VENN_DIAGRAMS \ Syllabus : Venn diagrams. Cardinal properties of sets. , Venn Diagrams \__ To express the relationship among sets in a more significant way, we represent them Pictorially by means of diagrams. These diagrams are known as Venn diagrams. The universal set is represented by a rectangle and its subsets by circles (or close bounded figures), drawn inside this rectangle. Venn-Diagrams in Different Situations I. Given : A c & where & is the universal set. Let § = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} and A = (2, 4, 6). \ @ First draw a rectangle to represent &, ‘ (i) Draw a circle (or a closed bounded figure) inside the A rectangle to represent A. . (ii) Write the elements of A inside the closed bounded figure and the remaining elements of &, outside it, in the rectangle, as shown in the figure. Clearly, the shaded region represents A’. « A’ = (1, 3, 5, 7}. Il. Given : Two intersecting subsets A and’B of &. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8), A= (1, 3, 4, 5) and B = (2, 4, 5, 6). i) We draw a rectangle to represent &. A i) Since A and B are overlapping sets, we draw two |, overlapping closed bounded figures inside the rectangle to i represent A and B. (iii) In the common portion of closed bounded figures, we write the elements comr to both A and B. (iv) In the remaining portion of A, we write those elements of A which are not ir (v) In the remaining portion of B, we write those elements of B which are not i (vi) Remaining elements of § are written in the rectangle, outside these clc bounded figures. JIL. Given : Two disjoint subsets A and B of & Let & = (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}, A = (5, 7, 9} and B = (4, 6, 8). (i) Draw a rectangle to represent E. CECE (ii) Inside this rectangle, draw two disjoint closed bounded figures to represent A and B. ii?) Write the elements of A and B inside their respective €) regions and the remaining elements of & in the rectangle, | A as shown in the figure.IV. Given : BCA cE Let & = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10), A = (2, 4, 6, 8, 10) and B = (2, 4, 8). @ Draw a rectangle to represent &. (i) Inside the rectangle, draw a closed bounded figure to represent B, (iii) Since B c A, draw a larger closed bounded figure containing the figure representing B. (iv) Write the elements of B inside the smaller closed bounded region and the remaining elements of A, in between the two figures. (v) Remaining elements of § are written in the rectangle, outside these closed bounded Gigures. Look at the Venn diagrams given below. The sets represented by the shaded regions are given with the diagrams. § § 5 . (0) Qs 0s (AnB) (AB) or (ANB) (B=A)or (BAA) (AUB) g & & 8 : ° Ct) CQ): Os x Be (ansy (AuBy ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Using the given Venn diagram find the following sets : @A0B (ii) AUB 4 7 (ii) A-B (iv) B-A 8 (* @) A’ (vi) BY P (vi) (A 9 BY S G (viii) (A U BY Solution: We have : @AOB {elements common to both A and B} (1, 2}. @i) AUB (elements which are in A or in B or in both A and B} = (3, 6, 1, 2,5, 10). (iii) A-B = {elements which are in A and not in B) = (8, 6). (@v) B- A = (elements which are in B and not in A) = (5, 10). () A’ = (elements which are in § and not in A) = (4, 7, 8, 9, 5, 10). (i) BY = {elements which are in & and not in B) = (4, 7, 8,9, 3, 6). (vii) (A 0 BY = {elements of & which are not in A BI = (4, 7, 8 9, 8, 6, 5, 10), (viii) (A U BY = {elements of & which are not in A U B) = (4, 7, 8, 9}.ev, Example 2. Using the given Venn diagram find the following sets : @AnB @) AUB Wii) A-B (wv) B-A @) a’ (vi) B’ no (vii) (A U BY (viii) (A 0 BY Solution: We have : @ AB = (elements common to both A and B} = 6. Gi) AUB = 11.3.5. 7.2.4.6. 8h Gii) A-B (we) B-A (v) A’ emu &| G3) G) 5 7) 6 8 iY elements in A or in B or in both A and B}) {elements in A, which are not in B (elements in B, which are not in AJ elements of & which are not in A} = (9, 10, 11, 12, The ma. 6: 8). 2, 4, 6, 8h. (vi) B’ = (elements of &, which are not in B} = {9, 10, 11, 12, 1, A 5, 7h. (vii) (A U BY (viii) (A 9 BY Example 3. Using the given Venn diagram find the following sets : @MAB (i) AUB @ii) A-B (iv) B-A (v) A’ (vi) B’ (vii) (A 7 BY (viii) (A U BY Solution: We have : 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11). {elements of &, which are not in A U B} o = ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12). elements common to both A and B} = (elements in A or in B or in both A and B} (elements in A, which are not in B elements in B, which are not in Aj = (9, 10, 11, 12). [Since A 7 B = 4) (2, 3, 5}. (7, 9, 11). 6 (v) A’ = {elements of € which are not in A} = (4, 6, 8, 10}. (vi) BY = {elements of &, which are not in B) = (4, 6, 8, 10, 7, 9, 11). (vit) (An BY {4, 6, 8, 10, 7, 9, 11}. {elements of &, which are not in A ~ B) (viii) (A U BY’ = {elements of §, which are not in A U B) = (4, 6, 8, 10}. EXERCISE 2A 1. From the given Venn diagram, find : @A @B Wi) ANB (v) AUB W)A-B wi) B-A (vii) A’ (viii) BY (ix) (A. 0 BY @) (AU BY 2. From the given Venn diagram, find : @P. @Q (ii) PQ wv) PUQ @)P-Q (vi) Q-P (vii) P’ (viii) Q’ (ix) PN QY @) Pv Qy 173. From the given Venn diagram, find : @L Gi) M it) & fe) LAM () LUM Wi) L-M (i) M-L (viii) (Lo MY Gx) L’ @&) MW (xi) (Lu MY 4, From the given Venn diagram, find : we (ii) D (ii) & @) Cad @ CUD (wi) C-D (ii) D-c (iit) (C a DY (ix) (CU DY 5. From the given Venn diagram, find : @SaT @SuUT (it) T-S @) Sav ws Ww) SUTY (Wii) Is SaTY =(8 UT)? 6. From the given Venn diagram, find : @Y (ii) X Gi) XY @)XUY @) X-¥ (vi) Y-X (vii) & mn YY (viii) Y’ (i) X¥ 0 Y Is Ys envy)? 7. What set is being represented by the shaded portion in each of the following Venn diagrams? § & g 0 @ ) (iv) (v) g, Let & = (1, 2, 8, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 9, 10, 12, 14, 16), A= (x | x is a factor of 12) and "B= fe | x is a factor of 16). ; Draw a Venn diagram to show the relation between these sets. Venn diagram to find : / Oe OB Gi) AOB Wii) (A-B) UB-A) dv) (A u BY (v) (An BY 9, Let & = (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20}, A = {x | x is a multiple of 3 “x < 21) and B= {x | x is a multiple of 4, x < 21}. Draw a Venn diagram to show the relation between these sets. Ve diagram to find : | , vse @B- A (i) BY (ii) (A U BY (iv) (A 2 BY10. Drat rn . . _ oe ee Fa ae a palatal: beter the following pairs of sets : jy Lt is being given that AC zg. ne cone ee oe like applesh B = (Children who lke oranges) (id) P = (Prime factors of 105), Q = {All factors of 105) @) M = (Non-positive integers less than 6}, N = (Non-negative integers greater than — 5} fen E = Usosceles triangles), F = [Fauilatera! triangles) tel =i cas nna, een 5 fai he word, temagr : ae .B.S.E. schools in India} 11, Draw Venn diagrams in each of the following situations : OQcPch WARB*6 DROS ° Cardinal Properties of Sets Let A and B be two non-empty intersecting sets, co ee counting the clements of A UB, the elements of A 4 B are ‘wice, once in the counti, 5 i in counting the clowns Counting of elements of A and seed time * n(A UB) = n(A) + n(B) ~ nA B). If Ao B = 4, then n(A UB) = n(A) + n(B), It is also clear from the Venn diagram that : (@ n(A - B) = n(A) - nA B). Gi) n®B ~ A) = n®B) - nA nB). Example 1. In a class of 45 students, each one plays either Cricket a Hockey I 30 of them play Cricket and 27 play - lockey, find : @ how many play both Cricket and Hockey? (ii) how many play Cricket only? (iii) how many play Hockey only? Let C = {Students who play Cricket} and H = {Students who play Hockey). Then, C —H = {Students who play Cricket only), H — C = (Students who play Hockey only). <. nC) = 80, n(H) = 27 and n(C UH) = 45. @) nC OH) = nC) + nD) - nC UH) [Using n(A vB) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A n BY] = (30 + 27 — 45) = 12. :. Number of students who play both the games = 12. Gi) nC -H) = n(C)- nC nH) (Using n(A - B) = n(A) - n(A nr BY] = (80 — 12) = 18. .. Number of students who play Cricket only = 18. (iit) n(H - C) = n(H) - n(C 4 BH) = (27 - 12) = 15, ~. Number of students who play Hockey only = 15. Alternative Method : Let C = {Students who play Cricket] and H = {Students who play Hockey). Let the number of students who play both the games be =. Solution:Example 2. Solution: . Example 3. Solution: Example 4. Solution: Number of students who play Cricket only Number of students who play Hockey only . 30 -—x+x4+27-x = 45 > BT -x = 45 => x = (57 - 45) = 12. a . Number of students who play both the games Number of students who play Cricket only = (30 — Number of students who play Hockey only = (27 - In a group of 50 people, 31 like tea, 20 like vafh 6 like both tea and coffee. Find : (@) how many like tea only; (ii) how many like coffee only; (iii) how many like none of tea and coffee. Let T.= (People who like tea) and = (People who like coffee}. ‘ Then, {People who like both tea and coffee} (People who like tea only} {People who like coffee only , n(T) = 81, n(C) = 20 and n(T A C) = 6. (i) n(T - C) (T) —n(T AC) [Using n(A - B) = nid) - MA Bl - (31 — 6) = 25. z, Number of people who like tea only = 25. i) nC -T) =nC)— nT AC) (Using n(B - A) = 1B) — nA OB) =(20 —6)-= 14. -—— . Number of people who like coffee only = 14. Gi) ne UO) = aT) + IC) nl 40) 31-4 20-6) = :. Number of people who like tea or coffee or both = Number of people who like none of tea and coffee = (5 It is found that out of 100 students, 25 can drive neither a scooter nor a car, while 15 can drive both these and 52 of them can drive a scooter. How many can drive a car? Let S = {Students who can drive a scooter} and = (Students who can drive a car). ‘Then, n(S) = 52 and n(S 9 C) = 15. Number of students who can drive a scooter or a car or both = (100 - 25) = 75. 2. n(S UC) = 75. : Now, n(S u C) = nS) + nC) - nS 9 ©) = n(C) = n(S UC) + nS 9 C)—n(S) = n(C) = (75 + 15 — 52) = 38. :, Number of students who can drive a car = 38. Ina class of 80 pupils, 20 have offered Painting but not Crafts and 32 have offered Painting. How many have offered Crafts but not Painting? How many have offered both? Let P = (Pupils who have offered Painting} and C = (Pupils who have offered Crafts}. Number of pupils who have offered crafts but not painting= (Total number) — (Number of those who have offered Painting) (50 - 32) = 18. . iP — C) = 20 and n(P) = 82. n(P — C) = n(P) = n(P 9 C) = mP oC) = n(P) — n(P —C).= (82.- 20).= 12. , Number of pupils who have offered both = 12. 2, n(B) = 60 and n(A 9 B) (ii) n(B — A) 1, Lev Aa! B he two sets such that n(A) ' rand UB) (i) n(A - B) raw the corresponding Venn diagram. 2 Draw a Venn diagram to show the relationship between sets P and Q such that n(P U Q) = 70, n(P) = 45 and n(Q) = 38. Find “P+ Q) (ii) n(P - Q) (iii) n1Q - P) 3. In a city, there are 25 Hindi medium schools, 18 English medium schools and 7 schools have both the mediums. Find ‘) how many schools are there in all in the city; (ii) how many schools have Hindi medium only; ‘4 Yew many schools have English medium only. 2 group of 50 persons who can speak English or Tamil or both. Out of these 7 can speak English and 30 can speak Tamil. (i) How many can speak both English and Tamil? (ii) How many can speak English only? (ii) How many can speak Tamil only? 5. In a class of 40 students, each one plays either Tennis or Badminton or both. If 28 play Tennis and 26 play Badminton, find \) how many play both the games; (i) bow many play Tennis only; Gi) how many play Badminton only. In a class of 45 pupils, 21 play chess. 23 play cards and 5 play both the games. Find 1) how many do not play any of the games; (in how many play chess only; (iii) how many play cards only. In a group of 36 girls, each one can either stitch or weave or can do both. If 25 girls can stitch and_17 can stitch only, how many can weave only? Tn a group of 24 children, each one plays cricket or hockey or both. If 16 play cricket and 12 play cricket only, find how many play hockey only. In a group of 40 persons, 10 drink tea but not coffee and 26 drink tea. How many drink coffee but not tea? 10. All the people jin a locality read the daily newspaper Indian Express or Hindustan ‘Times or both. If/120 read Indian Express and 150 read Hindustan Times and 36 read-both, find : (i) how many people are there in the locality; (ii) how many people read only Indian Express. 6. 8. 2s THINGS TO REMEMBER 1. n(A UB) = nA) + n(B) — n(A 9B). If AB = 6, then n(A UB) = n(A) + 2B), 2. (i) AB) = WA) - nA O.B) (i) n(B = A) = n(B) - nA 0B):