Mythri Synopsis PDF

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Jnanasangama, Macche, Santibastwada Road, Belgaum-590014, Karnataka
A
M.TECH.
PROJECT SYNOPSIS
of
Simulation, detection & implementation of chronic eye

ailments using real time embedded systems
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
Master of Technology (M.Tech.)

in
VLSI Design & Embedded Systems
(Autonomous PG Course)
By
Mythri N. Reddy
(1DS17LVS04)
Under the
guidance
of
Dr. T.C.Manjunath, Ph.D. (IIT Bombay)

Internal PG Project Guide
Professor & Head, ECE Dept., DSCE, Bangalore
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

(An Autonomous College affiliated to VTU Belgaum)
Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout,
Banashankari, Bangalore-560078, Karnataka
October 2018
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ABSTRACT
Glaucoma is a silent thief of sight which is characterized by elevated intraocular

pressure, slow vision loss leads to permanent blindness. Although the disease is
incurable but its symptoms can be minimized therefore early detection of the
disease is essential. It is a very expensive process to detect the disease using the
modern tools as a result of which we are developing a methodology for detection
such that it is affordable by all the sections of the society, also it can be detected
at the early stage and prevention can be taken. Hence, proposing some novel
methodologies for higher glaucoma detection by developing software algorithms
in Matlab, which focuses on automated detection of glaucoma from fundus
images using the combination of CDR, RNFL & various other parameters, etc….
Various types of glaucoma exists, for example, primary, secondary & the higher
order ones. The higher order glaucoma could be pigmentary, neo-vascular, neo-
natal, congenital type. Hybrid algos could be used for detection purposes also.
Matlab / Xilinx / LabVIEW is the tool which is going to be used for the simulation
purposes. The work done in the simulation stage could be evaluated or validated
using a real time embedded system or the interfacing hardware of a suitable type
(under discussion). The work considered in this report is a real time
implementation work of one of the chronic eye disease, viz., the glaucoma disease
in the human eyes.
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the synopsis work entitled “Simulation, detection &
implementation of chronic eye ailments using real time embedded systems” is
going to be carried out in three phases (phase-1, phase-2 & phase-3) by Ms.
Mythri N. Reddy (USN : 1DS17LVS04) in partial fulfillment for the award of
Degree of Master of Technology in VLSI Design & Embedded Systems of the ECE
Department of the Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, an Autonomous
Institute affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, during the year 2018 – 2019 & is going to
be carried out as a full-fledged M.Tech. Dissertation (Project Work) for a duration
of 2 semesters starting from Sep’18 & ending at Jun’19.
Signature of the M.Tech.

Guide
Dr. T.C.Manjunath
Prof. & HOD, ECE
DSCE, Bengaluru
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Table of Contents
1. Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 5
2. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 5
3. Literature survey .............................................................................................................. 8
4. Objectives of the project work .................................................................................... 12
5. Motivation / Problem statement definition ........................................................... 14
6. Proposed Methodology .................................................................................................. 14
7. Possible outcome / Expected Result ....................................................................... 16
8. Applications of our project work ............................................................................... 16
9. Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 16
10. Month-wise flow of events ........................................................................................... 16
11. References ........................................................................................................................ 17
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1. Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the 2nd leading eye diseases in the world, if not treated properly
might lead to permanent blindness. There are no specific symptoms for this disease, it
is observed by loss of side vision. Glaucoma is a slow progressive degeneration of retinal
ganglion cells (RGC) and their axons, resulting in a distinct appearance to the optic
nerve head (ONH), often called cupping. Due to cupping, the cup area increases and
causes loss of side vision. Usually specially trained clinicians manually grade the fundus
images in a time-consuming manner. In this context, we are trying to develop some
novel algorithms for automatic detection of eyes affected with glaucoma using image
processing filtering & transformation techniques and implement the same on hardware
using DSP Texas Instruments (TI) DM3730 based system on chip (SOC) low cost, low
power single board computer system or using LabVIEW based NI interfacing system.
The software that is going to be developed by us could be embedded on the hardware to
test the healthy & unhealthy fundus images for the detection of glaucoma. Automatic
glaucoma screening using a TMS320C6416DSK DSP board is the hardware that could
be thought of for implementation purposes. The algorithms that could be developed can
be implemented on retinal images in Verilog HDL using Xilinx ISE, MATLAB and
MODELSIM. TI based kit or NI based kit (any one) is the hardware tool that is thought
of for implementation purposes.
2. Introduction
In this section, a brief review of the concepts relating to the glaucoma disease, its types,
how it can be detected, etc… is being presented.
Overview of Glaucoma
Glaucoma damages the optic nerve which leads to permanent blindness. It cannot be
cured, so detecting the disease in time is very important. Glaucoma is one of the most
severe eye diseases according to the number of blindness causes in India and western
countries and is the second most leading eye disease. Therefore, the early detection,
long-term monitoring of the patients and the decision about the appropriate therapy at
the correct time are the serious tasks for the ophthalmologist. This earlier detection of
deadly diseases has been proposed using advanced image processing, analysis and
recognition techniques. This state of art techniques had already been assisted doctors
in various fields such as earlier detection and diagnosis of diseases, clinical decisions,
remote sensing surgeries and so forth. In short to say, glaucoma is a chronic eye disease
in which optic nerve is progressively damaged & slowly starts to cause sight loss.
In its early stages, there is no pain and patients often have no symptoms. Over time
glaucoma starts to affect your side/peripheral vision and slowly works its way to the
middle if left undetected. According to World Health Organization (WHO), Glaucoma is
the second leading cause of vision loss; that contributes to approximately 5.2 million
cases of blindness (15% of total blindness cases reported) and can potentially affect ~80
million people in the next decade. To date, there is no cure for glaucoma. Fortunately,
it is usually a slow progressing condition, and if it is detected early, it can be treated
successfully. Early detection is the key for preventing sight loss. It is characterized by
the progressive degeneration of optic nerve fibers and leads to structural changes of the
optic nerve head, which is known as optic disk, the nerve fiber layer and a simultaneous
functional failure of the visual field. Progression of the disease leads to loss of vision,
which occurs gradually over a long period of time.
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(a) (b)
Fig. 1 : Enlarged view of normal & affected eye with glaucoma
(a) Normal non-glaucoma eye (b) Neo-vascular glaucoma affected eye
Fig. 2 : Normal Disc, Glaucomatic Disc, ISNT Quadrants

Fig. 3 :Medical image of normal and affected eye
Glaucoma cannot be cured, but its progression can be slowed down by treatment.
Therefore, detecting glaucoma in time is critical. However, many glaucoma patients are
unaware of the disease until it has reached its advanced stage. In India, there are now
an estimated 12 million people affected by glaucoma, the majority of whom are
undiagnosed. By 2020, this is expected to be 16 million. Since glaucoma progresses
with few signs or symptoms and the vision loss from glaucoma is irreversible, screening
of people at high risk for the disease is vital. The difference between the normal eye &
the affected eye is shown in the Fig. 1 - 3 respectively. The Fig. 4 - 5 shows the enlarged
view of the normal eye & the affected eye with glaucoma along with the optic disk.
Anatomy of the normal eye

An anatomy of human eye is approximately a spherical organ & is shown in the Fig. 4.
The protective outer layer of the eye is called the sclera. The other components of the
eye are regions such as cornea, lens, iris, and the retina. The retina is the light-sensitive
tissue that lines the inside of the eye. The optical elements within the eye focus an image
onto the retina of the eye, initiating a series of chemical and electrical events within the
retina. Nerve fibers within the retina send electrical signals to the brain, which then
interprets these signals as visual images. Retina is approximately 0.5 mm thick and
covers the inner side at the back of the eye. The center of the retina is the optical disc,
a circular to oval white area measuring about 3 mm2 (about 1/30 of retina area). The
mean diameter of the blood vessels is about 250 μm. The main retinal components
numbered in Figs. 4 & 5 could be listed as
1. Superior temporal blood vessels,
2. Superior nasal blood vessels,
3. Fovea,
4. Optic disc,
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5. Inferior temporal blood vessels and
6. Inferior nasal blood vessels.
Fig. 4 : Anatomy of eye / retina Fig. 5 : Enlarged view of the retina with optic disc
The cup-to-disc ratio is a measurement used in ophthalmology and optometry to

assess the progression of glaucoma. The optic disc is the anatomical location of the eye’s
blind spot. It is the area where the optic nerve and blood vessels enter the retina. The
optic disc can be flat or it can have a certain amount of normal cupping. But glaucoma,
which is due to an increase in intra-ocular pressure, produces additional pathological
cupping of the optic disc. The pink rim of disc contains nerve fibers. The white cup is a
pit with no nerve fibers. As glaucoma advances, the cup enlarges until it occupies most
of the disc area. The cup-to-disc ratio compares the diameter of the ‘cup’ portion of the
optic disc with the total diameter of the optic disc. The hole represents the cup and the
surrounding area the disc. If the cup fills 1/10 of the disc, the ratio will be 0.1. If it fills
7/10 of the disc, the ratio is 0.7. The normal optic disc cup-to-disc ratio if less than 0.3
and greater than 0.3 cup-to-disc ratio also implies glaucoma. However, cupping by itself
is not indicative of glaucoma; rather, an increase in cupping as the patient ages also is
an indicator for the cause of glaucoma.
Types of Glaucoma
In this section, different types of glaucoma are discussed as below. These are marked
by an increase of intraocular pressure (IOP) or pressure inside the eye.
Open-Angle Glaucoma: It is the most common form of glaucoma, accounting for at least
90% of all glaucoma causes & is caused by the slow clogging of the drainage canals,
resulting in increased eye pressure it has a wide and open angle between the iris and
cornea it develops slowly and is a long life condition its symptoms and damages are not
noticed. Open-angle means that the angle where the iris meets the cornea is as wide
and open as it should be Open-angle glaucoma is also called primary or chronic
glaucoma.
Angle-Closure Glaucoma: It is a less common form of glaucoma & is caused by blocked

drainage canals, resulting in a sudden rise in intraocular pressure it has a closed or
narrow angle between the iris and cornea Develops very quickly it has symptoms and
damage that are usually very noticeable Demands immediate medical attention. It is
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also called acute glaucoma or narrow angle glaucoma. Unlike open-angle glaucoma,
angle-closure glaucoma is a result of the angle between the iris and cornea closing.
Normal Tension Glaucoma: It is also called as low tension or normal-pressure glaucoma.

It is a form of glaucoma in which damage occurs to the optic nerve without eye pressure
exceeding the normal range (10-20mmHg).
Congenital Glaucoma: This type of glaucoma occurs in babies when there is incorrect
or incomplete development of the eye’s drainage canals during the parental period. This
is a rare condition that may be inherited. It is also referred as childhood glaucoma,
pediatric or infantile glaucoma. It is usually diagnosed within the first year of baby life.
Primary Glaucoma : The primary glaucoma is mainly due to increase in the Intra Ocular
Pressure (IOP). The regions affected are Optic cup, Optic Nerve Head, Neuro retinal Rim
and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer.
Secondary Glaucoma : Secondary glaucoma (SG) arises due to certain complicated

conditions like serious eye injury, tumour, diabetes, etc. Neo-vascular glaucoma is a
type of secondary glaucoma which is a resultant of Diabetic Retinopathy.
Neo-vascular glaucoma : Neo-vascular glaucoma is caused by the abnormal formation

of new blood vessels on the iris and over the eye's drainage channels. Neo-vascular
glaucoma is always associated with diabetes. It never occurs on its own. The new blood
vessels block the eye’s fluid from exiting through the trabecular meshwork causing an
increase in eye pressure.
Exfoliate Glaucoma : occurs when a flaky, dandruff-like material peels off the outer layer
of the lens within the eye. The material collects in the angle between the cornea and iris
and can clog the drainage system of the eye, causing eye pressure to rise.
Pigmentary Glaucoma: occurs when the pigment granules that are in the back of the
iris break into the clear fluid produced inside the eye. These tiny pigment granules flow
toward the drainage canals in the eye and slowly clog them, causing eye pressure to
rise.
A brief review of the various types of glaucoma was discussed in the previous sections.
In this context, we are going to find out the CDR for healthy & unhealthy images along
with the establishment of some relationships between various parameters.
Higher order glaucoma : Apart from primary & secondary, all other types of glaucoma
could be grouped under higher order as they are severe in nature.
In the following sections, we give a brief review about the detection of glaucoma is dealt
with along with hardware implementation of the same.
3. Literature survey
Glaucoma disease in human beings is considered as one of the important diseases
which affects the nervous systems & may lead to the loss of vision. Glaucoma damages
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the optic nerve which carries visual information to the brain. The brain can recognize
the objects in the foreground and in the background or at a certain distance with the
help of eyes. The damage to the optic nerve leads to permanent blindness or to loss of
vision. So, detection of glaucoma plays an important role in order to prevent the loss of
vision.
It is often, but not always, associated with increased pressure of the fluid in the eye.
The nerve damage involves loss of retinal ganglion cells in a characteristic pattern. There
are many different sub-types of glaucoma but they can all be considered as a type of
optic neuropathy. Raised intraocular pressure is a significant risk factor for developing
glaucoma (above 22 mmHg or 2.9 kPa). One person may develop nerve damage at a
relatively low pressure, while another person may have high eye pressure for years and
yet never develop damage. Untreated glaucoma leads to permanent damage of the optic
nerve and resultant visual field loss, which can progress to blindness.
Currently, ophthalmologists use 3 methods to detect glaucoma, viz.,
 One is the assessment of increased pressure inside the eyeball.

 Second is the assessment of abnormal vision.
 The third method is assessment of the damage to the head of the optic nerve.
The first method is not sensitive enough to detect glaucoma early and is not specific to
the disease, which sometimes occurs without increased pressure. The assessment of
abnormal vision requires specialized equipment rendering it unsuitable for widespread
screening. It is the most reliable but requires a trained professional and is time
consuming, expensive and highly subjective. Third assessment of the damaged optic
nerve head is more promising and superior to IOP measurement or visual field testing
for glaucoma diagnosis. Optic nerve head assessment can be done by a trained
professional. Early detection and prevention is the only way to avoid total loss of vision.
In healthy eyes, there is normal balance between the fluids, one that is produced in the
eye, and the second that leaves the eye through eye’s drainage system. This balance of
fluids keeps Inter Ocular Pressure (IOP) within the eye constant but in glaucoma, the
balance of fluids produced within the eye is not maintained properly which in turn
causes an increase in IOP, resulting in the damage of optic nerve.
The diagnostic criteria for primary glaucoma include

 intraocular pressure measurement,
 optic nerve head evaluation,
 retinal nerve fibre layer and
 visual field defect.
Extensive research is being carried out on the secondary glaucoma issues in the world
@ various research centres till date. A number of researchers [1] – [300] have worked
on the topic so far, some of them have advantages & some of them dis-advantages. A
brief exhaustive review of the similar work done in the relevant chosen field by different
authors w.r.t. glaucoma is summarized as follows…….
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Hardware implementation of enhancement of retinal fundus image using Simulink was
carried out by V. Krishna Sree & P. Sudhakar Rao in their IEEE paper. Image
enhancement is basically improving the interpretability or perception of information in
images for human viewers and providing ‘better’ input for other automated image
processing techniques. The principal objective of image enhancement is to modify
attributes of an image to make it more suitable for a given task and a specific observer.
The work done by them addressed the implementation of image enhancement
algorithms like brightness control, contrast adjustment and histogram equalization on
FPGA that have become a competitive alternative for high-performance digital signal
processing applications. With the advent of mobile embedded multimedia devices that
are required to perform a range of multimedia tasks, especially image processing tasks,
the need to design efficient and high performance image processing systems in a short
time-to-market schedule needs to be addressed. Hence, the Image enhancement
algorithms implemented in hardware have emerged as the most viable solution for
improving the performance of image processing systems. Their proposed work gave the
implementation of efficient image enhancement algorithms on Field programmable gate
array (FPGA) using Matlab & Simulink.
G.C. Sekhar et al. expressed that optical disc (OD) size in Ocular Hypertension(OHT)
patients is smaller compared to Primary Open angle Glaucoma (POAG) patients and
normals. The horizontal and the vertical diameters were measured.
S.Sekhar et al. used Hough transform to detect OD. To find the contours of OD, a region
of interest (ROI) is found from the binary image obtained after pre-processing.
Morphological operations are used to calculate the magnitude gradient for edge
detection.
Mahdad Esmaeili et al. efficient OD localization and segmentation are important tasks
in automated retinal screening. In this digital curvelet transform (DCUT) of the
enhanced retinal image is taken and its coefficients are modified based on the sparsity
of curvelet coefficients to get probable location of OD.
Rudiger Bock et al. proposed a novel automated glaucoma detection system in which,
Glaucoma Risk Index calculation consists of three steps: pre-processing to eliminate the
disease independent variations from the input image, Feature Extraction by Principle
Component Analysis (PCA) to transform the pre-processed input data to characteristic
and compact representation, and a twostage probabilistic SVM classifier to generate the
Glaucoma Risk Index.
R. Chrastek et al. Author in this paper presented a method for optic nerve head
segmentation and its validation. The method is based on morphological operations,
Hough transform, and an anchored active contour model
Gopal Dat Joshi et al. In this paper author described Glaucoma detection by calculating
cup to disc ratio (CDR). Morphological operations and Hough transform are applied to
detect the OD.
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Meindert Niemeijer et.al, implemented a fast method to detect the position of the optic
disc and the fovea in retinal images.
Jaeyoung Kim et.al, implemented real-time image processing program using OpenCV
library for Apple’s iPhone4, smart mobile phone.
Sopharak et.al, implemented detection of OD based on entropy filter.
Rashid Jalal Qureshi et.al, implemented a combination of the different algorithms for
the detection of OD and Macula.
Aby P.K et.al, implemented image processing algorithms on DM3730 for face detection
applications.
Shifeng Hu, proposed a driver fatigue eye features detection algorithm based on
OpenCV, Hiroki Sugano in his paper, proposed a parallel implementation of
morphological processing optimized for Cell Broadband Engine.
SIvan Culjak et al, in their paper described many computer vision algorithms to make
a reader familiar with OpenCV and presented many basic and popular Computer Vision
algorithms, along with many key references for an interested reader to pursue further
details.
Slavomir Matuska et al, in their paper presented basic algorithm for image processing,
focusing for their CPU time consumption in Matlab and OpenCV. Results showed that
OpenCV is faster than Matlab in some algorithm from 4 to 30 times and in case of
Erosion algorithm up to 100 times. On the other hand, Matlab environment is relative
simply and friendly to use, and provides various sort of function and algorithm. It isn’t
necessary to care about memory allocation and memory leak in Matlab, but it is very
important task in OpenCV. This allocation and releasing memory inserts lines into the
code. Matlab needs for smoothing algorithm 2 lines, but OpenCv needs 5 lines to write
source code with the same functionality.
Raida Hentati and Mohamed Abid focused on iris recognition algorithm. First, the
OSIRIS system in order to have a new algorithm independent to the OpenCV library,
and added the pre-processing module to improve the performance of the OSIRIS system.
Then implemented OSIRIS (Open Source for IRIS) system. For this a development board
with a Cyclone II FPGA device is used. The experimental results show that, the
segmentation module and the feature extraction module require more time. The
proposal to achieve a mixed implementation of the system in order to increase the
performances implement the step which has the greater time execution in hardware
using VHDL language while the other parts in C++. The authors also proposed to use
co-design approach to implement the entire algorithm.
Jaeyoung Kim, Heesung Jun implemented realtime image processing program using
OpenCV library for Apple’s iPhone4 smart mobile phone. The entire image processing
program can do various operations such as thresholding, adaptive thresholding, edge
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detection and contour detection. Convenient user interface was developed using
Objective-C and also implemented augmented reality program on iPhone4.
Shifeng Hu et al proposed a driver fatigue eye features detection algorithm based on

OpenCV image processing and computer vision development platform. These algorithms
localize eye-area and detect its state based on rough to accurate thought, and can
localize eye pupils in eye-open state accurately.
Hiroki Sugano Ryusuke Miyamoto described a parallel implementation of morphological

processing optimized for Cell Broadband Engine. Authors applied several optimization
techniques suitable for Cell Architecture such as multiple SPEs (Synergistic Processor
Element), SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data) operation, doubles buffering, and loop
unrolling. By this implementation, 3.2 GHz Cell using two 3.6 GHz SPEs can erode a
1024x768 pixel Image by a 5 × 5 pixel rectangle kernel in 0.601 milliseconds.
Shen Khang Teoh et al presented in their paper presented work on implementing a

human tracking system on both Intel based PC platform and embedded systems to
optimize the algorithms for high performance. The algorithms are benchmarked on the
Intel platform processor and Beagle Board xM based on low-power Texas Instruments
(TI) DM3730 ARM processor. Functions and library in Open CV which developed by Intel
Corporation was utilized for building the human tracking algorithms.
In majority of the work done by the various authors presented in the previous
paragraphs in their research articles [1] – [300], there were certain drawbacks /
disadvantages / lacunas such as consideration of only one or two parameters, etc. Many
of them have not considered unhealthy images, noise effects were not considered, usage
of fractional CDR was considered, SNR was not considered, etc….. Couple of these
drawbacks are going to be considered in our M.Tech. Dissertation Work with multiple
parameters & new algorithms are going to be developed which will be verified through
effective simulation results through Matlab/LabVIEW & practically implemented using
hardware kits (DSP / FPGA / Spartan / NI – LabVIEW / Zedboard / Micro-controller /
Raspberry Pi kits).
4. Objectives of the project work

The main objective of our M.Tech. dissertation (project) work is to develop some
algorithms for
 the diagnosis & detection of glaucoma by developing sophisticated algorithms using
different types of transformation techniques &
 to compare them for their best performance for glaucoma detection by finding out
the performance indices.
 two cases may be considered in this project work, i.e., for healthy images &
unhealthy images (affected with glaucoma & injury).
 In the unhealthy case-3 varieties are considered, viz., normal, moderate & severe.
 hardware implementation of glaucoma detection using DSP kits / FPGA Kits or any
other suitable hardware interfacing platform for validation purposes.
 using Matlab / LabVIEW or any other software as a tool to achieve this
implementation process.
 Implementation is thought of for every type of glaucoma.
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 main aim is to simulate and implement the developed algorithms using DSP / Verilog
HDL & the device selected for implementation could be (Spartan-3E) from Xilinx.
& validate the same using some real time embedded system or h/w interfacing kits.
The above mentioned objective of our dissertation work may be achieved using the
following steps :
1. Collecting images of human eyes (Both healthy and unhealthy) using appropriate
image capturing devices…..a large number of samples (data base of image collection)
from various sources from hospitals & image databases.
2. Preparation of desired image data bases using state-of-art techniques.
3. Performing image pre-processing (segmentation, enhancement), processing, and
analysis and application of mathematically developed equations in spatial &
frequency domains.
4. Finding the ROI using different IP techniques.
5. Use of filtering & transformation techniques to get a fine image
6. Simulating the same using Matlab/LabVIEW or any software
7. Implementation using hardware kits (any one or two).
Hardware kits used :
The hardware kits that are going to be used for the project work is DSP card with CCS-
Code Composer Studio & the National Instruments Kits / FPGA Spartan kits for the
experimentation purposes / Xilinx Spartan Kits or any other hardware interfacing
platform.
Software tool used :
The software tool that is used for the project work is Matlab 14 with Simulink modeling
for simulation purposes & the Image Processing tool box or LabVIEW with NI software
or VHDL language. The embedded software could also consist of the following. The single
board computer system operates on open source Linux platform .Hence the algorithms
developed are implemented with open Cv libraries. The OpenCV libraries and functions
used to develop the algorithm are described below.
 cvLoadimage is used to load an image from a file.
 cvEqualizeHist is normalizes brightness and increases contrast of the image.
 cvCalcHist is used to Calculate and Plot the equalized histogram of an image.
 cvDilate is used to Dilate (enlargement or expansion) the source image using the
specified structuring element that determines the shape of a pixel neighborhood
over which the maximum is taken.
 The function supports the in-place mode.
 Dilation can be applied several (iterations) times.
 cvFloodFill is used to fill a connected component with the same intensity.
 Cv ShowImage is used to display the image in specified window.
 cvSaveImage is used to Saves an image to a specified file.
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5. Motivation / Problem statement definition
The motivation for carrying out the project work is depicted in this section along with
the problem statement. Doctors are finding problems in the earlier detection of the
infected region in case of eye as the glaucoma disease is the 2nd most affected disease
in the world to which many people are falling victims. At the same time it is a very
expensive process to detect the disease using the modern tools as a result of which we
are developing a methodology for detection such that it is affordable by all the sections
of the society, also it can be detected at the early stage & prevention can be taken.
Hence in continuation, with zeal of this work, we are proposing some novel
methodologies for detection of glaucoma by developing some software algorithms using
some types of transformation techniques & filtering techniques in Matlab/LabVIEW &
finally implementing the same using hardware (VLSI techniques) in FPGA, the problem
finally, being defined as “Simulation, detection & implementation of chronic eye ailments
using real time embedded systems”.
6. Proposed Methodology
The proposed methodology (Fig. 6 & 7) that may be used in our project work is presented
in this section (may change in due course as the project progresses). The proposed
methodology that may be adopted in the present project work is depicted in the Fig. 6
in a very highly abstracted manner with various blocks in the vertical & horizontal
fashion.
OD Segmentation Extraction of the features
Classification
extraction
of the red MLP
Databases
channel
RGB Homogenity
DHRISTI
determine GLCM Random Forest
MESSIDOR ROI Correlation
Evaluation
of SVM
DRIONS LUV
identification segmentation Contrast
SAN NETRA of pixels in process
boundary Entropy Energy
RBF
RIM ONE HSI
localizaiton
of OD region ANN
based on
threshold
Fig. 6 : Flow-chart of the methodology that could be adopted
The hardware is DM3730 SOC based low cost low power single board computer system.
The block diagram of the hardware is presented in figure2. DM3730 is a multi-core
processor that consists of ARM cortex A8 and a TMS320DMC64X+ Digital Signal
Processor (DSP). The single board system (Beagle board) has many extensible interfaces
for the implementation of detection of retinal diseases. An LCD of 4.7 inch in size with
800x400 resolution. Micro SD of 4GB and the high speed USB hub are used for display,
data storage and for external input-output devices. The source images are acquired from
Fundus scope interfaced to one of the USB port. The database as well as the application
programs resides in SD card memory.
The proposed algorithm can be developed for the detection of glaucoma using the areas
of cup and disc & can be used for the assessment of glaucoma. Finally, the algorithm
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could be initially implemented on LabVIEW platform (or Using DSP board or using Verilog
HDL Spartan Xilinx kits to enable the algorithms on hardware by LabVIEW program
getting converted to C codes). Finally, these C programs could be replaced with Open CV
programs as the single board computer system operates on open source Linux platform
& observing the experimental results. Finally, the result could be obtained and can be
presented in the final stage, which would conclude the effectiveness of proposed
methodology that is going to be developed by us.
Power Supply
Computer Micro
LCD
Controller
interface
(any type)
PIC
Raspberry Pi GSM
UART 8051
ARM UART
Fig. 7 : Block-diagram of the proposed hardware implementation methodology
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7. Possible outcome / Expected Result
The outcome of this project work has got wide application in the earlier detection of eye
affected with glaucoma using state of art of image technologies with hardware
implementation using FPGA/DSP/SPARTAN/VHDL/XILINX kits. This is one of the
approach where very less human interaction giving rise to highly hygienic process &
making the system identification fully automatic. The expected results or the outcome
of the project work could be summarized as follows…
 Glaucoma can be detected using transformation techniques using diff. types of filters.
 Observation of the hardware experimental results for validation purposes.
8. Applications of our project work

The project work can be developed w.r.t. rural community with less experienced doctors
even in the field of eye diagnosis affected with serious ailments. It can also be used in
public places like in malls, so that the human being who is affected with glaucoma can
be detected immediately, precaution could be given so that the proper diagnosis can be
done at the earlier stage to avoid loss of vision.
9. Conclusions
A brief review of the work related to the project undertaken was depicted in the previous
sections in the form of introduction, followed by literature survey. The objectives of the
project work was also explored & arrived at the definition of the problem that had to be
tackled with. Methodology is proposed in the form of a block diagram to solve the above
defined problem using Matlab / LabVIEW / Xilinx kits and implementation using
hardware tools such as DSP / FPGA / C / P / Raspberry Pi / Zed Board / Spartan
kits in order to arrive at the expected results.
10. Month-wise flow of events

No. Work statement Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Project survey, problem
1.
identification
2. Synopsis submission
3. Literature survey
First stage-1 report
4.
submission & viva-voce
Development of algorithms-1
5. & paper – 1 with h/w
implementation-1
6. & paper - 2 with h/w
implementation-2
implementation-3
implementation-4
Submission of the project
9.
work thesis report with CD
10. Final viva-voce
16
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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnanasangama, Macche, Santibastwada Road, Belgaum-590014, Karnataka

Simulation, detection & implementation of chronic eye

Master of Technology (M.Tech.)

Dr. T.C.Manjunath, Ph.D. (IIT Bombay)

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Glaucoma is a silent thief of sight which is characterized by elevated intraocular

Signature of the M.Tech.

Fig. 2 : Normal Disc, Glaucomatic Disc, ISNT Quadrants

Anatomy of the normal eye

The cup-to-disc ratio is a measurement used in ophthalmology and optometry to

Angle-Closure Glaucoma: It is a less common form of glaucoma & is caused by blocked

Normal Tension Glaucoma: It is also called as low tension or normal-pressure glaucoma.

Secondary Glaucoma : Secondary glaucoma (SG) arises due to certain complicated

Neo-vascular glaucoma : Neo-vascular glaucoma is caused by the abnormal formation

Currently, ophthalmologists use 3 methods to detect glaucoma, viz.,

 One is the assessment of increased pressure inside the eyeball.

The diagnostic criteria for primary glaucoma include

Sopharak et.al, implemented detection of OD based on entropy filter.

Shifeng Hu et al proposed a driver fatigue eye features detection algorithm based on

Hiroki Sugano Ryusuke Miyamoto described a parallel implementation of morphological

Shen Khang Teoh et al presented in their paper presented work on implementing a

4. Objectives of the project work

Hardware kits used :

Software tool used :

Fig. 6 : Flow-chart of the methodology that could be adopted

Fig. 7 : Block-diagram of the proposed hardware implementation methodology

8. Applications of our project work

10. Month-wise flow of events

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