P.

Code:EE03 SSC-JE : 2019 (Mains) : Test Series ENGINEERS ACADEMY

DETAILS EXPLANATIONS
1. (a) Transformation of independent sources :
a a
R

+ is R
– Vs

b b
A source transformation is the process of replacing a voltage source
Vs in series with a resistor R by a current source is in parallel with
a resis-tor R, or vice versa.
The two circuits in figure are equivalent—provided they have the
same voltage-current relation at terminals a-b. It is easy to show
that they are indeed equivalent. If the sources are turned off, the
equivalent resistance at terminals a-b in both circuits is R, Also,
when terminals a-b are short-circuited, the short-circuit current
V
flowing from a to b is isc = s in the circuit on the left-hand side
R
V
and s = is for the circuit on the right-hand side. Thus, vjR = ix
R
in order for the two circuits to be equivalent. Hence, source
transformation requires that
V s = isR
V
or is = s
R
Source transformation also applies to dependent sources, provided
we carefully handle the dependent variable. As shown in figure, a
dependent voltage source in series with a resistor can be
transformed to a dependent current source in parallel with the
resistor or vice versa where we make sure that is satisfied.
Transformation of dependent sources :
a a
R

+ is R
– Vs

b b
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P.Code:EE03 SSC-JE : 2019 (Mains) : Test Series ENGINEERS ACADEMY
(b) We first transform the current and voltage sources to obtain the
circuit in figure-I.
4 2 3

+
12V 8 Vo 3 4A
–

Combining the 4- and 2- resistors in series and transforming

the 12-V voltage source gives us figure-II.

+
2V 6 8 Vo 3 4A
–

We now combine the 3- and 6- resistors in parallel to get 2-

. We also combine the 2-A and 4-A current sources to get a 2-
A source.
Thus, by repeatedly applying source transformations, we obtain the
circuit in figure-III.

+
8 Vo 2 2A
–

We use current division in figure-III to get

2 (2)
i= = 0.4A
28
and Vo = 8i = 8(0.4) = 3.2 V
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P.Code:EE03 SSC-JE : 2019 (Mains) : Test Series ENGINEERS ACADEMY
Alternatively, since the 8- and 2- resistors in figure-III are in
parallel, they have the same voltage Vo across them.
8  2 (2)
Hence, V 0 = (8 | | 2)(2 A) =
10
= 3.2 V
2. (a) Thevenin’s theorem states that a linear two-terminal circuit
can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage
source VTh in series with a resistor VTh, where VTh is the open-circuit
voltage at the terminals and RTh is the input or equivalent resistance
at the terminals when the independent sources are turned off.
I a
+
Linear Two
V Load
Terminal Circuit
–
b

RTh a
I
+
V Load
–
b
The Thevenin equivalent voltage VTh and resistance RTh. To do so,
suppose the two circuits in figure are equivalent. Two circuits are
said to be equivalent if they have the same voltage-current relation
at their terminals.
Let us find out what will make the two circuits in figure equivalent.
If the ter-minals a-b are made open-circuited (by removing the
load), no current flows.
So that the open-circuit voltage across the terminals a-b in figure
must be equal to the voltage source VTh in figure since the two
circuits are equivalent. Thus VTh is the open-circuit volt-age across
the terminals as shown in figure that is.
a a
+ Linear circuit with
Linear Two all independent Rin
Voc
Terminal Circuit sources set equal
– to zero.
b b
V Th = V oc RTh = Rin

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P.Code:EE03 SSC-JE : 2019 (Mains) : Test Series ENGINEERS ACADEMY
Again, with the load disconnected and terminals a-b open-circuited,
we turn off all independent sources. The input resistance (or
equivalent resistance) of the dead circuit at the terminals a-b in
figure. must be equal to RTh in figure because the two circuits are
equivalent. Thus, RTh is the input resistance at the terminals when
the independent sources are turned off, as shown in figure that is,
RTh = Rin
(b) We find RTh by turning off the 32-V voltage source (replacing it
with a short circuit) and the 2-A current source (replacing it with
an open circuit). The circuit becomes what is shown in figure.
4 1
a

RTh
12

b
Finding RTh
4 VTh 1
a

32V i1 12 i2 2A VTh

b
Finding VTh
4 12
Thus, R = 4 | | 12 + 1 = 1 = 4 
16
To find VTh, consider the circuit in figure Applying mesh analysis
to the two loops, we obtain
–32 + 4i1 + 12(i1 – i2) = 0
i2 = –2 A
Solving for iv we get i1 = 0.5 A.
Thus, VTh = 12(i1 – i2) = 12(0.5 + 2.0) = 30V
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P.Code:EE03 SSC-JE : 2019 (Mains) : Test Series ENGINEERS ACADEMY
Alternatively, it is even easier to use nodal analysis. We ignore the
1- resistor since no current flows through it. At the top node,
KCL gives
32  VTh V
 2 = Th
4 12
or 96 – 3VTh + 24 = VTh
 VTh = 30 V
as obtained before. We could also use source transformation to
find VTh.
The Thevenin equivalent circuit is shown in figure.
4 a

IL

30V RL

b
The Thevenin Equivalent Circuit for
The current through RLis
VTh 30
IL = R  R = 4  R
Th L L

When, RL = 6
30
IL = = 3A
10
3. (a) The period of the voltage waveform is
T = 2
10sin t, 0  t  
and v(t) = 
0,   t  2
The rms value is obtained as -

1 2
V 2
rms = T  v (t) dt
0

 2
1  2

= 2  (10sin t) dt   02 dt 
0  
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P.Code:EE03 SSC-JE : 2019 (Mains) : Test Series ENGINEERS ACADEMY
1
But sin2t = (1 – cos2t)
2

1 100
Hence, 2
Vrms = 2  2 (1  cos 2t) dt
0


50  sin 2t  50  1 
= 2  t  2  = 2    2 sin 2  0 
 0  
= 25
Vrms = 5 V
The average power absorbed is
V2 52
P = rms = = 2.5 W
R 10
(b) The apparent power is
120 4
S = VrmsIrms = = 240 VA
A
2 2
The power factor is
pf = cos(v – i) = cos(–20° – 10°)
= 0.866 (leading)
The pf is leading because the current leads the voltage. The pf
may also be obtained from the load impedance.
V 120  20o
Z= =
I 410o
= 30–30° = 25.98 – j15 
pf = cos(–30°) = 0.866 (leading)
The load impedance Z can be modeled by a 25.98- resistor in
series with a capacitor with
1
XC = –15 =  
C
1 1
or C = = = 212.2 µF
15 15 100
4. (a) The total impedance is
 j2  4
Z = 6 + 4 | |(–j2) = 6 + 4  j2 = 6.8 – jl.6
= 7–13.24o 
The power factor is
pf = cos(–13.24) = 0.9734 (leading)
Since the impedance is capacitive. The rms value of the current is
Vrms 300o
Irms = = = 4.28613.24o A
Z 7    13.24o

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P.Code:EE03 SSC-JE : 2019 (Mains) : Test Series ENGINEERS ACADEMY
The average power supplied by the source is
P = VrmsI2rmspf = (30)(4.286)0.9734 = 125 W
or P = I2rmsR = (4.286)2(6.8) = 125 W
Where R is the resistive part of Z.
(b) The current through Z1 is
V 12010o
I1 = Z = = 240o A rms
1 60  30o
While the current through Z2 is
V 12010o
I2 = Z = = 335° A rms
2 4045o
The complex powers absorbed by the impedances are
2
Vrms (120)2
S 1 = Z* = = 204–30o
1 6030o
= 207.85 – j120 VA
2
Vrms (120)2
S 2 = Z* = = 36045o
2 40  45o
= 254.6 + j254.6 VA
The total complex power is
St = S1 + S2 = 462.4 + 7134.6 VA
(i) The total apparent power is
|St| = 462.42  134.62 = 481.6 VA A
(ii) The total real power is
P t = Re(St) = 462.4 W
or P t = P 1 + P2
(iii) The total reactive power is
Q t = Im(St) = 134.6 VAR
or Q t = Q1 + Q2
Pt 462.4
(iv) The pf = | S | = = 0.96 (lagging)
t 481.6
5. (a) We transform the voltage source to a current source and obtain
the circuit in figure, where
4

–j13 
3
5
10  Vx
Is= –j4 A
j4 

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P.Code:EE03 SSC-JE : 2019 (Mains) : Test Series ENGINEERS ACADEMY
o
20  90
Is = = 4–90o = –j4 A
5
The parallel combination of 5- resistance and (3 + j4) impedance
gives
5(3  j4)
Z 1 = 8  j4 = 2.5 + j1.25 
Converting the current source to a voltage source yields the circuit
in figure, where
V s = IsZ1 = –j4(2.5 + j1.25) = 5 – j10 V
2.5  4
j1.25  –j13 

10  Vx
VS = 5 – j10 V

By voltage division,
10
Vx = 10  2.5  j1.25  4  j13 (5  j10)
= 5.519–28o V
(b) Nodes 1 and 2 form a supernode as shown in figure.
Supernode
V1 V2

12 
3A –j3  j6 

Applying KCL at the supernode gives

V1 V2 V2
3 =  j3  j6  12
or 36 = j4 V1 + (1 – j2)V2
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But a voltage source is connected between nodes 1 and 2.
So that V 1 = V2 + 1045°
36 – 40135° = (1 + j2) V2
 V 2 = 31.41–87.18o V
V 1 = V2 + 1045° = 25.7870.48o V
6. Given data, Z 1 = (3 + j6) 
Z 2 = (3 – j4) 
Drawing the circuit according to the question
25 A I1 I2

3
Z1 Z2 3
V0

–j4
j6

Let the power taken by first branch and second branch is P 1 and
P2 respectively

 I L = 25
Current through Z1 impedance
Z2
I1 = Z Z I
1 2

3 j4
I 1 = (3 j4) (3 25
j6 )
3 j4
= 6 j2 25

I 1 = 19.77–71.56o A

Z1
I2 = Z Z I
1 2

3 j6
I 2 = (3 j4) (3 j6) 25
I 2 = 26.545o A
Power in Z1 mpedancc
P 1 = |I1|2 R1 = (19.77)2 × 3 = 1172.55 W

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P.Code:EE03 SSC-JE : 2019 (Mains) : Test Series ENGINEERS ACADEMY
Power in Z2 impedance
P 2 = |I2|2 R2 = (26.5)2 × 3= 2108.34 W
So the required answer are
P 1 = 1172.55 W
P 2 = 2108.34 W

7. (a) Resistance : Materials in general have a characteristic behavior

of resisting the flow of electric charge. This physical property, or
ability to resist current, is known as resistance and is represented
by the symbol R. The resistance of any material with a uniform
cross-sectional area A depends on A and its length l.
l
R = 
A
where  is known as the resistivity of the material in ohm-meters.
Good conductors, such as copper and aluminum, have low
resistivities, while insulators, such as mica and paper, have high
resistivities.
(b) Self Inductionce : It is also possible that emf is induced in a single
isolated coil due to change of flux through the coil by means of
varying the current through the same coil. This phenomenon is
called self-induction. In this case, flux linkage through a coil of N
turns is proportional to the current through the coil and is expressed
as
N B  I
N B = LI
where constant of proportionality L is called self-inductance of the
coil. It is also called the coefficient of self-induction of the coil.
When the current is varied, the flux linked with the coil also changes
and an emf is induced in the coil the induced emf is given by
d(NB )
 = 
dt
DI
 = L
dt
(c) Reluctance : The reluctance of a material to the setting up of
magnetic flux lines in the material is determined by the following
equation :

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P.Code:EE03 SSC-JE : 2019 (Mains) : Test Series ENGINEERS ACADEMY

l  At 
R = A  Wb 
 
where R is the reluctance, l is the length of the magnetic path, and
At
A is the cross-sectional area. The t in the units is the number
Wb
of turns of the applied winding.
(d) Electromative Force : An electromotive force (emf) is a force
that establishes the flow of charge (or current) in a system due to
the application of a difference in potential.
(e) Ohm's Law for Magnetic Circuit : Ohm's Law for magnetic
circuits, the effect desired is the flux , The cause is the
magnetomotive force (mmf) F, which is the external force (or
"pressure") required to sel up the magnetic flux lines wilhin the
magnetic material.
The opposition to the setting up of the flux  is the reluctance R.
Substituting, we have
F
 =
R
Since F = NI
Equation clearly reveals that an increase in the number of turns or
the current through the wire in results in an increased "pressure"
on the system to establish the flux lines through the core.



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