1. Which of the following is NOT a major endocrine organ, but produces hormones in addition to its major function?

Your Answer: kidneys

Kidney cells produce the hormones renin and erythropoietin, but their primary function is excretion of body waste.

2. Steroid hormones influence cellular activities by __________.

Your Answer: using calcium ions as a second messenger

Correct Answer: binding to DNA and forming a gene-hormone complex

Steroid hormones enter the cell and form a DNA-hormone complex before they change cellular function.

Steroid hormones enter the cell and form a DNA-hormone complex before they change cellular function.

3. Sympathetic nerve stimuli are responsible for the release of __________.

Your Answer: epinephrine

The preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic neurons stimulate the adrenal medulla to produce epinephrine and
norepinephrine.

4. The chemical classification of hormones does NOT include __________.

Your Answer: glucose-containing hormones

The chemical classification of hormones is either amino acid-based hormones or steroids.

5. The metabolic rate of most body tissues is controlled directly by __________.

Your Answer: TSH

Correct Answer: TH

Thyroid hormones control the consumption of oxygen by all body tissues by way of an increase in glucose metabolism.

6. The secretion of parathyroid hormone is a good example of __________.

Your Answer: humoral stimuli

The declining levels of calcium ions in the blood control secretion of PTH, which is a humoral stimulus.

7. The stimulus for producing insulin is __________.

Your Answer: high blood glucose concentration

Excess glucose levels in the blood stimulate beta cells in the pancreas to secrete insulin.
8. The transcription of new messenger RNA is a function of __________.

Your Answer: steroid hormones

A steroid hormone complex controls the formation of new messenger RNA.

9. Which of the following elements is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormone?

Your Answer: iodine

The production of functional thyroid hormone requires iodine.

10. The hypophyseal portal system transports releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus to the __________.

Your Answer: anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

It is by this portal system that releasing and inhibiting hormones secreted by neurons in the ventral hypothalamus
circulate to the adenohypophysis, where they regulate secretion of its hormones.

11. Which of the following signals would affect local cells by releasing chemicals into the extracellular fluid?

Your Answer: endocrine

Correct Answer: paracrine

Paracrine signals are local signals.

12. Which of the following is the property in which a hormone CANNOT exhibit its full effect without another hormone?

Your Answer: synergism

Correct Answer: permissiveness

Permissiveness is when a hormone needs another to be fully effective.

13. Which of the following is NOT synthesized in the pituitary gland?

Your Answer: PRL

Correct Answer: ADH

Oxytocin and ADH are synthesized in the hypothalamus.

14. Which of the following organs is considered a neuroendocrine organ?

Your Answer: adrenal cortex

Correct Answer: hypothalamus

The hypothalamus is considered a neuroendocrine organ.

15. Eicosanoids are not true hormones because they __________.

Your Answer: they act locally, not on distal organs as do true hormones

Eicosanoids are not true hormones because they act locally, rather than on distal organs as do true hormones.

16. How do protein kinases affect enzymes?

Your Answer: They increase the secretion of an enzyme.

Correct Answer: They add a phosphate group (phosphorylation) to the enzyme.

Protein kinases cause phosphorylation of the enzyme that either activates or inhibits it.

17. The "hormone response element" is located on the cell __________.

Your Answer: DNA

The "hormone response element" is located on the cell DNA and represents the site for a hormone to bind to.

18. The binding of a steroid hormone to its receptor would lead to the __________.

Your Answer: direct activation of enzymes in the cell

Correct Answer: transcription of the DNA for the gene that is "turned on" by this event

The binding of a hormone to its receptor would lead to the transcription of the DNA for the gene that is "turned on" by
this event.

19. Water-soluble hormones exhibit the shortest __________.

Your Answer: activation time

Correct Answer: half-life

Water-soluble hormones exhibit the shortest half-life.

20. The normal endocrine controls can be directly overridden by the __________ system.

Your Answer: nervous

The normal endocrine controls can be directly overridden by the nervous system.

21. Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a prohormone for __________.

Your Answer: ACTH

POMC is a prohormone for ACTH.

22. Excess growth hormone would cause all the following EXCEPT __________.

Your Answer: diabetes

Correct Answer: suppression of cancer

Excess growth hormone can lead to diabetes.

23. Hypersecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) can occur in all of the following situations EXCEPT __________.

Your Answer: damage to the pineal gland

Hypersecretion of ADH cannot occur from damage of the pineal gland.

24. Iodination of thyroid hormones is mediated by __________.

Your Answer: peroxidase enzymes

Peroxidase enzymes mediate iodination of thyroid hormones.

25. A congenital condition that includes mental retardation, short disproportional body size, and a thick tongue and neck is
caused by __________.

Your Answer: deficiency of thyroxin

A deficiency of thyroxin during fetal development would lead to a congenital condition known as cretinism, which includes
mental retardation, short disproportional body size, and a thick tongue and neck.

26. Osteitis fibrosa cystica is caused by __________.

Your Answer: an increase in the growth hormone in an adult

Correct Answer: an increase in the parathyroid hormone

An increase in the growth hormone in an adult would lead to acromegally, not osteitis fibrosa cystica.

27. Insulin enhances the membrane transport of glucose in all of the following tissues EXCEPT __________.

Your Answer: skeletal muscle

Correct Answer: the brain

Insulin enhances the membrane transport of glucose in all of these tissues except the brain.

28. Resistin, an insulin antagonist, is a hormone produced by the __________.

Your Answer: adipose tissue

Resistin is a hormone produced by the adipose tissue.

29. Which of the following hormones does the skin produce?

Your Answer: melatonin

Correct Answer: cholecalciferol

Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland.

30. Somatostatin secreted by the pancreas is considered paracrine because it acts on __________.

Your Answer: cells other than those that secrete it

Somatostatin secreted by the pancreas acts locally on cells other than those that secrete it and is therefore referred to as
a paracrine hormone.