HARBOUR ENGINEERING

Harbour
• Sheltered area for loading and unloading of cargo
• Vessels are also built, repair, and launch

• Importance of waterways ?
• Comparison with railways and roadways
• Types of waterways:
• Inland water transportation
• River or canal

• Ocean water transportation

• Adopted for trade and commerce
• 75 % of Indian trade
Advantages of waterways:
• Provides means of defence
• Cheapest mode
• Leads to overall development and international
trade
• High load carrying capacity
• Encourages consumption of foreign goods
• Requires cheap motive power
• Brought countries separated by oceans very near.
Disadvantages of waterways:
• Slow in operation, consumes time
• Useful only when water is available transport
• May lead to accident in case of frequent ocean
storms
• More chances of attack by other countries
• Mountainous rivers, waterfalls etc. hinder water
transportation
 “A harbour can be defined as a road-stead of
navigable waters proctected from action of wind
and waves situated along sea-shore, river estuary,
lake or canal connected to sea”
Classification of Harbour

1. Depending upon the protection needed

2. Depending upon the utility
3. Depending based upon the location
Classification depending upon the
protection needed

a) Natural Harbour or Natural Roadsteads

b) Semi Natural Harbour
c) Artificial Harbour or Artificial Roadsteads
Natural Harbour
• Inlet protected from storms and waves by natural
configuration of land
• Natural formations affording safe discharge
facilities for ships on sea coast in form of creeks
and basins
• Example: Bombay, Kandla
Natural Roadsteads
Naturally Circumscribed roadstead
Classification Depending upon the
utility
• Harbour of refuge
• Commercial harbour
• Fishery
• Military
• Marina Harbour
Marina Harbour
Classification Depending based
upon the location
• Canal harbor
• Lake
• River or estuary
• Sea or ocean
Natural phenomenon affecting the
design of harbour
• Coastal currents and evidences of sitting, including
littoral drift or coast erosion
• Tides and tidal range
• Wind, wave and their combined effect on harbour
structures

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Tides
• Tides on the coast-line are caused by the sun and moon.
• The effect of tides is to artificially raise and lower the mean
sea level during certain stated periods.
• This apparent variation of mean sea level is known as the
tidal range.
• Spring tides and Neap tides: At new and full moon or rather a
day or two after (or twice in each lunar month), the tides rise
higher and fall lower than at other times and these are called
Spring tides.
• Also one or two days after the moon is quarter i.e. about
seven days from new and full moons (twice in a lunar month),
the tides rise and fall less than at other times and are then
called Neap tides.

Dr. Punith B Kotagi, NIE Mysuru 362

Waves and wind
• The ‘sea wave’ is by far the most powerful force
acting on harbour barriers and against which the
engineer has to contend.
• The wave has the impulse of a huge battering ram
and equipped with the point of a pick axe and
chisel edge”.
• It is the most in compressible natural phenomena.
The formation of storm waves takes place in the
open sea due to the action of wind.

Dr. Punith B Kotagi, NIE Mysuru 363

• Water waves are of two kinds:
• Waves of oscillation and
• Waves of translation;
• The former are stationary, while the latter possess
forward motion.

Dr. Punith B Kotagi, NIE Mysuru 364

Layout of an artificial harbour
Component parts of an harbour
• Approach channel
• Entrance channel
• Berthing basin
• Turning basin
• Quays and wharves
• Breakwaters
• Jetties & piers
Approach channel
• Depth of water in the entire harbor area should be
adequate or sufficient for the purpose of navigation
of vessel or ship
• When the depth of water is the not sufficient
• A channel with sufficient depth & width is made by
dredging (clearing mud) which further provide a
passage of ship
Entrance channel
• The portion entrance to a harbor is called as
entrance channel
• Entrance to a harbor is generally more exposed to
sea waves, hence depth & width of entrance
channel are more
• The entrance channel should be sufficiently wide
for navigational purposes
Berthing basin
• A basin in which the vessels or ships rests or parks
is called as berthing basin
• Area of berthing basin is protected by shore &
breakwaters
• In such basin, other elements of harbor including
area for anchorage of vessels are provided
Turning basin
• The area required for manoeuvring the ship while
entering or leaving the berth so that a ship can
leave head on is called as turning basin
• The size & area of turning basin should be
preferably designed large enough so as to allow a
free turning
Quays and wharves
• Quays & wharves are the structures (platforms)
generally constructed parallel to shore or
breakwater within harbor itself so as to permit
berthing of vessel alongside for cargo working
• It has wide platform at top for loading an unloading
cargo
Breakwaters
• Breakwater is a structure constructed so as to
protect the enclosed area of water from strong
storm waves of sea
• Breakwater helps to keep the water steady or calm
in the harbor and provide safety to the vessel and
easy working
• Pier Head: The monolithic structure generally built
at the tip of the breakwater
Jetties & Piers
• Jetties and piers are open or solid tape of structure
having a wide platform
• Permit cargo working of vessels or ships berthed
alongside
• Project out into the roadstead and are
perpendicular to shore or breakwater
Seawalls
• A seawall (or sea wall) is a form of coastal defence
constructed where the sea, and associated coastal
processes, impact directly upon the landforms of
the coast.
• The purpose of a sea wall is to protect areas of
human habitation, conservation and leisure
activities from the action of tides, waves, or
tsunamis
Classification of Breakwaters
1. Heap or mound breakwater
a. Rubble mound breakwater
b. Concrete blocks mound breakwater
c. Rubble mound breakwater supplemented by concrete
blocks
d. Rubble mound breakwater supplemented by patented
stones
2. Mound with superstructure or composite
breakwater
3. Upright wall breakwater
4. Special breakwater
 Components of Heap or mound breakwater

• Core
• Filter or secondary armours
• Armour blocks
Rubble mound breakwater

• Type I
 Rubble mound breakwater

• Type II
Concrete blocks mound breakwater

• Casting of concrete of odd shapes, sizes and

weights are required
• Casting is difficult and costly
• Transportation of such blocks are difficult
• Rarely used
Rubble mound breakwater supplemented by
concrete blocks
Rubble mound breakwater supplemented by
patented stones
Mound with superstructure or
composite breakwater

Mound with superstructure founded at LWL

Mound with superstructure founded below LWL
Upright wall breakwater
• Types :

• Wall breakwaters of smaller size units: natural or

artificial units weighing 20 to 30 tonnes

• Wall breakwaters with large size units:

• Mass concrete units
• Caisson units
Mass concrete units
Caisson wall breakwaters
• Hollow RCC boxes open at top and all other sides
are closed
• These boxes are floated on site for sinking by their
weight
• Such boxes are sunk one after another along
alignment of breakwater wall
• These boxes are filled with stones or concrete
• Length – 20 to 30 m, height – 10 m
Special breakwaters
• Floating type breakwater
• Hydraulic breakwater
• Pneumatic breakwater
Hydraulic breakwater
 UNIT: VI
Introduction to bridges

Dr. Punith B Kotagi, NIE Mysuru 401

• What is bridge?
• A bridge is structure which allows passage
over an obstruction. The obstructions may
be river, valley, rail route or road way etc.

Dr. Punith B Kotagi, NIE Mysuru 402

History of Bridges
• The simplest type of a bridge is stepping stones, so this may
have been one of the earliest types.
• Ancient peoples would also have used log bridges; that is
a timber bridge that fall naturally or are intentionally felled or
placed across streams.
• In India, the Arthashastra written by Kautilya mentions the
construction of dams and bridges

Arkadiko Bridge, Greece

Dr. Punith B Kotagi, NIE Mysuru 403

Types of Bridges
• Based on Type of Super Structure
(Arch bridge, Girder bridge, Truss bridge, Suspension bridge)

• Based on Materials
(Timber bridge, Masonry bridge, Steel bridge, R.C.C bridge, Pre stressed
concrete bridge)

• Based on Span
(Culvert bridge, Minor bridge, Major bridge, Long span bridge)

• Based on Function
(Foot bridge, Highway bridge, Rail way bridge, Aqueduct bridge, Road
cum railway bridge)
Dr. Punith B Kotagi, NIE Mysuru 404
 Arch Bridge

Girder Bridge

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 Timber Bridge

Masonry Bridge
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 Types of Bridges based on Span
• Culvert Bridge: Bridge span length is below 6meters.
• Minor Bridge: Bridge span length is in between 8 to 30 meters.
• Major Bridge: The span is generally about 30 to 120 meters.
• Long Span Bridge: Span of bridge is more than 120 meters.

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Basic Components and Parts of Bridge
Structures
• The bridge structure consists of the following
components:

• Superstructure or decking component

• Bearings
• Substructure Components

Dr. Punith B Kotagi, NIE Mysuru 413

Superstructure Components of
Bridges
• The superstructure of the bridge structure consists of deck
slab, girder, truss etc.
• These components vary based on the type of bridge
(whether concrete or steel or composite).
• Superstructure of the bridge bears the load passing over it.
• This helps in transmitting the forces formed by the loads to
the below substructures.

Dr. Punith B Kotagi, NIE Mysuru 414

Decks
• The decking is considered as the road or the rail surface of
the bridge.
• The decks are supported by the girders or the huge beams
that is in turn supported by the piers.
• The whole arrangement is supported with a deep
foundation mainly piles and cap arrangement.

Dr. Punith B Kotagi, NIE Mysuru 415

Bearings in Bridges
• The loads received by the decks are properly and safely
transmitted to the substructure with the help of bearings.
• These are components of bridge that enables even distribution of
load on the substructure material.
• The selection of bearing is dependent on certain parameters,
which are: Loads acting, geometry, maintenance, clearance
available, displacement, rotation and deflection policy,
availability, construction tolerances, and cost criteria.

Dr. Punith B Kotagi, NIE Mysuru 416

Substructure Components of
Bridges
• The components involved in substructure of
bridges are:

• Piers
• Abutments
• Wing Walls and the Returns
• Foundation

Dr. Punith B Kotagi, NIE Mysuru 417

Piers
• The piers are vertical structures used to support deck or the
bearings provided for load transmission to underground soil
through foundation.
• These structures serve as supports for the bridge spans at
intermediate points.
• The pier structure has mainly two functions:
• Load transmission to the Foundation
• Resistance to the horizontal forces

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Types of Piers in Bridge Construction

• Based on the structural connectivity, the pier can be

classified as monolithic or cantilevered.
• Based on the shape of the section pier can be classified
as solid or hollow, hexagonal, round or octagonal or
rectangular.
• Based on the framing configuration the pier can be classified
as single or multiple column bent, hammerhead or pier wall
type.

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Abutments
• Abutments are vertical structures used to retain the earth
behind the structure.
• The dead and the live loads from the bridge superstructure
is supported by the bridge abutments.

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Wing Walls and Returns
• Structures constructed as an extension of the abutments to
retain the earth present in the approach bank are called
wing walls.

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Foundation of Bridges
• Foundation are structures constructed to transmit the load
from the piers, abutments, wing walls and the returns
evenly on the strata.
• The foundation provided for bridge structures are deep in
sufficient manner to avoid scouring due to the water
movement or to reduce the chances of undermining.

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• Bridge Construction 3D Animation with Details(Step by step process)_
Kems Studio - India.mp4
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