sustainability

Article
Common Spaces of Multi-Commercial Complexes
from Urban Sustainability
Soomi Kim ID

School of Architecture, Soongsil University, Seoul 156743, Korea; soomikim@ssu.ac.kr; Tel.: +82-2-820-0991

Received: 9 June 2017; Accepted: 17 July 2017; Published: 31 July 2017

Abstract: In contemporary society, multi-commercial complexes have been developed in various

ways according to the circumstances and historical situation of different cities with a vision to
implement sustainability. Design direction centered on public and common spaces proposed in recent
commercial complexes has shown a tendency to perform beyond its original role, not only supporting
private space, but also taking a public role. In this study, urban sustainability implemented in
the perspective of architectural design was defined in three categories: environmental, social, and
economic sustainability. For each category, the planned aspects of multi-commercial complexes
of passive circulation system, amenity and mobility, complexity, and flexibility were analyzed.
Multi-commercial complexes from the viewpoint of urban sustainability were analyzed. The results
showed that they were displayed through various expansion methods of common space rather
than specific programs or designated spaces. Additionally, the development aspect of expansion
could be characterized by common space, boundary, ground, and context. The results of this study
revealed that a planned strategy for urban sustainability did not increase the program or space
quantitatively. Therefore, the possibility of extending common space in terms of quality should be
seriously considered. Moreover, it is imperative to monitor its actual use after completion.

Keywords: extension of common spaces; boundary and context level; passive circulation system;
amenity and mobility; complexity and flexibility

1. Introduction
As contemporary society continues to grow, quantitative and qualitative expansion accelerates,
causing boundaries to become increasingly blurred as the exchange between countries and cities
increases. As a representative type of complex development, multi-commercial complexes have been
developed in different aspects according to the circumstances and historical situation of each city [1].
In particular, multi-commercial complexes reflect the economic ripple effect and modern lifestyle of
the people in a city. It is the best way to express the direction of a contemporary city. In addition, the
design direction focusing on public space proposed in recent commercial complexes has showed a
tendency to perform a public role for the city beyond simply supporting private space [2]. The objective
of this study was to emphasize the potential of multi-commercial complexes as design elements of
common and public space by explaining the characteristics and ripple effects of public space through
the planning of multi-commercial complexes from the perspective of sustainability.
Multi-commercial facilities in contemporary cities attract citizens and serve as community spaces.
In addition to economically synergizing the surrounding facilities, community spaces also exert great
influence on the surrounding commercial areas, leading to the development of multi-commercial
complexes, which have been suggested as an alternative for the activation of a city. Since 2000, the
development of commercial complexes, both domestically and abroad, has been actively pursued on
a large-scale basis. Additionally, plans are being made to provide a venue that can invigorate a city
as its new cultural space. Recently, owing to the diversification of the elements of multi-commercial

Sustainability 2017, 9, 1336; doi:10.3390/su9081336 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

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be regarded as complex cultural spaces that surpass mere commercial spaces. They can also be
complexes, including space, function, and circulation, such spaces have grown to be regarded as
comprehended from the perspective of public facilities. This implies that it is not only the access to
complex cultural spaces that surpass mere commercial spaces. They can also be comprehended from
individual facilities but also the impact on the city that should be taken into account when developing
the perspective of public facilities. This implies that it is not only the access to individual facilities but
a commercial complex.
also the impact on the city that should be taken into account when developing a commercial complex.
The latest multi-commercial complexes disperse not only goods but also information regarding
The latest multi-commercial complexes disperse not only goods but also information regarding
lifestyles and living. With changes in the concepts of consumption and consumer society,
lifestyles and living. With changes in the concepts of consumption and consumer society, contemporary
contemporary commercial facilities are growing in size and concentration. This, as a result, forms a
commercial facilities are growing in size and concentration. This, as a result, forms a highly complex
highly complex large-scale commercial space that creates a more dynamic and expanded urban space.
large-scale commercial space that creates a more dynamic and expanded urban space. Moreover, as the
Moreover, as the role of commercial facilities in a complex is emphasized, commercial facilities are
role of commercial facilities in a complex is emphasized, commercial facilities are placed at the center
placed at the center of the overall plan of the complex. Accordingly, the move to revitalize devastated
of the overall plan of the complex. Accordingly, the move to revitalize devastated or declining areas
or declining areas through the activation of commercial facilities has enjoyed success in several cases,
through the activation of commercial facilities has enjoyed success in several cases, and has become a
and has become a common development trend around the world.
common development trend around the world.
Today’s consumers do not simply want to use shopping facilities for the sole purpose of
Today’s consumers do not simply want to use shopping facilities for the sole purpose of
purchasing goods, but demand a variety of attractions and experiences as well. Factors such as the
purchasing goods, but demand a variety of attractions and experiences as well. Factors such as
five-day work week have increased leisure time and capital, compared to the past, and have
the five-day work week have increased leisure time and capital, compared to the past, and have
encouraged the consumption desire for time and space. Thus, the commercial complex has become
encouraged the consumption desire for time and space. Thus, the commercial complex has become
the most common, easily found location in the daily life of urban people. A public space that is well-
the most common, easily found location in the daily life of urban people. A public space that is
connected and that often comprises spaces that are not defined is where contemporary people often
well-connected and that often comprises spaces that are not defined is where contemporary people
find the inspiration to sustain and increase the value of their life in the city [3]. Logical flow of the
often find the inspiration to sustain and increase the value of their life in the city [3]. Logical flow of
stuy is shown in (Figure 1).
the stuy is shown in (Figure 1).

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2.Theoretical
2. TheoreticalStudy
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2.1.Literature
2.1. LiteratureReview
ReviewofofSustainability
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“Our Common Future”
in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED).
published in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED). A new development
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concept that simultaneously
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pursued environmental development
conservation had emerged.
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Sustainability 2017, 9, 1336 3 of 11

the present generation without disturbing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
and demands”. In addition, there are major threats to the future of the whole of humanity: such
as population growth, global warming, and the destruction of the quality of the environment. To
overcome these threats, sustainable development is necessary for humanity. The process of sustainable
development globally through international organizations is shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Process of sustainable development.

Year International Organization Explanation

United Nations Conference on Global environmental conservation is chosen as a
1972
Human Environment global common task for the first time
Adopted the World Conservation
International Federation Meeting for Natural
1980 Strategy-Presenting a concept that pursues both
Resources and Nature Conservation
development and environmental preservation
Nairobi Declaration Adoption: An opportunity to
1982 UN Environment Program Conference approach the opinions of developed and developing
countries on ‘environment’ and ‘development’
Establishment of the World Commission on Establish long-term global environmental
1983
Environment and Development conservation strategy
Through our joint Future Report, we will
World Commission on Environment
1987 use the term “environmentally sound and
and Development
sustainable development”
UN Conference on Environment Agenda 21: Increasing international interest in the
1992
and Development balance of conservation and development
UN Conference on the Second Announcement of Habitat II Agenda: Proposal of
1996
Human Settlement detailed development policy on human settlement

Peter Newman (Professor of Sustainability at Delft University, author of numerous publications on

sustainable cities) has suggested that economic development was required first. Second, environmental
protection was needed for various ecologies. Third, social justice and cultural diversity that a
community could use to express the values of communities were needed. In another view, Caring
for the Earth (1991) defined sustainability as “Development that enhanced the quality of human life
within the environmental capacity of an ecosystem” [4].

2.2. Urban Sustainability from the Perspective of Architectural Design

The goal of sustainable design is to eliminate negative environmental impacts through skilled and
sensible designs, to exclude non-renewable resources, to give the least impact to the environment, and to
symbolize the connection between the natural environment and humans. Sustainable design has been
applied in all human-related fields [5]. Sustainable design from an urban perspective has been based on
the views of many scholars. Urban sustainability could be classified into three aspects, as follows.
The first aspect of urban sustainability is environmental sustainability. Since human activity
has played a role in the ecosystem, environmental sustainability is a concept compatible with
ecological sustainability. Environmental marginal capacity is the maximum capacity required to
support healthy life while maintaining productivity, adaptability, and a reproduction ability in an
ecosystem. Maintaining sustainability within the environmental marginal capacity is called ecological
sustainability. It is related to the improvement of the quality of life, the preservation of ecosystem
diversity, and the effort to reproduce resources and minimize waste. It is directly related to the
environment. It has a correlation with the recycling of resources. In sustainable design, environmental
features characteristically reflect the design principle of respect for the natural environment; and it has
this tendency in its conceptual aspect. Design that expresses concern for the environment appears to
show regression towards the past and a longing for nature through design development that is similar
to the shapes and colors of the natural environment. Nature-friendlyism, which has become the basis
of environment-friendly values, is dominated by designs that express a longing to return to the less
Sustainability 2017, 9, 1336 4 of 11

polluted past or implicate an improved and ecological environment. It expresses the longing to return
to nature and reflects a natural and friendly commercial image. In addition, it focuses on the design
perspective that preserves and maintains the natural environment, which can be self-sufficient, as well
as the surrounding environment [6].
The second aspect of urban sustainability is social sustainability. It is the relationship between
development and value norms. Social norms were formed on the basis of religion, tradition, and
custom. When social marginal capacity is imposed on development, social norms in gradual change
need to be maintained. Thus, social sustainability had a direct relationship with Agenda 21 on
principles and institutions. It is related to social culture, local identity, accessibility, stability, and
fairness [7]. Sustainable design is influenced by the solid relationship between human society and
the environment. Throughout history, design has reflected the values and cultural aspects of the era.
Modern society is globally oriented, and globalization has expanded the fields of business to make
the world a smaller place. Now, you can have the same culture and products in any area, coexisting
with information and communication. Therefore, the specificity of various regions that have blended
into our social culture is mixed, and creates a tendency towards more universal design elements. This
results in a new culture and image. Furthermore, sustainable design is based on the principle of
sociality based on solidarity among local communities [6].
The third aspect of urban sustainability is economic sustainability. Economic sustainability is
determined by the relationship between benefits and costs. Economic benefits must be achieved or at
least balanced to achieve economic sustainability. In other words, it is related to saving in quantitative
fields to achieve efficient growth, development, and productivity [7].
Economic features of sustainable design include recycling, redesign, reuse, energy efficiency, and
timeliness (extended lifespan). Historically, eco-friendly designs have attempted design methodologies
that reclaim and utilize resources through transformation or rework. These designs have been widely
applied mainly by recycling waste or modifying the shape and use of materials. Recycling means
that the waste is reprocessed or revitalized before being reused to recover other products or materials
through a series of stages including collection, separation, and processing. Sustainable design can
be realized by keeping economic principles in mind during the processes of material recycling,
modularization, and reuse design. The recyclability of materials is determined by designs that help
maximize the potential of a part of or the whole material when using environmental products during
assembly or disassembly, according to changes in circumstances and over time. Furthermore, it means
mitigating the gap between the tribes by securing the infrastructure and amenities of the city and
guaranteeing the quality of life [6].

3. Analytical Framework
The components of sustainability in the aspect of urban space planning were extracted through
reviewing previous research. First, in terms of environmental aspects, energy conservation, the
minimization of pollution, the preservation of natural terrain, the creation of parks and green areas,
securing open space, and the maximization of land use efficiency through three-dimensional and
complex development could significantly increase efficiency [8]. Second, in the socio-cultural aspect,
the preservation of historical buildings and places, and the preservation of norms, customs, values, and
revitalization of local communities were needed. Third, from the economic point of view, economic
growth, the reduction of development costs, the mitigation of the gap between social classes through
urban infrastructure and amenity securing, and a quality of life guarantee were required [3]. The
framework for analyzing the planned implementation of urban sustainability for multi-commercial
complexes subjected to this study is shown as follows [9]. Categories of sustainability is shown in Table 2.
Sustainability 2017, 9, 1336 5 of 11

Table 2. Categories of Sustainability.

Categories of Sustainability Explanation for Urban Sustainability Architectural Keywords

Environmental sustainability Comforting environment, revitalizing, recycling Passive circulation system
Culture and local identity, accessibility, safety,
Social sustainability Amenity, mobility
redistribution of space
Balanced relationship, efficient growth and
Economical sustainability Space complexity and flexibility
development, productivity

3.1. Passive Circulation System

A passive circulation system is a planning element to realize environmental sustainability [1].
Passive circulation refers to sustainable architectural requirements in an environmental sense. The
most important planning requirement for sustainable buildings is to provide natural circulation and
self-sustainable measures for temperature control of the internal environment without resorting to any
mechanical devices. Above all, it needed to empty building complexes for ventilation and circulation.
This was one of the critical functions of open space.

3.2. Amenity and Mobility

From an urban perspective, the “Ground” area, which is the space that is open for urban residents
or users in the multi-commercial complexes, can play an important role in creating the image of a
sustainable city. This is the space that urban residents can enjoy and form new memories. It serves
as an amenity area that enables breaks, meetings, memories, events, and so on among commercial
areas [10].
Mobility [11] is a concept that includes accessibility. If accessibility is focused more on the ease
of access of the inner portion of a facility from the outside, mobility has become a circulation-based
concept that includes aspects such as entering into the facility from outside, reaching outside from
within the facility, and the free flow of movements within the facility [12]. Mobility could be divided
into mobility from the outside that creates natural access to the building from the city, and internal
mobility that facilitates horizontal or vertical transportation within the facility. The former was
especially related to the city’s context. Through outdoor space, the “Ground” could be manipulated
around the building [13]. This is an important planning factor that determines whether the relationship
between the building and its surroundings is sustainable. Therefore, amenity and mobility are planning
elements that embody social sustainability.

3.3. Complexity and Flexibility

For complex development, the basic concept of complexity was to combine various facilities to
pursue a synergy effect economically. A combination of commercial facilities has been representative
of complex development in recent years. The reason why multi-commercial complexes can explain
the modern urban space is due to this “complexity” aspect. Its goal is to maximize synergy among
functions while accommodating the most appropriate functions according to a consistent program.
Depending on how complexity is implemented, the physical and visual areas of each element
can be exchanged. It is possible to realize various effects of complexity, such as the boundary between
the inside and the outside, and external conditions such as earth, walking, and green space being
infiltrated into the inside of the building. This could be expressed as flexibility. Thus, complexity and
flexibility are planning elements of economic sustainability. The process of sustainable development
globally through international organizations is shown in Table 1.
Sustainability 2017, 9, 1336 6 of 11

4. Case Analysis
This study aims to reveal the sustainable characteristics in the architectural space where it is
related with the urban context or citizens’ spend times. Therefore, in this article, urban sustainability
represented in the architectural space is focused on many kinds of approaches toward sustainability.

4.1. Passive Circulation System

The most important thing for environmental comfort is a passive circulation system. It is especially
important for large buildings. There are various types of design techniques, including the use of public
space itself, the relationship between the interior and exterior, connection with the site, and expanding
into urban space.

4.1.1. Passive Circulation System from the Perspective of the Common Space Level
The method of extending a passive circulation system via superimposing a common space can
diversify the recognition area through an interlaced lamination of a horizontal and vertical footprint.
It shows a representative aspect of a stacked mall and a staggered escalator crossing the direction of
the physical and visual domain applied to the Festival Walk (Hong Kong, 1998). In order to shape the
irregular cross-section of the stratum, the escalator was arranged alternately with the shopping mall in
the atrium, which had a dynamic and irregular image reminding one of a valley when in the inner mall.
When moving along the laminated structure of the shopping mall, consumers are vertically moved
along the staggered escalator, making the view appear in a crossed way. As the area of physical flow
and visual perception became enriched through the interlaced lamination of horizontal and vertical
circulation, the extension was performed in a way that the perceived area was diversified.

4.1.2. Amenity and Mobility from the Perspective of the Boundary Level
City 7 (Changwon, Korea, 2007) [14] is an example of maximizing the passive circulation by
positively utilizing the abolishment of boundaries regarding interior and exterior spaces. The walking
street that started from the outside was made as a nodal point of the entrance area so that the movement
of people flows naturally into the inside of the facility, making the exterior areas penetrate each other
and become a passing line. The three consecutive walking streets led to three themes. One was the “Sky
Cone”, planned as an exterior space but existing as an atrium of semi-exterior space. The boundary
between the inside and the outside was broken down by infusing the change of light movement with
time. Internal facilities were radially arranged around the atrium located at the center of the entire
facility. Therefore, it was easy to connect the external space and the internal space in any direction,
and they connected naturally. Whichever way a person might walk, the plaza was easily accessible,
similar to a European plaza. The natural connection between these interior and exterior spaces caused
the extension of passive circulation, leading to diverse experiences compared to a conventional short
and efficient circulatory route.

4.1.3. Passive Circulation System from the Perspective of the Ground Level
Sustainability was achieved through applying an image of waves to Vivo City (Singapore,
2006) [15] by forming a court connecting each floor and linking the buildings’ exterior and the
building itself. Under the concept of “waves”, it expands programs and activities through activating
space using water, by dividing elements of natural use, climate, and open space into the first, second,
and third floor, respectively. Based on the image of experience between commodity and space, the
elevated surface composed of an organic material is formed to communicate with the surroundings by
embodying the image of the site onto the architectural surface. The second courtyard is linked to the
“Play Court”. It is used as a rest place. On the third floor, an open-air café and entertainment facility
using a “Sky Park” was planned. As a result, communication with the artificial ground through the
building was made so that one could enjoy a panoramic view of Sentosa Island and its surroundings.
Sustainability 2017, 9, 1336 7 of 11

4.1.4. Passive Circulation System from the Perspective of the Context Level
Historical landscapes and urban flows had allowed Omotesando Hills (Tokyo, 2006) [16] to
operate natural circulation systems through open spaces extending over ground and underground.
The open space of the central part was arranged so that natural light could flow into the underground,
while a comfortable environment was placed inside the building. In addition, the connection of vertical
and horizontal lines consisted of a conceptual ramp that could naturally penetrate up and down from
below, forming a continuous horizon so that the act can be continued without dividing layers. In other
words, the landscape of the zelkova tree restricted to the height of the building (23.3 m) was used. In
order to secure the lack of area or profitability, an underground space was actively planned. It is used
to switch between historical scenery and city flow.

4.2. Amenity and Mobility

Amenity improves the quality of life and comfort of the city through the experience and image
presentation of a new city. Mobility enhances the accessibility to the city. It increases physical mobility
and visual communication within the building. They are discussed in detail as follows.

4.2.1. Passive Circulation System from the Perspective of the Context Level
Langham Place was planned based on a manor of descale. It offers a unique vertical experience
by making full use of the height of the building. Escalators floating on the air (floors 4–8 and 8–12)
and spiral lamps (floor 8–13) are installed, making it feel like climbing hills. At the intersection of the
escalator, the planned aerial hall and the spiral lamp were planned in the air of the fourth floor, which
connects the three main facilities (hotel, shopping mall, and office). This space in a sense is a type of
public hall, through which the flow of the user is spread to each floor and each facility. The physical
connection of the circulation is guided through the spiral ramp moving around the hall. In this way,
visual communication is made.

4.2.2. Amenity and Mobility from the Perspective of the Boundary Level
In the Zlota Center (2007, Warszawa Hungary), the wavy transparent roof is set as a boundary
between the architecture and the city, thereby providing the city with the image that it is developing
into a sustainable city by providing new scenery [17]. Amenity and mobility from the perspective
of the boundary level can be extended by increasing inner and outer communications. It is realized
by the interaction between interior and exterior areas through an infusion of organic forms of light.
The Zlota Center is a type of urban redevelopment designed to connect a destroyed urban structure.
The external elevation is reflected the context of the city while the interior is designed to capture the
activities of entertainment facilities. The large wavy skyline covering the central square was made to
ensure communication internally and externally with programs and activities that take place without
differentiating between the roof and the wall. With this type of ceiling, organic forms of light were
introduced through wavy integrated skylights. This in turn resulted in interactions between the
interior and exterior areas, thus expanding the space in between.

4.2.3. Amenity and Mobility from the Perspective of the Ground Level
The method of expanding by the superimposition of outer space appeared to fuse natural and
cultural elements through the vertical expansion of surface continuity of outer space. Namba Park
(Osaka, 2003) [18] is a representative example. Namba Park was planned as a natural hilly area that
is composed of a green space for roof parks and a city square with the aim to create a space where
people could experience the city and nature together. The rooftop garden area is about 10,000 square
meters on each floor, drawing the horizon of the site to the building. It forms a second surface by
vertically expanding the surface continuity [14]. It is also planned so that natural elements and cultural
elements could flow naturally through the movement of people when they walked through gardens
Sustainability 2017, 9, 1336 8 of 11

in the building. By re-establishing the relationship between architecture and the site, it provides a
physical environment and the visual image of a pleasant park.

4.2.4. Amenity and Mobility from the Perspective of the Context Level
La Citadella (Kawasaki, 2002/2010) tried to induce activation by using dynamism in the interior
space by changing the connection with existing commercial facilities to revitalize the declining central
city area due to suburbanization. It is planned as a town center with an alley similar to an Italian hill
town. The inside of the building is designed as a spiral hillside. Commercial facilities are provided to
dynamically change the way of connecting with the surrounding area. In this way, urban amenity is
enlivened in the city by modifying the context and the unique composition of circulation.

4.3. Complexity and Flexibility

Complexity is the most important characteristic of multi-commercial complexes. It is being
realized not only in the program, but also in the space. In addition, the original configuration of
unconfirmed space and the flexibility of the program and space utilization can be implemented in
different aspects according to the application categories.

4.3.1. Complexity and Flexibility from the Perspective of the Common Space Level
The scenery created through the passage and plaza of each floor applied to Canal City (Fukuoka,
1996) [19] showed the typical use of space. The square formed along the artificial canal symbolizing
water with the passage of each floor overlooking it. It can be moved from the general mall so that one
could enjoy the canal [17]. It becomes a space where visual experience can be performed. The canal is
a main element of movement that induces peoples’ movement and forms a landscape. In conjunction
with this, the canal creates five themed plazas. They are used as space for new functions by inducing
experience elements. It is divided into five areas: the Star Court, the Moon Walk, the Sun Plaza, the
Earth Walk, and the Sea Court. Among them, the Sun Plaza is a floating space on the canal. When
there is a performance, the passage of each floor is changed into seating area for a waterfront stage. At
the same time, visitors become part of the street experience, thus creating a new scene. This was an
example that urban landscape is completed by a physical object while citizens become participants of
the cultural landscape, thus creating variability in the city.

4.3.2. Complexity and Flexibility from the Perspective of the Boundary Level
The method of implementing extension through the sequence switching of inner and outer space
was manifested through interaction with nature and activation of experience through a sequential
structure penetrating the inside and the outside. Its representative type is shown through an open space
connecting the inside and outside of River Walk (Kitakyushu, 2003) [17]. In River Walk, the sequence
flow through the interior and exterior areas is induced through an open space connecting the interior
and exterior, the inside atmosphere, and the open outside terrace setting. The relationship between
interior and exterior was positively reflected by associating excellent surroundings with architectural
plan as much as possible. By providing interior space surrounded by buildings and pedestrians moving
through it with the motive of mountains and nature of Japan, a sequential experience and landscape
was provided so that not only the public space, but also surrounding areas could communicate with
nature. The entire facility consisted of two passageways (Urban Walk and Canyon Walk) connecting
two squares with a fountain (energy court and mystic court). Horizontal and vertical migration lines of
the 8-shape mall maximize the circulation of the whole facility. It also provides emotional stimulation.
The aisle space is used as a theater of the stage when performances and events are constituted. It
serves as a theater exposed to the city. Various events, water, and the stimulus of senses via light and
others all help to create more active experiences.
Sustainability 2017, 9, 1336 9 of 11

4.3.3. Complexity and Flexibility from the Perspective of the Ground Level
An example of providing a sustainable environment to the city through a building site is Maydan
Shopping Center (Istanbul, 2007). It shows a representative type through a square where the flow of
the terrain is converged with the structure of the facility to fill the raised terrain according to the shape
of the applied site. The concept of Maydan Shopping Center was “Green Oasis in Urban”, where
the geomorphological continuity of buildings and gardens and the land of the area where the city
met are absorbed into the building and naturally converge to form a square. The facility is composed
of a ring-shaped structure surrounding the center of the square. The space is filled with facilities
inside the space that had been lifted along the shape of the site. Interaction with the site is achieved
through topography and continuous space. In addition, external activities derived from each facility
are exposed to the site, as they are communicated through activities such as events and performances
occurring in the open square.

4.3.4. Complexity and Flexibility from the Perspective of the Context Level
Oasis 21 (Nagoya, 2002) implements complexity and variability at the city level through inserting
space from the surrounding context. Oasis 21 has developed a landmark image of pleasant rest and
cultural space by constructing shopping center and bus terminal facilities connected to Central Park
and JR Nagoya station. By establishing a theme of the universe and constructing an elliptical artificial
fixture set as the concept of “space ship of the water” that traveled the universe and the concept of “the
Earth without a gap” as its main concept, it was connected to surrounding greenery axes, extended
to the inside, and naturally connected with Nagoya Station. By constructing the park as a place of
landmark images that could aid participation and theme setting by people rather than just be a space
for rest, the relationship between the urban space and its influence can be achieved. This not only
creates a flexible image of the city, but also enables constant change and complex activities.

5. Conclusions
As a result of analyzing multi-commercial complexes in contemporary cities from the viewpoint
of urban sustainability, it was found that various expansion methods could be used for common space
rather than using a specific program or dedicated space. Therefore, common space could be expanded
by including space, boundary, ground, and context.
First, the features of expansion were obtained through overlapping spatial components
implemented at the common space level. This was able to be achieved by extending through the
overlapping of spatial elements, the creation of new functions implementing urban amenity or mobility,
and the conversion of space usage by increasing complexity or flexibility. This indicated that aspects of
overlap, creation, and conversion are linked to each other in a complex way. In addition, the effects of
expansion were not only seen in common space, but also seen in surrounding facilities.
Second, at the boundary level, sequential experiences were increased through the maximizing of
passive circulation by increasing the internal and external usability of the common or public space,
planning the roof, defining the interior and exterior of the building, the feeling, and performances.
This suggested that this change of space could be used as an unconventional space, and can play a role
to revitalize not only the neighboring functions but also the whole facility, which could be the most
effective way to implement urban sustainability.
Third, from the perspective of the ground level, common space was mediated and the environment
outside the facility can be expanded to the inside of the facility. There were many methods to utilize
internal space. Communication between the building and the environment could be achieved by using
the internal space of an external environment. This was to be extended to communication with the
urban environment.
Fourth, from the perspective of the urban context, architectural language was used to construct
internal order, such as axis and space settings, by introducing the axis or flow of the city into
Sustainability 2017, 9, 1336 10 of 11

the building. In addition, the space that reflected the surrounding context could be set. It is
to be transformed vertically and horizontally inside the building as a converted form. In this
way, the extension method of multi-commercial complexes are extended to an urban area beyond
communication with the building or the surrounding land to increase its connection with the city. The
Comparative analysis of multi-commercial complexes from urban sustainability can be illustrated in
Table 3.
Sustainability 2017, 9,2017,
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1011 11
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2017,
2017, 1336
9,9,1336
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