Cardiovascular

System
Basic Components of Cardiovascular System

BLOOD VESSELS BLOOD

HEART
Heart
The heart lies in the center of the chest slightly to
the left. It is a hollow muscular pump consisting
mainly of myocardium, a type of muscle that can
work without resting.
The interior of the heart is divided into two
halves, each of which consists of an upper Right
chamber and a lower chamber (the atrium and atrium
Left
the ventricle). atrium
The atria collect blood from various parts of the Right
body, while the ventricles pump blood out of the ventricle Left
heart. Each of the four chambers is joined to one ventricle
or more blood vessels.
Heart Valves
In the left chamber the atrium and ventricle are
separated by the mitral valve.

In the right chamber the atrium and ventricle are

separated by the tricuspid valve.
At the point of origin of the aorta in the left
ventricle another valve is located. This valve is
called the semilunar valve of the aorta.
At the point of origin of the pulmonary artery in
the right ventricle the fourth valve is located. It is
called the semilunar valve of the pulmonary
artery.
Blood vessels
The cardiovascular system includes three
types of blood vessel: arteries, veins and
capillaries. Placed end to end, they would
circle the Earth nearly four times. The
smallest vessels, the capillaries, make up
98 per cent of this length. The largest
artery, the aorta, emerges from the heart
and branches into a network of smaller
arteries that carry blood to every part of
the body. The smallest arteries join
capillaries, which in turn join a network of
tiny veins that merge into larger vein as
they return blood to the heart.
Blood
Blood is the body's internal transport system. It
constantly flows around the body delivering oxygen,
nutrients and other substances to the tissues and
removing waste products from them. Running almost
parallel with the blood's circulation is the lymphatic
system, which collects excess fluid from the tissues
and returns it to the blood. Both the blood and
lymphatic system form part of the body's immune
system.
Body tissues, such as muscle, brain, heart and other
internal organs need to have a constant supply of
energy to function. This energy is obtained from
glucose and oxygen, which are carried to body tissues
by the blood in the circulation.
Blood circulates around the body in about 1 minute at
rest and 20 seconds during exercise.
Components of Blood
The average person has about 5 litres (9 pints) of blood, which
consists of cells and fluid (plasma). Red blood cells (erythrocytes),
the most numerous blood cells, transport oxygen in the body.
White blood cells (leucocytes) destroy bacterial organisms, cells
infected by viruses and cancer cells. Platelets are the smallest
blood cells; after an injury to a blood vessel, they rapidly clump
together to seal the damaged lining. Plasma is mostly water but
contains other important substances.
One of the main functions of blood is to transport oxygen,
proteins, hormones and other substances to the organs and
tissues. Oxygen is carried from the lungs to body cells and the
waste product carbon dioxide is transported from the cells to the
lungs. Blood also has a clotting mechanism that acts to seal
damaged blood vessels and prevents internal and external blood
loss. Clot formation depends on blood cells called platelets which
adhere at the site of injury.
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