Biology I Assignment 2 Guidelines
Biology I Assignment 2 Guidelines
ASSIGNMENT 2
Biology I, Pre-Health Sciences - Durham College, Winter 2021
/100 marks
EVALUATION NOTES
Rationale: In this section you are required to answer content specific questions. These questions are
very similar in structure and style to Test 2 questions and will therefore be excellent study practice.
Instructions:.
Answer in the spaces provided.
Read the questions carefully and thoroughly.
Consider the point value of each question as a guide for how much detail you should include
Short answers should be written in IN YOUR OWN WORDS using COMPLETE SENTENCES
a. ___C__ A healthy person has cells with 100% of their cholesterol receptors, a person with
hypercholesterolemia has 0% of their cholesterol receptors, and a carrier has 50% of their
cholesterol receptors
b. __D___ In one extended family, adult weight ranges from 115 lbs to 210 lbs.
c. _B____ Two people have the exact same genes for skin colour, but 1 person has a darker
skin colour due to increased sun exposure
d. _A____ A chicken that is heterozygous for feather colour has both black and white feathers.
e. __F___ Colour blindness is more common in males than females
f. ___E__ ABO blood type in humans can have 3 versions of a gene: IA IB and i.
TOPIC: Evolution
c. Homologous molecules
d. Antibiotic resistance
4. (5 marks) Match the descriptions below with their correct term. Answers are used only once.
__A___ Breaks food into smaller chunks but does not break chemical bonds
__I___ The layer of digestive (GI) tract responsible for peristalsis
__G___ The middle portion of the small intestine
___C__ The scientific name for food within the small intestine
___D__ Ring of muscle that relaxes to let undigested food enter the cecum
a. (1 mark) What is the definition of “accessory organ” with respect to the digestive
system?
-accessory organ is and organ that helps digestion but are not apart of the
digestive tract.
c. (1 mark) What is the function of the pancreas within the digestive system? List
TWO specific details.
Name: _____________________ CRN#: _____________________
Student ID: _____________________ Date: _____________________
- Makes pancreatic juices called enzymes which break down sugars, fats, and
starches.
- Helps the digestive system by making hormones which are chemical
messengers that travel through the blood.
Name: _____________________ CRN#: _____________________
Student ID: _____________________ Date: _____________________
6. (1 mark) Multi-select – Which of the following accurately describes bile? Select ALL that apply.
8. (1 mark) Multiple choice – Which of the following represents the correct order of feces through
the large intestine?
a. Ileocecal sphincter, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid
colon, rectum, anal canal, anal sphincter, anus
b. Anal sphincter, cecum, descending colon, transverse colon, ascending colon, sigmoid
colon, rectum, anal canal, ileocecal sphincter, anus
c. Ileocecal sphincter, cecum, descending colon, transverse colon, ascending colon, sigmoid
colon, rectum, anal canal, anal sphincter, anus
d. Ileocecal sphincter, cecum, ascending colon, descending colon, transverse colon, sigmoid
colon, rectum, anal canal, anal sphincter, anus
10. (5 marks) Could Type A Rh– blood be given safely to a person with Type B Rh+ blood?
a. Complete the chart below. Be specific and include information about A, B and Rh factor.
DONOR RECIPIENT
What antigens are What antibodies are What antigens are Which antibodies are
present on the RBC? present in the plasma? present on the RBC? present in the plasma?
Anti-B Anti-A
A- antigens are B+ antigens are
antibodies are antibodies are
present present
present present
b. Yes/No - Will antibodies in the recipient’s blood bind to antigens on the donor’s RBCs?
11. (2 marks) Match the descriptions below to the appropriate terms. Options are used only once.
A. Hemoglobin
B. Heme
C. Hemolysis
D. Hematopoiesis
___B___ Molecule found in hemoglobin that works with iron to bind oxygen.
___C___ Destruction of red blood cells in the liver and spleen.
__D____ Creation of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
___A___ Protein found in red blood cells that binds oxygen.
12. (3 marks) Provide THREE full differences between an artery and a capillary. [TIP: Make sure
to organize your answers in the chart so that the differences align.]
Differences:
Artery Capillary
The blood vessels have thick walls. The blood vessels have narrow and thin
walls
Carries blood from the heart to different Is connected to arteries and veins.
body parts
All arteries carry oxygenated blood Contains both oxygenated and
minus the pulmonary artery. deoxygenated blood.
13. (1 mark) Multiple choice – Which of the following statements are TRUE regarding alveoli in the
respiratory system?
14. (1 mark) Multiple choice – Which of the following is/are TRUE regarding the medulla oblongata?
15. (5 marks) Indicate whether the statements below are TRUE or FALSE:
a. ____FALSE__ Both oxygen and carbon dioxide can travel through the blood bound to
hemoglobin
b. __TRUE____ Most carbon dioxide travels through the blood as bicarbonate
c. ___TRUE___ Bicarbonate is formed with the help of enzymes within the red blood cell
d. __FALSE____ There are 3 mechanisms for transporting oxygen through the blood but only
2 mechanisms for transporting carbon dioxide
e. ___FALSE___ Carbon dioxide enters red blood cells via the process of osmosis
Instructions:
Answer in the spaces provided.
Read the questions carefully and thoroughly.
Consider the point value of each question as a guide for how much detail you should include
Short answers should be written in IN YOUR OWN WORDS using COMPLETE SENTENCES
Scenario: Mary is a student enrolled in the Pre-Health Sciences program at Durham College. Like
many of her classmates, she has applied to several competitive healthcare programs including
Paramedics and Nursing and is very proud of the hard work that she has accomplished so far.
Unfortunately, the past few weeks have taken their toll on Mary’s mental health and she is feeling
extremely burned out. Her stress levels are at an all-time high and she is struggling to manage the
demands of school, caring for her young son, Andrew, and working part-time 20 hours per week. All of
this exhaustion has caused her gall bladder disease (gallstones) to flare up despite the fact that she can
normally manage it very well with diet. Specifically, she has been forgetting to limit her intake of
greasy foods and has picked up the habit of eating cheap, takeout meals that include deep fried and
cheese-covered items. This has left her with nausea, occasional vomiting and steady severe pain in the
upper abdomen. It has forced her to make regular emergency trips to the bathroom while at school and
at work.
16. (1 mark) Multiple choice – Bile from the gall bladder aids in the digestion of ________.
a. Polysaccharides
b. Lipid droplets
c. Complex proteins
d. Disaccharides
e. Deoxyribonucleic acidle
17. (1 mark) Multiple choice – Gallstones can prevent the passage of bile into the _________ by
blocking the _________.
a. Duodenum, common bile duct
b. Duodenum, pancreatic duct
c. Stomach, pancreatic duct
d. Stomach, common bile duct
e. Large intestine, common bile duct
18. Track a bite of sushi through Mary’s digestive system by completing the following:
a. (8 marks) Draw a simple sketch of the GI tract with the following labels:
anal sphincter, anus, epiglottis, esophagus, gall bladder, ileocecal sphincter, large intestine
(cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal), liver, lower esophageal sphincter, mouth, pancreas,
pharynx, pyloric sphincter, salivary glands, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), stomach
TIP: Your drawing can be done by hand on paper or made digitally as long as a clear photo or a
screenshot of your work is pasted into this document (not submitted as an additional file). A
reminder that your image must be original, i.e. it is NOT ok to copy directly from course
resources (E.g. DC Connect) or the Internet.
b. (7 marks) Fill in the charts below to show how various components of the sushi would be
digested within the GI tract.
Complex proteins:
Na Loc Location Description of how
me atio where the enzyme breaks
of n the down the food – be as
enz wh enzyme specific as possible
ym ere is first
e the mixed
enz with
ym food
e is
ma
de
1 Pep Chi Stomach Turns into pepsin
sin ef when meet with
oge cell stomach acid which
n s breaks down proteins
(sto
ma
ch/
gas
tric
pits
)
2 Pro Pan Small Breaks complex
teas cre intestine proteins into smaller
e as polypeptides
3 Pep Sto Small Breaks down proteins
tida ma intestine within the body.
se ch (duoden
um)
Polysaccharides:
Name Lo Locatio Description of how
of cat n where the enzyme breaks
enzy ion the down the food – be
me wh enzyme as specific as
PHS – Pre-Health Sciences
Name: _____________________ CRN#: _____________________
Student ID: _____________________ Date: _____________________
ere is first possible
the mixed
enz with
ym food
e is
ma
de
1 Saliva Sal Mouth Breaks down
ry iva complex
amyla ry carbohydrates E.g.
se gla starch.
nds
2 Pancr Pa Small Breaks
eatic ncr intestin polysaccharides into
amyla eas e disaccharides
se
3 Malta Br Small Breaks bonds
se- ush intestin dextrinase1,6 which
gluco bor e functions in
amyla der conjuncture for
se sucrase.
c. (2 marks) How might the digestion of the sushi be affected if Mary was experiencing a
gallstone blockage? Be specific about how the biological molecules would be affected.
The biological molecules would end up being blocked to get to the liver and possible the
intestine and it would not be broken down any further.
d. (2 marks) Explain what happens to any undigested sushi leftover in Mary’s small intestine.
List at least 4 specific points.
-absorption of nutrients happens as normal.
-fat digestion is impaired.
-fat is largely undigested especially after eating fatty foods.
-stool will contain a high amount of fat.
Scenario: As Mary continues the semester, stress continues to take its toll on Mary’s body. While not
life-threatening, Mary has noticed that she is sweating more than usual. After doing a bit of research
and chatting with her Biology professor, she learns that stress can aggravate apocrine glands in the skin
and cause excess sweating.
b. (1 mark) What is the difference between a sudoriferous gland and a sebaceous gland?
Sudoriferous glands are small structures of skin that produce skin whereas sebaceous glands are the
opening s for hair follicles.
c. (1 mark) Sweating related to stress is produced in the apocrine glands. What are eccrine sweat
glands associated with? ______Body temperature_______________
d. (1 mark) What causes the odour associated with sweat from apocrine glands?
-When the fluid meets bacteria on your skin is when a smell is created.
Scenario: As the final weeks of school approach, Mary’s stress begins to reach a breaking point as her
assignments and test dates loom. What is more, her son Andrew has been experiencing troubles at
school and has recently been diagnosed with ADHD. She confides in a friend that she feels as though
she is “barely hanging on.” She is just hoping she can make it through these final weeks.
One day, as she is walking into her Biology lab, Mary starts to feel funny. She beings to feel faint and
light-headed, almost as if the “walls are closing in.” She sits down quickly at the lab bench but a huge
wave of nausea suddenly overwhelms her and she begins to breathe rapidly. Just as class is about to
begin, Mary reaches a state of full-blown panic as she finds herself with unexpected chest pain and
difficulty breathing. Noticing her distress, her classmates and professor immediately call Campus Safety
and the Campus Emergency Response Team (CERT). An ambulance soon arrives and after an initial
assessment by paramedics, it is determined that she needs to get to Lakeridge Health immediately. She is
quickly loaded into the ambulance, a 12 Lead ECG is obtained but the interpretation is inconclusive, so
they start an IV of 0.9% normal saline (containing water, sugar and salt) at a rate to keep the vein open,
she is given 81 mg of aspirin to chew and swallow. Her oxygen saturation is 100% so they do not
provide supplemental oxygen. While en route to hospital she is given nitroglycerin (NTG) 0.4 mg
sublingually (SL). As they pull into the hospital, paramedics do their best to keep her calm suggesting
that her symptoms could be caused by something other than a heart attack but that it was good that she is
seeking medical assistance so quickly from the onset.
Name: _____________________ CRN#: _____________________
Student ID: _____________________ Date: _____________________
20. (1 mark) Multiple Choice – If Mary is experiencing a heart attack, what blood circuit is mostly
likely compromised?
a. b. Hepatic
b. Coronary c. Pulmonary
c. Systemic d. None of the above
21. (1 mark) Multiple Choice – Which component of blood is IV fluid meant to mimic?
a. Platelets d. Plasma
b. Erythrocytes e. All of the above
c. Leukocytes
22. (3 marks) List THREE specific components of blood that are NOT present in Mary’s IV fluid
Briefly describe the function of each within the body.
-White blood cells are used to fight foreign invaders like infections
23. While in the ambulance, the additional oxygen that Mary receives enters her nasal cavity and
travels through the respiratory system until it reaches the blood. From there, it travels to her
heart so that it can be pumped to the various cells in her body.
a. (5 marks) List the respiratory structures IN ORDER that carry oxygen from the nasal
cavity to the alveoli. List at least FIVE structures.
b. Once absorbed into the blood at the alveoli, oxygen is then transported through the blood
via the red blood cells within the blood.
iv. (4 marks) What features do a red blood cell have that allows it to effectively
move through the blood and transport oxygen? List at least FOUR features
and briefly explain how they help RBCs carry out their functions.
- they can withstand forces that other can not that may lead to deformations.
-they have a shape memory which helps them return to their original shape.
- There shape helps maximize the surface area which is required for
oxygen absorption.
-they can squeeze through the thin capillaries to deliver oxygen and remove
co2
Scenario: Upon arriving at the hospital, Mary is assessed by the on-call cardiologist, Dr. Hiba Khaled.
After an initial assessment and blood draw, Dr. Khaled orders an EKG and echocardiogram for Mary
to determine if she is experiencing a heart attack.
24. (8 marks) An echocardiogram is an ultrasound test that allows the heart to be imaged and blood
tracked through the heart. In the space below, map the pathway of blood through the heart. Start
with blood entering the heart via the vena cava and finish with blood leaving the heart through the
aorta. Be sure to list all chambers, valves, and blood vessels that the blood passes through IN
ORDER. Don’t forget to answer in your own words and use the checklist below as a guide.
4 heart valves are listed in the pathway (2 marks)
4 heart chambers are listed in the pathway (2 marks)
4 blood major blood vessels attached to the heart are listed in the pathway (2 marks)
All structures are listed in the correct chronological order (1 mark)
All names are written in FULL (no acronyms) with no spelling errors (1 mark)
Name: _____________________ CRN#: _____________________
Student ID: _____________________ Date: _____________________
Name: _____________________ CRN#: _____________________
Student ID: _____________________ Date: _____________________
Scenario: Luckily, Dr. Khaled reports that the blood work, EKG, and echocardiogram came back
clean, i.e. there is no evidence to support that Mary experienced a heart attack. Dr. Khaled suggests
that Mary may have actually experienced a panic attack instead, explaining that the symptoms of a
heart attack are often the same (chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea). She goes on to say
how under severe stress, the nervous and endocrine systems within the body can trigger a rapid heart
rate during a panic attack.
25. (1 mark) Which of the following are able to increase the speed of the cardiac cycle? Select
ALL that apply using the highlighter tool.
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Scenario: After several more hours, Mary is discharged from the hospital with a diagnosis of “acute
panic attack.” Before leaving, she is told to rest and consider booking an appointment with a
professional psychologist for talk therapy. She is also told that if her panic attacks persist to try a
variety of breathing techniques. The doctors also mention in passing that patients with anxiety
sometimes try alternative medicines like cannabidiol (CBD) oil, an extract from the Cannabis sativa
plant, to ease their symptoms. Mary goes home and practices the suggested breathing techniques. One
of them, the “calming breath,” recommends taking a long, slow breath in through the nose, holding
your breath for 3 seconds, and exhaling slowly through pursed lips.
26. (5 marks) While performing these breathing exercises, many mechanisms are taking place within
Mary’s body. Fill-in-the-blanks below to describe the mechanics of breathing.
27. (1 mark) Multiple Choice – What term is used to describe the maximum amount of air
exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible? Select your answer using the highlighter
tool. Select your answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Inspiratory reserve volume
b. Expiratory reserve volume
c. Tidal volume
d. Vital capacity
Name: _____________________ CRN#: _____________________
Student ID: _____________________ Date: _____________________
e. Residual volume
Name: _____________________ CRN#: _____________________
Student ID: _____________________ Date: _____________________
Scenario: After trying the various breathing exercises, Mary feels calmer and less anxious. She
books a virtual appointment with one of the counsellors at Durham College’s Campus Health and
Wellness Centre and does some additional research on the MindShift app as a tool to help her relax
and deal with everyday anxiety. She also sends an email to the Access and Support Centre (ASC)
and Student Academic Learning Services (SALS) to see if there are any additional supports available
that will help her manage her academics while she recovers. She also opens the pamphlet on CBD oil
to see if this is a route she wants to pursue. Specifically, she is wondering if CBD oil is scientifically
proven to help manage anxiety.
a. Perform a quick Google search of CBD oil and anxiety disorders. Locate ONE credible
website where you can learn more about this topic. List the link in the space below:
NOTE: For this assignment, a credible source is a government website (E.g. .gov or .ca) or a
peer-reviewed journal article. We will not be accepting other websites (E.g. .com, .org, etc)
for this assignment. PubMed, our DC library, or Google Scholar are great places to find
peer-reviewed journal articles. This video from the SALS course in DC Connect may also
be useful to watch. [Link]
Link: ____[Link]
_______________________________________________________________
b. What does this resource claim about CBD oil and anxiety? Select one of the following
options:
c. List TWO pieces of evidence from the credible website that supports its claim in part (b).
NOTE: You will not be marked on if your answer is right or wrong. Instead, it is your job to
formulate a clear response and back up your answer with credible evidence