Class Note

1. What are three dimensions of competency?

a. Attitude

b. Knowledge

c. Skills

2. Elaboration of attitudinal dimension

a. Faithful to God

b. Honest and caring

c. Responsible

d. Genuine, lifelong learning

e. Physically and mentally healthy

3. Elaboration of cognitive (knowledge) dimension

a. Factual (declarative): the day of Indonesian independence, the anniversary of Boedi Oetama,
etc. In factual knowledge, we are expected to have some facts to memorize. We have 17.508
islands. What is the percentage of people living in Java? 56%. history, Giyanti Treaty was agreed
in 1755, making Yogyakarta Palace separable from Kasunanan, Solo; VOC was declared
bankrupt on December 31, 1799 – making the Netherlands (as a state) officially occupied the
West Indies (later called Indonesia); 1674 was the year Anton van Leuwenhoek to invent his first
crude microscope, that allowed him to know that even in a single drop of rainwater, there are
thousands of bacteria. 300 years later, more than 300 kinds of bacteria have been tamed.

b. Conceptual (theoretical): it elaborates the question why. Given that we have a couple of
disciplines, we need to draw conceptual frameworks from them:

sociological perspectives, e.g. humans are by nature social (never living alone); mechanical
perspective, i.e. how internal combustion engine works à intakes of gas and oxygen, burned in
the chamber, etc. ; learning psychology, i.e. learning is not merely done through memorization,
but more importantly through drawing connections and meaningfulness; (old-fashioned)
scientific inquiries; i.e. things that are intangible and unmeasurable are not true; economic
principles, i.e. with a limited amount of capital, you have to seek the greatest benefit;
c. Procedural: in order to get healthy fresh milk, you need to warm it a couple of times, with a
maximum temperature of 80 centigrade; mechanical perspective: capability to drive a car or
motorcycle flawlessly;

d. Metacognitive

Knowledge about who we are, our strengths and weaknesses and how to find ways to improve
ourselves.

4. Elaboration of skills dimension

Memiliki keterampilan berpikir dan bertindak: 1. kreatif, 2. produktif, 3. kritis, 4. mandiri, 5.

kolaboratif, dan 6. Komunikatif

Demonstrating critical thinking/acting skills, characterized by creativity, productivity, criticality,

autonomy, collaboration, and communication.

Why standards?

· Standards-based movement appeared to take hold in the 1980s in the US. Upon the
accomplishment of a book entitled Nation at Risk (1983), there was a growing tension among
American public. The American public believed that educational field in the US was at a dire
crisis. In the 1970s, many Japanese products flooded the American market. Meanwhile, the Cold
War was on the way, making politicians believed that the American education system was left
behind. Many tests showed decreasing quality of students.

· Some policy makers started to believe that schools were to be accounted for the quality of
education. So, they managed to find ways on how to intervene to schooling businesses. They
believed that once a high standard is set, all school community should follow accordingly.

· So, the era of accountability was born. Diane Ravitch (1995) argues that standards are set to
ensure the high degree of accountability among school members.

o Akuntabilitas = sikap dasar untuk terbuka dan membuka diri atas pertanyaan/intervensi
eksternal; dan sekaligus siap untuk mempertanggungjawabkan apa yang direncanakan,
dilaksanakan dan dihasilkan
o In reality, the accountability culture has led to instrumentalism and an audit culture, making
aesthetical and ethical considerations left behind.

· In Indonesian contexts, upon the establishment of Badan Nasional Standar Pendidikan,

schools have been driven by many standards.

· Standards vs. standardization à next week.