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Experiment 6 - Thin Cylinder

Mechanical Engineering (Universiti Tenaga Nasional)

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL ( UNITEN )

TITLE : EXPERIMENT 6 – THIN CYLINDER

COURSE : MECHANICS AND MATERIALS LAB CODE : MEMB221

SEMESTER 1, ACEDAMIC YEAR 2018/2019

NO. NAME STUDENT ID

1. FATIN NUR ANNISA BINTI MOHAMMAD YUSOFF ME0100949
2. HAZIQAH HANANI BINTI MOHAMAD SIRIN ME0100181
3. SITI NURASYIKIN BINTI MORSHIDI ME0101145
4. SYARIFAH NURHASLELA BT HASHIM ME0101029

SECTION : 02 GROUP : 04
INSTRUCTOR : AZIEYANTI NURAIN BINTI AZMIN, PUAN.

DAY : WEDNESDAY PERFORMED DATE : 06/06/2018

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TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENTS
1. Abstract …………………………………… 1
2. Objective ………………………………….. 2
3. Theory …………………………………….. 3-10
4. Experimental Apparatus ………………….. 11-14
5. Procedure …………………………………. 15
6. Data and Observation …………………….. 16-18
7. Analysis and Results ……………………… 19-24
8. Discussions ……………………………….. 25
9. Conclusions ………………………………... 26
10. References ………………………………… 27
11. Appendix ………………………………….. 28

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ABSTRACT

In this experiment, the thin cylinder study has been conducted by determining the strains
related to selected points on the surface of thin cylinder. Main purpose of this experiment was
to study the behaviour of thin cylinder under different internal pressure conditions. In
addition, from the graph of Hoop Stress against Hoop strain, the value of the Young’s
Modulus is 65.3GPa which is slightly different from the actual value of Young’s Modulus
which is 69GPa.

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OBJECTIVE

1. To determine the behaviour of aluminium alloy 6063 in open ends condition

and closed ends condition.
2. To determine the principle planes in open ends and closed ends condition.

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THEORY

a) Complex Stress System

The diagrams in Figure 4.1 represent (a) the stress and (b) the forces acting upon an element
of material under the action of a two-dimensional stress system.

a) Stress diagram

b) Force Diagram Figure

6.1: Stress and force diagrams for two dimensional stress systems 27 Assuming (b) to be a
'wedge' of material of unit depth and the side AB to be of unit length: Resolving along
will give: will give: will give: will give:

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Resolving along will give:

From equation 2 it can be seen that there are values for e for which is zero and the planes on
which the shear component is zero are called 'Principal Planes'.

For equation 2:

This will give two values of 2 differing by 1800 and, therefore, two values of by 900 .
This shows that Principal Planes are two planes at right angles to each other.

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Figure 6.2: Diagram representation of Equation 3

From the diagram:

The stresses on the principal planes are normal to these planes and are called
principal stresses. From equation 1 and substituting the above values:

Principal stresses are the maximum and minimum values of normal stress in the system. The
sign will denote the type of stress.

i.e Negative sign - Compressive Stress

Positive sign - Tensile Stress

Figure 6.3: Force diagram for an element

Assuming BC and AC are principal Planes, i.e. =0, and 1 and 2 are the principal stresses

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Now maximum shear stress will be seen to occur when sin2 = 1, i.e. when =450 . Therefore
the maximum shear stress occurs on planes at 450 to the principal planes, and

b) Two Dimensional Stress System

Figure 6.4: Diagram of principal stresses on an element

1 and 2 are the values of the principal strains.

A negative quantity denotes compressive strain.

A positive quantity denotes tensile strain.

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These strains can be used to construct a 'Mohr Strain Circle' in the same way as stresses.

Figure 6.5: Representation of strain on a Mohr circle

In the usual manner, referring to Figure 4.5:

OR is the maximum principal strain.

OP is the minimum principal strain at right angles to maximum

Q is the center of the strain circle.

From the diagram :

Theory as Applied to the Thin Cylinder

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Because this is a thin cylinder, i.e. the ratio of wall thickness to internal diameter is less than
about 1/20, the value of H and L may be assumed reasonably constant over the area, i.e.
throughout the wall thickness, and in all subsequent theory the radial stress, which is small, will
be ignored. I symmetry the two principal stresses will be circumferential (hoop) and
longitudinal and these, from elementary theory, will be given by: -

As previously stated, there are two possible conditions of stress obtainable; 'open end' and
'closed ends'

Figure 6.6: Stresses in a thin walled cylinder

a) Open Ends Condition The cylinder in this condition has no end constraint and therefore the
longitudinal component of stress L will be zero, but there will be some strain in this

direction due to the Poisson effect. Considering an element of H will cause

material:
strains of:-

and these are the two principal strains. As can be seen from equation 17, in this condition L
will be negative quantity, i.e. the cylinder in the longitudinal direction will be in compression.

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b) Closed Ends Condition By constraining the ends, a longitudinal as well as circumferential

stress will be imposed upon the cylinder. Considering an element of material:

H will cause strains of:-

The principal strains are a combination of these values i.e.

The principal strains may be evaluated and a Mohr Strain Circle constructed for each
test condition. From this circle the strain at any position relative to the principal axes
may be determined.

c) To determine a value for Poisson's Ratio

Dividing equations 16 and 17 gives :-

This equation is only applicable to the open ends condition.

EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS

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Figure 6.7: Thin cylinder SM1007

In Diagram 6.7 shows a thin-walled aluminum cylinder containing a freely supported piston. it
can be moved in or out to change the final state by using the adjusting screw. Various
pressure measuring operations 0-3.5 MN / m2 are mounted on the cylinder. Pressure is
applied to the cylinder by closing the back valve, located near the pump outlet, and operates the
self-pumping pump unit operator. To release the pressure release the valve back..

Open and Closed Ends

Figure 6.8: Sectional plan of the thin cylinder

The cylinder unit, which is resting on four dowels, is supported in a frame and located axially
by 35 the locking screw and the hand wheel. The hand wheel sets the cylinder for open and
closed ends conditions.

When the hand wheel is screwed in, it forces the piston away from the end plate and
the entire axial load is taken on the frame, thus relieving the cylinder of all longitudinal stress.
This creates ‘open ends’ experiments as shown in Figure 6.9. Pure axial load transmission
from the cylinder to frame is ensured by the hardened steel rollers situated at the end of the
locking screw and hand wheel.

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Figure 6.9: Open Ends Conditions

When the hand wheel is screwed out, the pressurized oil in the cylinder forces the
piston against caps at the end of the cylinder and become ‘closed Ends’ of the cylinder. The
cylinder wall then takes the axial (longitudinal) stress as shown in Figure 6.10.

Figure 6.10: Closed Ends Conditions

Strain Gauges

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Figure 6.11; strain gauges positions

Six active strain gauges are cemented onto the cylinder in the position shown in Figure 6.11;
these are self-temperature compensation gauges and are selected to match the thermal
characteristics of the thin cylinder. Each gauge forms one arm of a bridge, the other three
arms consisting of close tolerance high stability resistors mounted on a p.c.b. Shunt resistors
are used to bring the bridge close to balance in its unstressed condition (this is done
on factory test). The effect on gauge factor of this balancing process is negligible.

To give a direct reading of strain, the raeding from a strain gauge is multiplied by a constant
called the gauge factor. This compensates for the slight difference in manufacture between each
batch of gauges. The gauge factor usually varies between 1.8 and 2.2. The manufacturer set the
gauge factor into the electronic circuit of the SM1007, thus allowances no need to be
considered.

The strain display on the front of the equipment shows the reading from each strain gauge in
(microstrain). The display shows only four reading at a time, use the scroll readings
button to scroll up or down to see all six values. Negative reading is a compressive strain and
positive reading is a tensile strain.

Thin cylinder technical information

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Items Details
Dimensions 370 mm high x 700 mm long x 380 mm front
to back
Nett weight 30 kg
Electrical supply 85 VAC to 264 VAC 50 Hz to 60Hz
Fuse 20 mm 6.3 A Type F
Maximum cylinder pressure 3.5 MNm-2 Set by a pressure relief valve on
the hand pump
Strain gauges Electrical resistance self-temperature
compensation type
Cylinder oil Shell Tellus 37 (or equivalent)
Total oil capacity Approximately 2 litres
Cylinder dimensions 80 mm internal diameter 3mm wall thickness
359 mm length
Cylinder material Aged aluminium alloy 6063
Young’s modulus (E) 69 GN/m2
Poisson’s ratio 0.33
Table 6.1 : Technical Details

The pump is fitted with a pressure relief valve, adjacent to the pump handle pivot, which is set
to operate at approximately 3.5 MN/m2 . A bleed nipple is fitted to the right hand end of the
cylinder.

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PROCEDURE
1. During experiment 1 and experiment 2, the computer is turned on to run the software
for date collections purpose.

EXPERIMENT 1- Open Ends.

1. The pressure control is opened and the hand wheel is screwed so that the open ends
condition can be obtain.
2. The pressured control is closed. Then, the ‘press & hold to zero’ button is pressed to
ensure that the reading for strain gauge display reading is zero.
3. The pressure is increased starting from 0.5 MN/m^2 up to 2.5 MN/m^2. The reading of
direct hoop stress (MN.m^-2) and strain for gauge 1 until gauge 6 are recorded in the
table.
4. The pressure control is opened to relieve the pressure.

EXPERIMENT 2- Closed Ends

1. The pressure control is opened and the hand wheel is unscrewed to set up the closed
ends condition.
2. The pressure control is opened to release the pressure.
3. Then, the pressure control is closed and the ‘press & hold to zero’ button is pressed to
zero the strain gauge display readings.
4. Next, the pressure is increased from 0.5 MN/m^2 up to 2.5 MN/m^2. The required
readings are recorded and tabulated in table.

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DATA AND OBSERVATIONS

TABLE 1: OPEN ENDS RESULTS
Cylinder Condition: Open Ends
Reading Pressure Direct Strain (με)

(MN.m2  Hoop Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge

Stress 1 2 3 4 5 6
(MN.m2 

1 0.50 6.80 94 -33 -3 30 62 96

2 1.00 13.60 200 -72 -6 64 130 204
3 1.50 20.00 297 -110 -11 96 193 305
4 2.00 26.67 400 -146 -13 130 261 410
5 2.50 33.33 502 -181 -16 165 328 518
6 3.00 40.00 605 -217 -17 202 394 621
Values from actual Mohr’s Circle - - -9 200 405 -
(at 3 MN.m2 
Values from theoretical Mohr’s 580 -191 2 195 388 580
Circle
(at 3 MN.m2 

Sample calculation for Open Ends (Theoretical values):

Thickness= 3mm
Internal Diameter= 80mm
Poisson’s Ratio= 0.33
Young’s Modulus= 69x109 N .m2
σ
… …… …… .. 1
pd
H
2t

σ 3 x 10 x 60.08
H 40 MN .m2
2 0.003 
σH
ε H 1 ε ………2
E
6
ε 1 40 x109 580 με (for 1,6)
1
H
69 x10

ε H1 vσH ………4 

H E

0.33 x 40 x 106
191 με (for 2)
60 x109
ε1580 με , ε2191 με


εn ε2ε1
2 
ε 2ε1
2  cos 2θ (θ30

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εn2 με (for 3)

ε2ε 1
 
ε 2ε 1
εm cos2θ
2 2

εm388 με (for 5)
When θ is equal 45°
ε2ε1
ε = 195 με (for 4)
2

TABLE 2: CLOSED ENDS RESULTS

Cylinder Condition: Closed Ends
Reading Pressure Direct Strain (με)

(MN.m2  Hoop Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge

Stress 1 2 3 4 5 6
(MN.m2 

1 0.50 6.67 78 15 32 50 64 96
2 1.00 13.33 164 33 67 102 133 204
3 1.50 20.13 248 48 99 152 199 305
4 2.00 26.53 329 63 131 203 334 410
5 2.50 33.33 414 82 167 257 334 518
6 3.00 40.13 499 99 199 310 401 621
Values from actual Mohr’s Circle - - 199 203 400 -
(at 3 MN.m2 
Values from theoretical Mohr’s 484 99 195 292 388
Circle 484
(at 3 MN.m2 

Sample calculation for Open Ends (Theoretical values):

Thickness= 3mm
Internal Diameter= 80mm
Poisson’s Ratio= 0.33
Young’s Modulus= 69x109 N .m2

σ H 40 MN . m2

σ L20 MN . m 2

1
ε H σ v Hσ ………9 
L
E
εH484 με (for 1,6)

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εL
1
σ v σ ………10 
8 L H

ε H199 με (for 2)

ε1484 με , ε299 με


εn ε2ε1
2  
ε 2ε1
2 cos 2θ (θ30

εn195 με (for 3)

εm  ε2ε 1
2  ε 2ε21 cos2θ


εm388 με (for 5)
When θ is equal 45°
ε2ε1
ε = 292 με (for 4)
2

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ANALYSIS AND RESULT

A. OPEN ENDS CONDITIONS

Graph of Hoop Stress against Hoop Strain

45
40
f(x) = 0.07 x + 0.65
35 R² = 1
30
Hoop Stress (MN.

25
20
15
mˉ²)

10
5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Hoop Strain (με)

Graph 1: Graph of Hoop Stress against Hoop Strain

From the graph, we know that the value of the Young’s Modulus is 65.3Gpa.
(Gradient of graph is 0.0653TPa)
The actual value of Young’s Modulus is 69Gpa.
Percentage error = (69-65.3)/(69)= 5.36%

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Graph of Longitudinal Strain Against Hoop Strain

700

600 f(x) = 15.83 x − 11.44

500 R² = 1
Longitudinal Strain

400

300

200
(με)

100

0
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Hoop Strain (με)

Graph 2: Graph of Longitudinal Strain against Hoop Strain

From the graph, we know that the Poisson’s ratio is 0.33.

(Gradient of the graph is -0.3606)
The actual value of the Poisson’s ratio given is also 0.33.
The percentage error= (0.33-0.3606)/(0.33)=9.27%.

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Mohr’s Circle at 2.5 MN.mˉ² (Experimental)

2θ = 450

2θL = 300 2θH = 600

-191 με 0 580 με

εn = 2 με

ε = 195 με

εm = 338 με

Figure 12: Actual Mohr’s Circle at 3.0 MN.mˉ² for Open Ends Condition.

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Mohr’s Circle at 2.5 MN.mˉ² (Theoretical)

2θ = 450

2θL = 300 2θH = 600

-159 με 0 483 με

εn = 2 με

ε= 162 με

εm = 323 με

Figure 13: Theoretical Mohr’s Circle at 2.5 MN.mˉ² for Open Ends Condition.

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Table 3: Open Ends Condition – at a cylinder pressure of 3MN.m-2

Gauge no Actual Strain Theoretical Strain Error
(με) (με) (%)

1 - 580 -
2 -217 -191 13.6
3 -9 2 550
4 200 195 2.6
5 405 388 4.4
6 - 580 -

Mohr’s Circle at 2.5 MN.mˉ² (Experimental)

2θ = 450

2θL = 300 2θH = 600

99 με 0 484 με

εn = 195με

ε= 292 με

εm = 388 με
Figure 14: Actual Mohr’s Circle at 2.5 MN.mˉ² for Closed Ends Condition.

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Mohr’s Circle at 2.5 MN.mˉ² (Theoretical)

2θ = 450

2θL = 300 2θH = 600

0 84 με 404 με

εn = 164 με

ε= 244 με

εm = 324 με

Figure 14: Theoretical Mohr’s Circle at 2.5 MN.mˉ² for Closed Ends Condition.

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Table 4: Closed Ends Condition – at a cylinder pressure of 3MN.m-2

Gauge Actual Strain Theoretical Strain Error
no (με) (με) (%)

1 - 484 -
2 99 99 0
3 199 195 2.05
4 203 292 30.47
5 400 388 3.1
6 - 484 -

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DISCUSSION

From the Graph 1, Graph of Hoop Stress against Hoop Strain, we know that the value
of the Young’s Modulus is 65.3GPa. The gradient of graph is 0.00653Tpa. The actual value of
Young’s Modulus is 69GPa. The percentage Error is 5.36 %.

While from the Graph 2. Graph Longitudinal Strain against Hoop Strain, we
know that the Poisson’s ratio given is also 0.33. The percentage error is 9.27 %.

For Open end condition, the experimental Mohr’s Circle was drawn based on the
values of the gauge strain. Each particular gauge shows the strains at each particular angle
except for gauge 1,2, and 6. For theoretical Mohr’s Circle the values for all gauge are
obtained from the formula.

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CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we could conclude that our experiment has accomplished its objective
which are to identify the behaviour of alloy 6063in both open ends and closed ends
condition and also to determine the principle planes in open ends and closed
ends condition.

From experiment 1 which is open ends condition, it was observed that as the
pressure (MN . m2) increase, the strain for gauge 1 until gauge 6 increase as well.
From that, we could see that the pressure applied is proportional to the strain.
In addition, from the graph of Hoop Stress against Hoop strain, the value of the Young’s
Modulus is 65.3GPa which is slightly different from the actual value of Young’s
Modulus which is 69GPa. As for experiment 2 which is closed ends condition,
the increase of pressure led to the increase of the strain from gauge until gauge 6 as well.
The Poisson’s ratio is 0.33 which determined by plotting the graph of Longitudinal
Strain against Hoop Strain.

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References

1. Mechanics and Materials laboratory manual.

2. F.P. Beer, E.R. Johnston, J.T. DeWolf & D.F. Mazurek. 2015. Mechanics of
Materials. 7th Ed (SI Units). McGraw Hill.
3. www.engineeringcorecourses.com/solidmechanics1/C7-stress-transformation/C7.3-
mohrs-circle/example/

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Appendix

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