Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Prof. B M A Rahman
Professor of Photonics
Office: C118 Telephone: 020-7040-8123
Email: B.M.A.Rahman@city.ac.uk
Science ↓
Engineering ↓
Civil Engineering ↓
Electrical Engineering ↓
Electronics ↓
Photonics ↓
→Lasers, optical fibres, CD, DVD, LED, LCD, Flat screen TV,
sensors, material processing, etc.
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COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Ch1: Introduction
Ch2: Analogue Modulation
Ch3: Digital Modulation
Ch4: Transmission Line Theory
Ch5: Waveguides
Ch6: Coding
Ch7: Antennas
Ch8: Communication Systems: Examples
Microwave links, mobiles, satellite communications, GPS, radar,
optical communications
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Introduction
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COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Radio – AM – LW, MW, SW: FM
TV – VHF, UHF, Analogue, Digital, HDTV
Radar, Sonar
GPS
Mobile phones, 2G, 3G, 4G
Satellite Communications
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LETS CHECK THE UNITS
Exa= 1018 E
Peta = 1015 P
Tera = 1012 T
Giga = 109 G
Mega = 106 M
Kilo = 103 k
Milli = 10-3 m
Micro = 10-6 µ
Nano = 10-9 n
Pico = 10-12 p
Femto = 10-15 f
Atto = 10-18 a
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UNITS - CONTINUED
100 THz
10 Gb/s
10 GB
5 MΩ
3 mH
7 µm
2 nF
4.5 fs
5 micron
3Ȧ
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FREQUENCY VS WAVELENGTH
f Frequency
λ wavelength: Lamda
T = Period = 1/f
λ = 2πf = angular frequency
c = f. λ = speed of all e.m. in free space ≅ air
λ = c/f check units = m/sec over /sec = m
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LW radio f = 300 kHz >λ=3x108ms-1/3x105s-1= 103 m
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meter
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(E.M.) ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
A type of wave in which signal propagates via exchanging
energy between Electric and magnetic field
All communication systems use EM waves except Sonar
In your 3rd year you will study about Electromagnetic Fields
In Circuit Theory: Power is related to V and I
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Find the wavelength if the
operating frequency is 1 GHz.
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MW radio f = 1500 kHz λ=?
SW radio f = 50 MHz λ =?
Satellite f = 10 GHz λ =?
Radar f = 20 GHz λ =?
CD λ = 0.8 µm f=?
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IMPORTANCE OF HIGHER FREQUENCY FOR
COMMUNICATIONS
Antenna Efficiency
Bandwidth
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EM WAVES
VLF: very Low Frequency: 3 kHz – 30 kHz Omega
LF: Low Frequency: 30-300 kHz: LW Radio
MF: medium Frequency: 300-3000 kHz: MW Radio
HF: High Frequency: 3-30 MHz: SW Radio
VHF: very High Frequency: 30-300 MHz: FM, mobile
UHF: Ultra High Frequency: 300-3000 MHz: TV
SHF: Super High Frequency: 3-30 GHz: Radar,
satellite
EHF: Extremely High Frequency: 30-300 GHz
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Terahertz ≡ THz ∼ 0.1 to 10 THz, imaging, spectroscopy
Infrared frequency below visible light (red), λ > 0.7 µm
Visible light λ between 0.4- 0.7 µm
Ultraviolet, frequency higher than violet light or λ < 0.4 µm
X-rays
Gamma rays
Cosmic rays
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ANTENNA EFFICIENCY
An antenna is only efficient when its dimension is comparable
to its operating wavelength
Antenna efficiency ∝ antenna size/wavelength
Best dipole antenna, length L = λ/2
Best dish antenna, diameter, D >>λ
(Chapter 7: Antennas)
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A current carrying conductor
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A high conductive metallic surface
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AM station using 600 kHz, λ = 500 m, L = 250 m
FM station at 100 MHz, λ = 3 m, L = 1.5 m is good
Omega navigation system developed by US Navy
operates at 10-14 kHz, there are 8 antennas each 400 m
high, they are costly, but still electrically small, as for 10
kHz, λ = 30 km, which is >> 400 m
Is it easy to install a 400 m high antenna?
What is the height of The Shard? 310 m
Can we make a 15 km high antenna? Given £1 Billion?
What is height of Everest? 8.8 km !
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ANTENNA EFFICIENCY
Sky satellite dish typically 60 cm diameter operates at 10 GHz,
has a gain of 3000.
However, if you reduce the operating frequency to 100 MHz
(reduced by 100 times) then you need a dish antenna of 60 m
(100 times bigger) in diameter for the same performance.
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Bandwidth needed
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Audio system: could be 5 kHz be enough
Old TV 10 MHz may be OK
Digital TV
HD TV
4k TV
Internet speed: what is desired?
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BANDWIDTH OF THE SYSTEM
MF: 2700 kHz: can have 500 Tel channel @ 5 kHz BW
HF: 27 MHz: can have 5000 Tel channels or 5 TV channels
VHF: 270 MHz: 50000 Tel or 50 TV channels
UHF: 2.7 GHz: 0.5 million tel or 500 TV channels
SHF: 27 GHz: 5 million tel or 5000 TV channels
EHF?
Lightwave at 1.5 µm = 200 THz, if we can use 1% of this spectrum
that can handle 40 billion tel channels or 40 million TV channel!!
How many people now live in this earth?
Do we need this capacity?
What about downloading of information or video on demand?
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If possible we can go for higher frequencies as bandwidth will
be higher and antennas would be more efficient
But, need to have the technology: to generate, guide, process,
and detect the signals.
Generating higher frequency is generally costly
Transmission can be guided or free-space, and we need to
know about the technology, loss and price
Controlled by regulator, as the spectrum used for many civilian
and defence applications.
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TRANSPARENCY OF THE ATMOSPHERE
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RECAP: IMPORTANCE OF HIGHER
FREQUENCY FOR COMMUNICATIONS
Antenna Efficiency
Bandwidth
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Often log scale is used in solving
engineering problems
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dB
dB = 10 log10 P1/P2
If we consider volts or current ?
dB = 20 log10V1/V2 or 20 log10 I1/I2
dB always represent ratio of two signals
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dB : DECIBEL
P1/P2 = 1000 ≡ in dB ?
10 log10 P1/P2 = 10 log10 103 = 10 x 3 = 30 dB
P1/P2 = 0.001 so dB = ? 10 log1010-3 = -30 dB
P1/P2 = 0.01
P1/P2 = 0.1
P1/P2 = 1
P1/P2 = 1012
P1/P2= 10-15
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The output of this radio station is 100 dB !!
This is a wrong statement
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dBm AND dBW
These are not ratios
These are absolute power units
In dBm, it is compared to mW
In dBW, it is compared to W
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dBm AND dBW: not ratio anymore
100 mW = 10 log10 (100mW/1mW) = 20 dBm
1 kW = 10 log10 103W/10-3W= 60 dBm
0.01 mW = ? -20 dBm
1 µW = ? - 30 dBm
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TRANSMISSION LINE
If the input power of a transmission line is 1 kW and the loss of
the transmission line is 5 dB/m. What would be the output
power after 10 m?
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Data rate depends on the frequency used
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Signals are either ‘1’ or ‘0’
Signal
Random noise
1 0 1 0 Detect as
Multilevel detection
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1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
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Suppose maximum data rate of a channel is 1200 bps.
Then you can have 8 such channels to have 9600 bps.
A B A B
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Simplex
Half-duplex
Full-Duplex
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Road works
One way
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One way
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Walkie Talkie
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Simplex: Only one
T R way communication
T R Half-Duplex :
Alternately used for
forward and reverse
R T direction. E.g. Data bus
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Simplex links:
TV distributions: This provides one way communication
Duplex links:
Transfer data in both directions
Half-Duplex links:
Not simultaneously. 16 bit bus on microprocessor
‘TALK’ & ‘HOLD’
Full-Duplex links:
Two channels are used simultaneously, Telephone circuits
T R
Can be two separate circuits
or even could be same wire
R T using different carrier
frequency
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What is being transmitted?
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Modulation and demodulation needed at both ends of a
broadband duplex channel
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Modulation
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MODULATION
Analogue (Chapter 2)
Voice, video, music, sonar, radar, ECG, etc
Digital (Chapter 3)
CD, DVD, Text, Data
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ADVANTAGES OF MODULATION
Transfer a signal into a carrier (to higher frequency)
Why?
Easy to transmit (simpler antennas)
Multiplexing
Different signals modulated with different frequency
As Example: different radio station uses different frequency
Different voice channels (in telephone) uses different frequency
Take advantage of higher frequency - bandwidth and antenna
efficiency
Error coding possible (Chapter 6)
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Will be covered in Chapter 2
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Analog signal
Sampling signal
PWM or PDM
PPM
PAM
PCM
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Units, symbols
Wavelength and frequency
dB, dBm, dBW
Data rate
Serial vs parallel
Simplex vs duplex
Advantages of higher frequency
Advantage of modulation
Analogue vs Digital
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FDM: frequency division multiplexing
TDM: Time division multiplexing
WDM: Wavelength division multiplexing
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NEXT CHAPTER
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