CLEAN WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK SYSTEM PLANNING IN

COBLONG SUB-DISTRICT, BANDUNG CITY

Berlyan Besoni1 and James Nobelia Isnaniawardhana2
Department of Environmental Infrastructure Engineering
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung
Jl. Let. Jend. Purn. Dr. (HC) Mashudi No. 1, Sayang, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363
1berlyanbesoni@yahoo.com and 2jnobelia@yahoo.com

Abstrak: Coblong is one of many sub-districts located in Bandung city. This sub-district consists six urban
villages, has an area of 743,3 hectares and located at altitude of 770 meters above sea level. To fulfill it needs
of clean water, Coblong sub-district served by Dago Pakar Water Treatment Plant (WTP) which owned by
PDAM Tirtawening. However, only about 27% of Coblong’s inhabitant that have been served by pipeline
network from PDAM. The purpose of this final project is to design a proper water distribution network system
for Coblong sub-district. This planning steps including data collection, clean water needs projection,
determination and selection of clean water distribution system alternatives, and making detailed design of water
supply system. Based on the projection at the end of planning, clean water needs for Coblong sub-district is
342.98 l/s. This water distribution network system development planned to last for 20 years and divided into
two phases with a service level of 80% each. Water loss at each stage planned not to more than 20%. This plan
is made with 2 alternative of distribution network system which will be selected the best alternative with
consideration of technical and economical criteria.

Keywords: Clean water distribution, Coblong sub-district, PDAM Tirtawening, WTP Dago Pakar.

INTRODUCTION

The availability of clean water is a very important for human life, in terms of quality,
quantity, and continuity. One of the infrastructures needs in a region is clean water
transmission and distribution systems, or known as the Water Supply System. The purpose of
this final project is to provide clean water needs that meet the requirements of quality,
quantity, continuity, and affordability, and to design the clean water distribution network
system in Coblong sub-district.

METHODS

In this water distribution network system planning, the steps taken are:

Literature Study Data Collection Projection of

Water Needs

Water Supply Water Distribution Alternatives

Detailed Design Network Selection Determination

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PLANNING AREA

Coblong is a sub-district located in Bandung City. This sub-district is located at

65°2'50'' South Latitude and 107°36'56'' East Longitude. Location of Coblong sub-district in
Bandung City can be seen in Figure 1 (restricted by red line).
 Figure 1. Location of Coblong Sub-district in Bandung City (RTRW Kota Bandung, 2013)

Coblong sub-district has an area of 743.3 hectares and located at average height of
770 meters above sea level. Coblong sub-district consists of six urban villages, namely
Cipaganti, Lebak Siliwangi, Lebak Gede, Sadangserang, Sekeloa, and Dago. The allocation
of urban villages in Coblong sub-district can be seen in Figure 2 below.

Figure 2 Allocation of Urban Villages in Coblong Sub-district (BPS Kota Bandung, 2015)
 To fulfill it needs of clean water, Coblong sub-district served by Dago Pakar Water
Treatment Plant (WTP) which owned by PDAM Tirtawening Kota Bandung. PDAM
Tirtawening currently utilizes 3 sources of water as raw water, namely surface water, water
springs, and groundwater. Water source utilized from surface water is 90.02%, water springs
7.44%, and groundwater 2.54%. This water source is processed in Badaksinga Water
Treatment Plant (WTP) with the capacity of 1600 liter/second, Dago Pakar WTP with a
capacity of 600 liter/second, Mini Plant Dago Pakar with a capacity of 40 liter/second, Mini
Treatment Cibeureum with capacity of 40 liter/second, and Mini Treatment Cipanjalu with a
capacity of 20 liter/second.
IPA Dago Pakar currently serves 5 districts in North Bandung, namely Cidadap
district, Coblong district, Cibeunying Kaler district, Sukajadi district, and Sukasari district. In
Figure 3, can be seen the service area of Dago Pakar WTP which restriced by the red line
and the location of the Dago Pakar WTP marked by the star symbol.

Figure 3 Service Area of Dago Pakar WTP

Water treatment plant which located at Pakar Kulon street, Cimenyan, has a capacity
of 600 liter/second. In Coblong district, the clean water distribution pipeline network until
March 2017 serves 12,960 families from 47,853 households or 27.08% of residents that
already using piped water pipeline of PDAM Tirtawening. Primary pipes (ACP) which
already installed in Coblong district along with its length and diameter can be seen in Table 1
below.

Table 1 Existing Condition of Coblong District Pipeline (PDAM Kota Bandung, 2017)
Length Primary Pipes Length Primary Pipes
Location Location
(m) Diameter (mm) (m) Diameter (mm)
2,196 300 Jl. Setiabudhi 1,852 150
2,632 350 Jl. Cipaganti 1,899 800
Jl. Cikutra
822.6 150 1,673 200 Jl. Ir. H.
Barat
Juanda
Jl. Tubagus
2,006 400 1,000 250
Ismail
BASIC THEORY & DESIGN CRITERIA

The clean water needs of an area is influenced by several factors, including

population, patterns/living habits, existing piping facilities, climatic conditions, water prices,
sewer systems, and existing industrial facilities. Estimate of the water demand amount are
based on the number and rate of population growth, socio-economic level, population
habits/activities, and the total capacity of urban facilities.
Projection of clean water needs in planning area should be done in order to know the
clean water needs during the planning period. The projection of clean water needs is divided
into several categories, namely:
1. Domestic water needs (Household and Public Hydrant)
2. Non-domestic water needs (Public and Industrial Facilities)
3. Water needs for urban use (Urban and Fire Department)
4. Water loss

There are several standard for clean water needs commonly used in a clean water
supply system planning. The existing standards can be seen in Table 2 and Table 3.

Table 2 Water Planning Criteria (Ditjen Cipta Karya, 1996)

City Categories Based On Population (person)

Large Medium Small
Description Metropolitan Village
(500,000- (100,000- (20,000-
(>1,000,000) (<20,000)
1,000,000) 500,000) 100,000)
1. Household
Connection >150 120 – 150 90 – 120 80 – 120 60 – 80
(liter/person/day)
2. Public Hydrant
20 – 40 20 – 40 20 – 40 20 – 40 20 – 40
(liter/person/day)
3. Non-Domestic Unit Consumption
a. Small Commerce
600 – 900 600 – 900 600 – 900 600 600
(liter/unit/day)
b. Medium Commerce
1000 – 5000 1000 – 5000 1000 – 5000 1500 1500
(liter/unit/day)
c. Big Commerce
0.2 – 0.8 0.2 – 0.8 0.2 - 0.8 0.2 – 0.8 0.2 – 0.8
(liter/second/ha)
d. Tourism
0.1 – 0.3 0.1 – 0.3 0.1 – 0.3 0.1 – 0.3 0.1 – 0.3
(liter/detik/ha)
4. Water Loss (%) 20 – 30 20 – 30 20 – 30 20 – 30 20 – 30
5. Maximum Daily
1.15 – 1.25 1.15 – 1.25 1.15 – 1.25 1.15 – 1.25 1.15 – 1.25
Factor
6. Peak Hour Factor 1.75 – 2 1.75 – 2 1.75 – 2 1.75 – 2 1.75 – 2

Table 3 Standard of Clean Water Needs (PPSAB Jawa Barat, 1997)

Water Water
Type of Use Unit Type of Use Unit
Needs Needs
Household 100 –
Liter/person/day Shop Liter/unit/day 6 - 12
Connection 200
2500 -
Public Hydrant Liter/person/day 30 – 40 Market Liter/unit/day
5000
500 -
School Liter/student/day 15 - 30 Cooperation Liter/unit/day
1000
 Water Water
Type of Use Unit Type of Use Unit
Needs Needs
Office Liter/employee/day 40 - 80 Insurance Liter/unit/day 1100
800 - 2000 -
Mosque Liter/unit/day Terminal Liter/unit/day
2000 4500
Islamic Prayer 300 – 1500 -
Liter/unit/day Supermarket Liter/unit/day
Room 1000 2500
200 -
Church Liter/unit/day Restaurant Liter/chair/day 40 - 140
600
100 -
Temple Liter/unit/day Cinema Liter/unit/day 2000
500
Multipurpose 1000 -
Pesantren Liter/unit/day 5000 Liter/unit/day
Building 3000
200 -
Hospital Liter/bed/day Meeting Hall Liter/unit/day 2000
400
Community 1000 –
Liter/unit/day Post Office Liter/unit/day 2000
Health Center 2000
Aid Community 800 -
Liter/unit/day Police Office Liter/unit/day 2000
Health Center 1200
Maternity 600 -
Liter/unit/day Hotel/lodge Liter/bed/day 75 - 150
Hospital 1000
1000 - 1200 -
Clinic Liter/unit/day Sports Field Liter/unit/day
2000 1600
Swimming 1000 -
Pharmacy Liter/unit/day 100 Liter/unit/day
Pool 1300
1100 -
Bank Liter/unit/day Industry Liter/employee/day 20 - 30
1500

PLANNING BASIC

To design clean water supply system in Coblong sub-district, it is necessary to

calculate and estimate the amount of water consumption until the end of planning period. In
this final project, the planning period used is for 20 years and the population projection is
used to determine the increase of the population of a region during the planning period. The
method used is arithmetic method, geometric method, linear regression method, exponential
method, and logarithmic method. The projected population method of the selected district of
Coblong is determined based on the standard deviation (STD) and the correlation coefficient
(R2) in Table 4 below.

Table 4 Population Projection Method Selection

Method R2 Standard Deviation

Arithmetic 0.572810 772.8648
Geometric 0.567233 779.3551
Linear Regression 0.953403 287.2174
Exponential 0.951223 301.7074
Logarithmic 0.960705 264.6806
Based on the table, the population projection method which has the correlation
coefficient (R2) is closest to the number 1 and has the least standard deviation (STD) value is
the projected population calculation by logarithmic method. With the selection of logarithmic
method as the most suitable method for projection 20 years forward, then from the method
equation it can be calculated the population estimate from 2018 to 2037. Projection
population of District Coblong in 2027 and 2037 using logarithmic method can be seen in
Figure 4 below.

Figure 4 Population Projection of Coblong Sub-district in 2018-2037

The clean water needs of a region is not only influenced by the projected population
growth, but also influenced by the public facilities projection of the region. In this case, the
public facilities projection based on the Standar Kebutuhan Ruang Dalam Perencanaan Kota,
Ditjen Cipta Karya, Departemen Pekerjaan Umum, 2002. The increase of public facilities
number is calculated every 10 years and the growth of the number is based on the service
standard of each facility which exists. The public facilities projection results in Coblong Sub-
district for 2027 and 2037 can be seen in Table 5 below.

Table 5 Public Facilities Projection in Coblong Sub-district

Year
No. Facilities Service Standards (person) Unit
2017 2027 2037
Education
TK 1250 22 23 24 Unit
1 SD 1600 33 34 35 Unit
SMP 4800 12 13 14 Unit
SMA/SMK 4800 12 13 14 Unit
Worship
Mosque 30000 100 100 100 Unit
2
Islamic Prayer Room 2500 96 96 96 Unit
Church 30000 6 6 6 Unit
Health
Hospital 240000 3 3 3 Unit
Maternity Hospital 10000 6 7 8 Unit
Community Health
30000 4 5 5 Unit
Center
3 Polyclinic 3000 14 15 16 Unit
Practical Doctor 5000 158 158 158 Unit
Practical Midwife 5000 22 25 28 Unit
Posyandu 3000 100 100 100 Unit
Drugstore 10000 5 6 7 Unit
Pharmacy 10000 18 18 18 Unit
Commerce
Market 30000 4 5 5 Unit
4
Shops 2500 58 58 58 Unit
Restaurant 10000 652 652 652 Unit
 Year
No. Facilities Service Standards (person) Unit
2017 2027 2037
Cooperative 1200 118 118 118 Unit
Minimarket - 31 31 31 Unit
Supermarket 50000 3 3 3 Unit
Hotel - 36 36 36 Unit
Others
Sports Field 30000 40 40 40 Unit
5 Government Office 100000 7 7 7 Unit
Post Office 120000 6 6 6 Unit
Small Industries 100000 197 197 197 Unit

The amount of clean water needs in a planning period is obtained from the
multiplication of population with the needs standard set and the percentage of services in
each period. In Table 6 we can see the results of domestic water demand projection in
Coblong sub-district.

Table 6 Domestic Clean Water Demand Projection

Year 2017 2027 2037
Population (person) 132822 134951 136112
Household Connection Percentage (%) 80 80 80
Served Population (person) 106258 107961 108890
Household Demand Standard (Liter/person/day) 150 150 150
Household Demand (Liter/second) 184.4756944 187.4322917 189.0451389
Public Hydrant Percentage (%) 20 20 20
Served Population (person) 26564 26990 27222
Public Hydrant Demand Standard (Liter/person/day) 30 30 30
Public Hydrant Demand (Liter/second) 9.223611111 9.371527778 9.452083333
Total Domestik Demand (Liter/second) 193.6993056 196.8038194 198.4972222

Non-domestic water demand is a water needs used to serve city's public facilities,
commercial facilities, and sports facilities in a planning area. Projection of water needs for
each facility are calculated based on the standard requirements for each type of facility. In
Table 7 we can see the results of non-domestic water demand projection in Coblong sub-
district.

Table 7 Non-domestic Clean Water Demand Projection

2017 2027 2037

Demand
Facility Unit Demand Demand Demand
Standard Unit Unit Unit
(L/s) (L/s) (L/s)
Education
TK 900 22 0.23 23 0.24 24 0.25
SD 9000 33 3.44 34 3.54 35 3.65
L/unit/day
SMP 16200 12 2.25 13 2.44 14 2.63
SMA/SMK 16200 12 2.25 13 2.44 14 2.63
Worship
Mosque 1000 100 1.16 100 1.16 100 1.16
Islamic Prayer
500 L/unit/day 96 0.56 96 0.56 96 0.56
Room
Church 400 6 0.03 6 0.03 6 0.03
 2017 2027 2037
Demand
Facility Unit Demand Demand Demand
Standard Unit Unit Unit
(L/s) (L/s) (L/s)
Health
Hospital 50000 3 1.74 3 1.74 3 1.74
Maternity
10000 6 0.69 7 0.81 8 0.93
Hospital
Health Center 1200 4 0.06 5 0.07 5 0.07
Polyclinic 1000 14 0.16 15 0.17 16 0.19
Practical Doctor 1000 L/unit/day 158 1.83 158 1.83 158 1.83
Practical Midwife 1000 22 0.25 25 0.29 28 0.32
Posyandu 1000 100 1.16 100 1.16 100 1.16
Drugstore 100 5 0.01 6 0.01 7 0.01
Pharmacy 100 18 0.02 18 0.02 18 0.02
Commerce
Market 3000 4 0.14 5 0.17 5 0.17
Shop 1500 58 1.01 58 1.01 58 1.01
Restaurant 1000 652 7.55 652 7.55 652 7.55
Cooperation 700 L/unit/day 118 0.96 118 0.96 118 0.96
Minimarket 1000 31 0.36 31 0.36 31 0.36
Supermarket 10000 3 0.35 3 0.35 3 0.35
Hotel 50000 36 20.83 36 20.83 36 20.83
Others
Sports Field 1500 40 0.69 40 0.69 40 0.69
Government Office 2000 7 0.16 7 0.16 7 0.16
L/unit/day
Post Office 2000 6 0.14 6 0.14 6 0.14
Small Industry 300 197 0.68 197 0.68 197 0.68
Total L/s 48.69 49.39 50.04

Based on the domestic demand, non-domestic demand, urban needs, and water loss, it
obtained the total clean water demand for Coblong sub-district in 2027 and 2037. Table 8
shows the projected total water demand for 20 years for Coblong sub-district.

Table 8 Water Demand Projection in Coblong sub-district

Year 2017 2027 2037

Domestic (L/s) 193.6993056 196.8038194 198.4972222
Non-Domestic (L/s) 48.6898148148 49.3912037037 50.0439814815
Subtotal (L/s) 242.3891204 246.1950231 248.5412037
Firefighters Hydrant (10%) (L/s) 24.23891204 24.61950231 24.85412037
Urban Needs (5%) (L/s) 12.11945602 12.30975116 12.42706019
Total Water Demand (L/s) 278.7474884 283.1242766 285.8223843
Water Loss (20%) (L/s) 55.74949769 56.62485532 57.16447685
Total (Q average) (L/s) 334.4969861 339.7491319 342.9868611
Maximum Daily Demand (L/s) 401.3963833 407.6989583 411.5842333
Maximum Hour Demand (L/s) 585.3697257 594.5609809 600.2270069
ALTERNATIVE

In the Coblong sub-district water distribution network system planning, it can be used
2 network alternatives, namely branch system and combination system (branch and loop).
The advantages and disadvantages of each of these systems can be seen in following Table 9.

Tabel 9 Advantages and Disadvantages of Each Distribution Network Alternative

System Advantages
1. The distribution network is
relatively more unidirectional
2. Easier pipe installation
3. Fewer pipe use because the
distribution pipes are only
installed in the most densely
populated areas
Branch
4. Quite economical
5. Relatively easy operation
6. System development could be
adjusted to the city development
1. The possibility of dirt
accumulation and mud deposition 2. Lot of pipe accessories
can be avoided
2. In case of damage, water supply
in other parts of water will not
disturbed
Combination 3. The distribution of water is more 5. The flow is not necessarily one way, can
evenly distributed
4. Can serve many places and will
likely grow if there are additional
customers
5. Water flow from other areas can
meet peak needs usage
Disadvantages
1. If there is damage, there will be a service
area block that does not get water
supply, because the absence of water
circulation
2. In case of fire, water supply to the fire
hydrant is less due to the flow in one
direction
3. The possibility of lack water pressure if
there is a new connection
4. The balance of the distribution system is
less secure, especially if there is critical
pressure on the furthest part of the pipe
5. The peak state for each branch varies for
each situation
1. Complicated piping systems
3. Less economical
4. The pressure in the pipe is low enough
so that when there is a fire the water can
not be streamed simultaneously
be back and forth at a certain time.
However, the flow is calculated
unidirectional
 In Figure 5 and Figure 6, it can be seen the plan of each alternative path of the
distribution network.

Figure 5 Branch Network System Plan Figure 6 Combination Network System

Plan

REFERENCES

Al-Layla & Anis, M. (1978). Water Supply Engineering Design. Michigan: Ann Arbor
Science.

Badan Pusat Statistika Kota Bandung. (2015). Kecamatan Coblong Dalam Angka.

Rezagama, Arya. (2016). Jaringan Pemipaan Air Minum. Yogyakarta: Teknosain.