Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EVALUATION NOTES
While students may work in groups, each student must submit their own original work.
PART 1 – Basic Knowledge [ 34 marks ]
Rationale: In this section you are required to answer content specific questions. These
questions are very similar in structure and style to Test 2 questions and will therefore be
excellent study practice.
Instructions:.
Answer in the spaces provided
Read the questions carefully and thoroughly
Consider the point value of each question as a guide for how much detail you should include
Remember to write all answers IN YOUR OWN WORDS
For multiple choice/multi-select questions, indicate your answer(s) using the highlighter tool
For short answer and matching questions please answer using red font colour
H. Mucosa
A. Common bile duct I. Muscularis
B. Duodenum J. Pancreatic duct
C. Epiglottis K. Peristalsis
D. Ileocecal sphincter L. Pyloric sphincter
E. Ilium M. Serosa
F. Lower esophageal sphincter N. Submucosa
G. Jejunum O. Uvula
__K__ Rhythmic, wave-like contractions of smooth muscle
__H__ Inner layer of digestive (GI) tract
__O__ Flap of skin that covers the trachea when swallowing
__A__ Part of the small intestine that the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder secrete into
4. (1 mark) Multiple choice – Which of the following statements is TRUE? Select your
answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Digestion of proteins begins in the mouth
b. Trypsin is produced by the stomach and the pancreas
c. Pepsin is inactive when hydrochloric acid is present
d. Nuclease is a brush border enzyme secreted by the small intestine
e. Peptidase breaks smaller polypeptides into amino acids
5. (1 mark) Multiple choice – Which of the following represents the correct order of
feces through the large intestine? Select your answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Ileocecal sphincter, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending
colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anal sphincter, anus
b. Ileocecal sphincter, cecum, descending colon, transverse colon, ascending
colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anal sphincter, anus
c. Ileocecal sphincter, cecum, ascending colon, descending colon, transverse
colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anal sphincter, anus
d. Anal sphincter, cecum, descending colon, transverse colon, ascending
colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, ileocecal sphincter, anus
DONOR RECIPIENT
What antigens are present Donor only provides What antigens are present Which antibodies are
on the RBC? red blood cells NO on the RBC? present in the plasma?
antibodies are given.
A and B antigens N/A A antigens Anti-B
antibodies
a) Will an antibodies in the recipient’s blood bind to antigens on the donor’s RBCs?
Yes, the antibodies from the recipient will bind to antigens of the donor
8. (2 marks) Match the descriptions with an appropriate term. Answers are used only
once.
A. Hemoglobin
B. Heme
C. Hemolysis
D. Hematopoiesis
__B__ Molecule found in hemoglobin that works with iron to bind oxygen.
__C__ Destruction of red blood cells in the liver and spleen.
__D__ Creation of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
__A__ Protein found in red blood cells that binds oxygen.
Artery Vein
Carry blood away from the heart Carry blood towards the heart
10. (1 mark) Multiple choice – Which of the following is/are TRUE concerning alveoli? Select your
answer using the highlighter tool.
a. They are sacs in the lungs
b. It is a location where gas exchange takes place via diffusion
c. They are surrounded by capillaries
d. Only A and C are correct
e. A, B and C are correct
11. (1 mark) Multiple choice – What is the role of chemoreceptors during ventilation? Select your
answer using the highlighter tool.
a. They detect when pH is low within the blood
b. They communicate with the medulla oblongata to decrease breathing rate
c. They eventually cause you to breathe if you try to hold your breath for as long as possible
d. Only A and C are correct
e. A, B and C are correct
Instructions:
Answer in the spaces provided
Read the questions carefully and thoroughly
Consider the point value of each question as a guide for how much detail you should include
Remember to write all answers IN YOUR OWN WORDS
For multiple choice/multi-select questions, indicate your answer(s) using the highlighter tool
For short answer and matching questions, please answer using red font colour
Unfortunately, the past few weeks have taken their toll on Mary’s mental health and she is feeling
extremely burned out. Her stress levels are at an all-time high and she is struggling to manage the
demands of school, caring for her young son, Andrew, and working part-time 20 hours per week. All of
this exhaustion has caused her digestive disorder (lactose intolerance) to flare up despite the fact that
she can normally manage it very well with diet and medication. Specifically she has been forgetting to
restock her supply of Lactaid medication (an over-the-counter-drug) and has picked up the habit of
eating cheap, frozen pizzas that contain high quantities of starch and lactose. This has left her with
extreme bloating, nausea, and pain and has forced her to make regular emergency trips to the bathroom
while at school and at work.
13. (1 mark) Multiple choice – People with lactose intolerance cannot digest . Select your
answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Lactose
b. Lactase
c. Maltase
d. Maltose
e. Amylase
14. (1 mark) Multiple choice – Medications like Lactaid contain , a digestive enzyme
that is normally made by the . Select your answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Maltase, small intestine
b. Amylase, pancreas
c. Lactose, small intestine
d. Lactase, small intestine
e. Lactase, pancreas
15. (9 marks) Track a piece of pizza through Mary’s digestive system by drawing a simplified
sketch of how various biological molecules are processed by Mary’s digestive system. Start
with the pizza entering through the mouth and show how the various enzymes break it down
into nutrients that can be absorbed within the body. For this question, you may assume that
the only biological molecules in the pizza are polysaccharides, from the starch-filled dough,
and lactose, from the cheese. You may ignore any other molecules that might be present.
You should also assume that Mary did NOT take her Lactaid medication when eating the
pizza.
Your drawing can be done by hand on paper or made digitally as long as a clear photo or a
screenshot of your work is pasted into this document (not submitted as an additional file).
A reminder that your image must be original – i.e. it is not copied directly from course
resources (E.g. lecture slides) or the internet.
17. (3 marks) Untreated lactose intolerance leads to inflammation within the gut that prevents key
nutrients from being absorbed. Explain how carbohydrate monomers normally get absorbed
into the body. Provide at least THREE details using correct terminology.
All of the monomers are absorbed into the body in the small intestine along the brush border
Glucose is absorbed in the small intestine by active transport pumps (Na/K Pump)
Fructose is absorbed through facilitated diffusion in the lining of the small intestine.
Scenario: As Mary continues the semester, stress continues to take its toll on Mary’s body. While not
life threatening, Mary has noticed that she experiences constant outbreaks of acne, despite having a
history of clear, blemish-free skin. After doing a bit of research and chatting with her Biology professor,
she learns that stress can aggravate sebaceous glands in the skin and cause acne.
a. (1 mark) Where are sebaceous glands located in the body? Be as specific as possible.
Sebaceous glands are located in the dermis of the skin.
b. (1 mark) What is the difference between a sebaceous gland and a sudoriferous gland?
The sebaceous glands are oil glands whereas the sudoriferous glands are sweat glands.
d. (2 marks) Explain in detail how an excess of sebum can lead to the production of acne.
Excess sebum can harden around hair follicles and pores and block them. This would cause a build up of
bacteria underneath the skin leading it to swell and produce acne.
19. (1 mark) Multiple Choice – If Mary is experiencing a heart attack, what blood circuit is mostly
likely compromised? Select your answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Coronary
b. Systemic
b. Hepatic
c. Pulmonary
d. None of the above
20. (1 mark) Multiple Choice – Which component of blood is IV fluid meant to mimic? Select your
answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Electrolytes
b. Blood plasma
c. Erythrocytes
d. A and B only
e. All of the above
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx/Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Lungs
Alveoli
b. Once absorbed into the blood at the alveoli, oxygen is then transported through the blood
via the red blood cells within the blood.
ii. (1 mark) During hypoxia, what hormone would be released to increase the
number of red blood cells within the blood?
Erythropoeitin is released during hypoxia to produce RBCs.
23. (8 marks) An echocardiogram is an ultrasound test that allows the heart to be imaged and blood
tracked through the heart. In the space below, map the pathway of blood through the heart. Start
with blood entering the heart via the vena cava and finish with blood leaving the heart through
the aorta. Be sure to list all chambers, valves, and blood vessels that the blood passes through IN
ORDER. Don’t forget to answer in your own words and use the checklist below as a guide.
4 heart valves are listed in the pathway (2 marks)
4 heart chambers are listed in the pathway (2marks)
4 blood major blood vessels attached to the heart are listed in the pathway (2 marks)
All structures are listed in the correct chronological order (1mark)
All names are written in FULL (no acronyms) with no spelling errors (1mark)
The blood flow starts at the superior vena cava. It enters the right atrium and passes through the tricuspid
valve into the right ventricle. From there, it goes through the pulmonary valve and into the the pulmonary
artery. Then, it travels through the body and to the lungs then returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein
which is connected to the left atrium. The blood passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle and
continues through the aortic valve and out the aorta.
24. (1 mark) Which of the following are able to increase the speed of the cardiac cycle? Select
ALL that apply using the highlighter tool.
a. Sympathetic nervous system
b. Parasympathetic nervous system
c. Epinephrine
d. Norepinephrine
Scenario: After several more hours, Mary is discharged from the hospital with a diagnosis of “acute
panic attack.” Before leaving, she is told to rest and consider booking an appointment with a professional
psychologist for talk therapy. She is also told that if her panic attacks persist to try a variety of breathing
techniques and investigate various medications like cannabidiol (CBD) oil, an extract from the Cannabis
sativa plant that has been linked to anxiety reduction [Source]. Mary goes home and practices the
suggested breathing techniques. One of them, the “calming breath,” recommends taking a long, slow
breath in through the nose, holding your breath for 3 seconds, and exhaling slowly through pursed lips.
25. (5 marks) While performing these breathing exercises, describe IN YOUR OWN WORDS how
the diaphragm and intercostal muscles assist Mary’s inspiration and expiration.
During inspiration:
During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and moves downwards while the intercostal muscles contract
and pull upwards. This allows the thoracic cavity to expand and for air to fill the lungs.
During expiration:
During expiration, the diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards while the intercostal muscles relax and
move back up. This decreases the lung size and pushes the air out of the body.
26. (1 mark) Multiple Choice – What term is used to describe the amount of air moved with 1
breath at rest? Select your answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Inspiratory reserve volume
b. Expiratory reserve volume
c. Tidal volume
d. Vital capacity
e. Residual volume
27. (4 marks) Perform a quick Google search of CBD oil and digestive health. Is there any
CREDIBLE evidence to suggest that CBD can help manage inflammation within the
gut? Justify your answer and provide the link to your source.
TIP 2: You will not be marked on if your answer is right or wrong. Instead, it is your
job to formulate a clear response and back up your answer with credible evidence.
Answer:
Yes, there are sources that claim that CBD can help manage gut inflammation. Studies have
shown an improvements in symptoms within patients that used CBD. It has also been used to
help relieve conditions like chronic pain, anxiety, and side effects of cancer. 10-20% of people
with IBD symptoms use CBD products to help manage the symptoms, and that number is on a
rise with the increase in acceptability of CBD products across the country. Studies have also
shown that it helps mostly with the pain and cramps that come along with the inflammation
rather than the inflammation itself.