duct
e. It is released into the stomach during digestion
f. It is present in the hepatic portal vein
g. It is an enzyme

4. (1 mark) Multiple choice – Which of the following statements is TRUE? Select your answer
using the highlighter tool.
a. Digestion of proteins begins in the mouth
b. Trypsin is produced by the stomach and the pancreas
c. Pepsin is inactive when hydrochloric acid is present
d. Nuclease is a brush border enzyme secreted by the small intestine
e. Peptidase breaks smaller polypeptides into amino acids

5. (1 mark) Multiple choice – Which of the following represents the correct order of
feces through the large intestine? Select your answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Ileocecal sphincter, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending
colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anal sphincter, anus
b. Ileocecal sphincter, cecum, descending colon, transverse colon, ascending
colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anal sphincter, anus
c. Ileocecal sphincter, cecum, ascending colon, descending colon, transverse
colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anal sphincter, anus
d. Anal sphincter, cecum, descending colon, transverse colon, ascending
colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, ileocecal sphincter, anus

Topic: The Integumentary System

6. (4 marks) Indicate whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE:

a. T The largest organ in the body is the skin

b. F A function of skin is to remove waste from the body
c. T Adipocytes are primarily found within the hypodermis
d. T The stratum basale is superficial to the stratum corneum
e. F Langerhans cells produce a pigment called melanin
f. T Arrector pili are responsible for “goose bumps”
g. T Genes, carotene, and hemoglobin can contribute to the colour of skin
h. T Melanocytes are primarily found within the epidermis

PHS – Pre-Health Sciences

 Topic: The Cardiovascular System
7. (5 marks) Could Type AB – blood be given safely to a person with Type A+ blood?

a) Complete the following chart

DONOR RECIPIENT
What antigens are present Donor only provides What antigens are present Which antibodies are
on the RBC? red blood cells NO on the RBC? present in the plasma?
antibodies are given.
A, B A B

a) Will an antibodies in the recipient’s blood bind to antigens on the donor’s RBCs?
Yes, the B antibodies in the recipient’s blood will bind to the donors RBCs.
b) Will agglutination occur?
Yes, agglutination will occur.
c) Will this blood transfusion be safe?
No, this blood transfusion is not safe.

8. (2 marks) Match the descriptions with an appropriate term. Answers are used only
once.
A. Hemoglobin
B. Heme
C. Hemolysis
D. Hematopoiesis

B______ Molecule found in hemoglobin that works with iron to bind oxygen.
C_____ Destruction of red blood cells in the liver and spleen.
D____ Creation of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
A__ Protein found in red blood cells that binds oxygen.

PHS – Pre-Health Sciences

 9. (4 marks) Compare and contrast a vein and an artery. List ONE similarity and THREE
differences.
Differences:

Artery Vein

Carry oxygenated blood away from the Carries deoxygenated blood to the heart
heart

Pulses with your heartbeat No heartbeat

Has thicker walls Thinner walls with less pressure

Similarity:
They both carry blood.

Topic: The Respiratory System

10. (1 mark) Multiple choice – Which of the following is/are TRUE concerning alveoli? Select your
answer using the highlighter tool.
a. They are sacs in the lungs
b. It is a location where gas exchange takes place via diffusion
c. They are surrounded by capillaries
d. Only A and C are correct
e. A, B and C are correct

11. (1 mark) Multiple choice – What is the role of chemoreceptors during ventilation? Select your
answer using the highlighter tool.
a. They detect when pH is low within the blood
b. They communicate with the medulla oblongata to decrease breathing rate
c. They eventually cause you to breathe if you try to hold your breath for as long as possible
d. Only A and C are correct
e. A, B and C are correct
 12. (6 marks) Fill-in the chart below to describe THREE ways in which carbon dioxide can be
carried within the blood:

Method of CO2 Description

% CO2
transport (Include 2 additional facts)
7%-10% CO2 dissolves easier in water than O2, which is why some CO2
can be transported by dissolving in plasma.
Dissolved in blood
When blood is circulated to the lungs, the CO2 that was
plasma
dissolved in the plasma diffuses across red blood cells and
25%-30% alveolar
CO2 bindsmembranes to be able
to amino groups thattomake
reachupthe alveoli, it then
hemoglobin and is
forms HbCo2.
Bound to hemoglobin CO2 that is bound to the hemoglobin amino acids is released
and exhaled.
60%-65% Bicarbonate ions are formed by the reaction:
CO2 + H2O = H2CO3- = H+
As bicarbonate The bicarbonate and hydrogen ions combine to from carbonic
acid, then, carbonic anhydrase converts the carbonic acid to
CO2, which is then exhaled.

PART 2 – Case Study [56 marks]

Rationale: In this section you will develop your

problem-solving and critical thinking skills by
applying your knowledge of basic concepts to a
case study. This is an important skill to develop
as it allows you to relate what you are learning to
the everyday world and helps prepare you for
future programs and careers in the health care
field. As you proceed through this section, think
about how these questions connect to your other
courses and to your future goals.

Instructions:
 Answer in the spaces provided
 Read the questions carefully and thoroughly
 Consider the point value of each question as a guide for how much detail you should include
 Remember to write all answers IN YOUR OWN WORDS
 For multiple choice/multi-select questions, indicate your answer(s) using the highlighter tool
  For short answer and matching questions, please answer using red font colour

Scenario: Mary is a student enrolled in the Pre-Health Sciences program at Durham College. Like
many of her classmates, she has applied to several competitive healthcare programs including
Paramedics and Nursing and is very proud of the hard work that she has accomplished so far.

Unfortunately, the past few weeks have taken their toll on Mary’s mental health and she is feeling
extremely burned out. Her stress levels are at an all-time high and she is struggling to manage the
demands of school, caring for her young son, Andrew, and working part-time 20 hours per week. All of
this exhaustion has caused her digestive disorder (lactose intolerance) to flare up despite the fact that
she can normally manage it very well with diet and medication. Specifically she has been forgetting to
restock her supply of Lactaid medication (an over-the-counter-drug) and has picked up the habit of
eating cheap, frozen pizzas that contain high quantities of starch and lactose. This has left her with
extreme bloating, nausea, and pain and has forced her to make regular emergency trips to the bathroom
while at school and at work.

13. (1 mark) Multiple choice – People with lactose intolerance cannot digest . Select
your answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Lactose
b. Lactase
c. Maltase
d. Maltose
e. Amylase

14. (1 mark) Multiple choice – Medications like Lactaid contain , a digestive

enzyme that is normally made by the . Select your answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Maltase, small intestine
b. Amylase, pancreas e. Lactase, pancreas
c. Lactose, small intestine
d. Lactase, small intestine

15. (9 marks) Track a piece of pizza through Mary’s digestive system by drawing a simplified sketch of
how various biological molecules are processed by Mary’s digestive system. Start with the pizza
entering through the mouth and show how the various enzymes break it down into nutrients that can
be absorbed within the body. For this question, you may assume that the only biological molecules in
the pizza are polysaccharides, from the starch-filled dough, and lactose, from the cheese. You may
ignore any other molecules that might be present. You should also assume that Mary did NOT take
her Lactaid medication when eating the pizza.

Your drawing can be done by hand on paper or made digitally as long as a clear photo or a screenshot
of your work is pasted into this document (not submitted as an additional file). A reminder that your
 image must be original – i.e. it is not copied directly from course resources (E.g. lecture slides) or
the internet.

Use the checklist below as a guide:

ANATOMY of the digestive system is drawn and labeled:

 Regions: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine
 Accessory organs: salivary glands, gall bladder, liver,
pancreas
Digestion of polysaccharides and lactose is clearly shown:
 Names of all enzymes are provided
 Names of the organs that make each enzyme are
provided
 Descriptions/diagrams are provided as to how each
enzyme breaks down the molecules

Draw or insert your image in the space below:

Polysaccharides:
1. Salivary Amylase: Saliva secreted by
salivary glands. Amylase breaks down
food into maltose.
2. Pancreatic Amylase: Pancreas secretes
gastric juices that break down the
remaining polysaccharides.
3. Maltase: Maltase from the small intestine
breaks the maltose into glucose which is
absorbed into the blood stream.
Lactose:
Lactose is normally digested and
absorbed with the help of lactase which comes
from the small intestine. But with people that are
lactose intolerant, they don’t produce enough
lactase to be able to digest the lactose. Without
the lactase, the lactose goes to the large intestine
where it is mixed with bacteria and causes it to
ferment.
 16. (1 mark) How would the digestion above change if Mary took Lactaid with her meal?
If Mary took Lactaid with her meal, then the lactose would be able to be digested in the small intestine where it
would normally get digested. It would cause her to not be in as much discomfort since the lactose isn’t going
straightto her large intestine where it ferments with the bacteria.

17. (3 marks) Untreated lactose intolerance leads to inflammation within the gut that prevents key
nutrients from being absorbed. Explain how carbohydrate monomers normally get absorbed into
the body. Provide at least THREE details using correct terminology.

Carbohydrates start getting absorbed in the mouth with amylase when food is being chewed. After it is in
the stomach, it gets transported through the small intestine into the portal vein then to the liver which then
gets absorbed and is stored as glycogen. Fiber is the only type of carbohydrate that can’t get absorbed into
the body, so it gets eliminated with stool.

Scenario: As Mary continues the semester, stress continues to take its toll on Mary’s body. While not
life threatening, Mary has noticed that she experiences constant outbreaks of acne, despite having a
history of clear, blemish-free skin. After doing a bit of research and chatting with her Biology professor,
she learns that stress can aggravate sebaceous glands in the skin and cause acne.

18. (5 marks) Answer the following questions about sebaceous glands:

a. (1 mark) Where are sebaceous glands located in the body? Be as specific as possible.

Sebaceous glands are in all areas of the skin except for the palms of hands and the soles of feet.
 b. (1 mark) What is the difference between a sebaceous gland and a sudoriferous gland?

Sebaceous glands are composed of epithelial cells, found in hair follicles, and excretes oily fluid know as
sebum.
Sudoriferous glands protect the skin from dryness, prevents bacteria from entering skin, and cools down the
skin.

c. (1 mark) What is sebum made of? List at least THREE components.

Sebum is made of triglycerides, wax esters, and squalene.

d. (2 marks) Explain in detail how an excess of sebum can lead to the production of acne.

The excess sebum doesn’t allow the skin to shed properly, which traps the sebum and then causes the
bacteria in the hair follicle to multiply and then it leads to the production of acne.

Scenario: As the final weeks of school approach, Mary’s stress begins to reach a breaking point as her
assignments and test dates loom. What is more, her son Andrew has been experiencing troubles at school
and has recently been diagnosed with ADHD. She confides in a friend that she feels as though she is
“barely hanging on.” She is just hoping she can make it through these final weeks.
One day, as she is walking into her Biology lab, Mary starts to feel funny. She beings to feel faint and
light-headed, almost as if the “walls are closing in.” She sits down quickly at the lab bench but a huge
wave of nausea suddenly overwhelms her and she begins to breathe rapidly. Just as class is about to
begin, Mary reaches a state of full-blown panic as she finds herself with unexpected chest pain and
difficulty breathing. Noticing her distress, her classmates and professor immediately call Campus Safety
and the Campus Emergency Response Team (CERT). An ambulance soon arrives and after an initial
assessment by paramedics, it is determined that she needs to get to Lakeridge Health immediately. She is
quickly loaded into the ambulance, connected to an IV (containing water, sugar and salt), given her an
aspirin, and offered additional oxygen. As they pull into the hospital, paramedics do their best to keep
her calm but Mary overhears them say her symptoms align with that of a heart attack.

19. (1 mark) Multiple Choice – If Mary is experiencing a heart attack, what blood circuit is mostly
likely compromised? Select your answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Coronary
b. Systemic
b. Hepatic
c. Pulmonary
d. None of the above

20. (1 mark) Multiple Choice – **Which component of blood is IV fluid meant to mimic? Select
your answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Electrolytes
b. Blood plasma
c. Erythrocytes
d. A and B only
e. All of the above
21. (3 marks) List THREE specific components of blood that are NOT present in Mary’s IV fluid
Briefly describe the function of each within the body.
Red blood cell: Transport oxygen to cells in the body and carry carbon dioxide to the lungs.
Plasma: Transports waste to areas of the body for execration.
Platelets: Clot the walls of injured blood vessels.

22. While in the ambulance, the additional oxygen that Mary receives enters her nasal cavity and
travels through the respiratory system until it reaches the blood. From there, it travels to her
heart so that it can be pumped to the various cells in her body.
a. (5 marks) List the respiratory structures IN ORDER that carry oxygen from the nasal
cavity to the alveoli. List at least FIVE structures.

Nasal Cavity

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

Bronchioles

Alveoli

b. Once absorbed into the blood at the alveoli, oxygen is then transported through the blood
via the red blood cells within the blood.

i. (1 mark) What is the scientific name for a red blood cell?

Erythrocyte

ii. (1 mark) During hypoxia, what hormone would be released to increase the
number of red blood cells within the blood?
Oxytocin
 iii. (1 mark) True or False – A red blood cell is able to live for years within the
blood.
False
iv. (4 marks) What features do a red blood cell have that allows it to effectively
move through the blood and transport oxygen? List at least FOUR features
and explain how they help RBCs carry out their functions.

 Contains hemoglobin, which allows for the binding of oxygen.

 Biconcave shape that maximizes surface area and increases efficiency of

oxygen absorption.

 Shape allows for the blood cell to squeeze through narrow vessels

 No nucleus which increases the oxygen capacity.

Scenario: Upon arriving at the hospital, Mary is assessed by the on-call cardiologist, Dr. Hiba Khaled.
After an initial assessment and blood draw, Dr. Khaled orders an EKG and echocardiogram for Mary
to determine if she is experiencing a heart attack.

23. (8 marks) An echocardiogram is an ultrasound test that allows the heart to be imaged and blood
tracked through the heart. In the space below, map the pathway of blood through the heart. Start
with blood entering the heart via the vena cava and finish with blood leaving the heart through
the aorta. Be sure to list all chambers, valves, and blood vessels that the blood passes through IN
ORDER. Don’t forget to answer in your own words and use the checklist below as a guide.
 4 heart valves are listed in the pathway (2 marks)
 4 heart chambers are listed in the pathway (2marks)
 4 blood major blood vessels attached to the heart are listed in the pathway (2 marks)
 All structures are listed in the correct chronological order (1mark)
 All names are written in FULL (no acronyms) with no spelling errors (1mark)

Vena Cava → Right Atrium → Tricuspid Valve → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Valve →Pulmonary
Artery → Lungs → Pulmonary Vein → Left Atrium → Mitral Valve → Left Ventricle → Aortic Valve →
Aorta
 Scenario: Luckily, Dr. Khaled reports that the blood work, EKG, and echocardiogram came back
clean, i.e. there is no evidence to support that Mary experienced a heart attack. Dr. Khaled suggests
that Mary may have actually experienced a panic attack instead, explaining that the symptoms of a
heart attack are often the same (chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea). She goes on to say
how under severe stress, the nervous and endocrine systems within the body can trigger a rapid heart
rate during a panic attack.

24. (1 mark) Which of the following are able to increase the speed of the cardiac cycle?
Select ALL that apply using the highlighter tool.
a. Sympathetic nervous system
b. Parasympathetic nervous system
c. Epinephrine
d. Norepinephrine

Scenario: After several more hours, Mary is discharged from the hospital with a diagnosis of “acute
panic attack.” Before leaving, she is told to rest and consider booking an appointment with a
professional psychologist for talk therapy. She is also told that if her panic attacks persist to try a
variety of breathing techniques and investigate various medications like cannabidiol (CBD) oil, an
extract from the Cannabis sativa plant that has been linked to anxiety reduction [Source]. Mary goes
home and practices the suggested breathing techniques. One of them, the “calming breath,”
recommends taking a long, slow breath in through the nose, holding your breath for 3 seconds, and
exhaling slowly through pursed lips.

25. (5 marks) While performing these breathing exercises, describe IN YOUR OWN WORDS how
the diaphragm and intercostal muscles assist Mary’s inspiration and expiration.

During inspiration:
During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and flattens and moves downwards, the space made
from the diaphragm allows for the space to increase in your chest cavity and makes room for your lungs
to expand. The intercostal muscles enlarge and pull your ribcage upwards and outwards.

During expiration:
During expiration, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax which reduces the space in the chest cavity.
The diaphrapm move upwards and the intercostal muscles downwards and inwards. When the chest cavity
decreases in size, the lungs deflate to fit in the smaller space.

26. (1 mark) Multiple Choice – What term is used to describe the amount of air moved with
1 breath at rest? Select your answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Inspiratory reserve volume
b. Expiratory reserve volume
c. Tidal volume
d. Vital capacity
e. Residual volume
 Scenario: After trying the various breathing exercises, Mary feels calmer and less anxious. She books
an appointment with one of the counsellors at Durham College’s Campus Health Centre in G1030 and
does some additional research on the Solace Centre in C111 to see when the various wellness coaches
and meditation classes are available. She also sends an email to the Access and Support Centre (ASC)
in SW116 and Student Academic Learning Services (SALS) in SSB204 to see if there are any
additional supports she can access to help her manage her academics while she recovers. She also
opens the pamphlet on CBD oil to see if this is a route she wants to pursue. Specifically, she is
wondering if CBD oil could also help her manage her symptoms of lactose intolerance as well.

27. (4 marks) Perform a quick Google search of CBD oil and digestive health. Is there any
CREDIBLE evidence to suggest that CBD can help manage inflammation within the gut?
Justify your answer and provide the link to your source.

TIP 1: Credible sources include government websites and peer-reviewed journal articles. If you
are unsure of how to pick a credible source, watch the following video or take a look at the
resources posted on the SALS course in DC Connect: [Link]
v=bZ122WakNDY

TIP 2: You will not be marked on if your answer is right or wrong. Instead, it is your job to
formulate a clear response and back up your answer with credible evidence.

Answer:

There is credible evidence to suggest the CBD can help manage inflammation within the stomach. CBD
can help with stomach inflammation because it interacts with the CB-1, CB-2 receptors and serotonin receptors,
and with the CB-1 receptor, it has been found to help regulate nausea, as well as protection from the stomach
acid. CBD oil could also influence stomach permeability by activating the cannabinoid receptors which can help
reduce the inflammation. CBD is also an anti-inflammatory agent which will help with stomach inflammation.

Sources:

Sol✿Cbd. (n.d.). CBD Oil May Help With Digestive Issues. Retrieved December 4, 2019, from https://
[Link]/blogs/news/how-cbd-oil-help-digestion.
Visser, C. (2019, November 7). CBD For IBS & Digestion Relief: Can It Really Help? Retrieved
December 4, 2019, from [Link]