Lecture:1

Quantity of water and sewage

Lectures Notes
For 4th year Public Work Department, Civil Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Al-Azhar University
By, Dr. Eid F. Latif, PhD, Public Work Departement
 Water consumption
o In the design of any waterworks project it is necessary to
estimate the amount of water that is required. This involves
determining the number of people who will be served and their
capita water consumption
o Water Consumption: it is the average daily water consumption
for each person through the year. Its unit is Liter/ capita/ day
‫متوسط االستهالك الكلى اليومي للمناطق العمرانية المختلفة‬ * ‫جدول‬
.‫* هذا الرقم محمل عليه إستهالكات األنشطة الخدمية المختلفة لمنطقة الدراسة‬

‫متوسط االستهالك اليومي‬ ‫تعداد السكان‬ ‫نوعية‬

)‫يوم‬/‫فرد‬/‫(ل‬ )‫(نسمة‬ ‫منطقة الدراسة‬
150 – 100 50.000 ‫حتى‬ ‫القرى‬
200 – 150 500.000 – 50.000 ‫المراكز‬
250 – 200 1.000.000 – 500.000 ‫المدن الصغيرة‬
280 – 250 1.000.000 ‫أكبر من‬ ‫المدن الكبيرة‬
320 – 280 ‫المدن الجديدة‬
400 – 350 ‫قرى سياحية‬
 Water Demand

Consumption in the day of maximum

consumption

Relation between different rates of consumption

 Future Population
o Prior to design of a waterworks one must establish the length of
time the improvement will serve the community before it is
abandoned or enlarged.
o There are several methods to predict the growth or decline of
the future population.
o Forecasting Methods:
1. Arithmetic Method
2. Geometric Method
3. Decrease Rate of Increase
4. Annual growth rate
5. Graphical extension
6. Graphical Comparison
7. Density Method
 Density of Population
o Population density, considering a whole city.
o More important to the engineer, in solving water and sewage
problems, are the densities in particular areas
o The engineer must design sewer and water mains so that each
section of the city will be adequately served.
o Density vary widely within a city
 Zoning
o Zoning is that feature of city planning which regulates the
height and bulk of buildings and the uses to which they may be
put.
o A residential district of high or medium class will not become a
slum or apartment house district.
o Industrial districts will be set aside on the plan and not
allowed to encroach upon residential areas.
o Commercial districts will be largely decentralized, and the main
business district will grow in a planned direction.
o Water mains and sewer systems can then be planned only for
actual needs and with some certainty that future changes in
the characteristics will not overtax them.
 Planning Period
o A span of 15 to 50 years is considered to be a reasonable period
for planning a waterworks
o It is generally desirable to divide the design period into two or
three staging periods (each stage 15-20 years).
o Several factors are considered in deciding Design period as
follows:
• (Civil works 50-60 years and Electromechanical works 15-20 years)
• treatment technology, and process obsolescence
• Convenience of future expansion
• Anticipated changes in water quality requirement
• Growth pattern of the community, the service area, and the region
(including shifts in community)
• Trends in interest rates, cost of present and future construction,
and availability of funds
 Source of Sewage
o In the design of any waterworks project it is necessary to
estimate the amount of water that is required. This involves
determining the number of people who will be served and their
capita water consumption
o Water Consumption: it is the average daily water consumption
for each person through the year. Its unit is Liter/ capita/ day
Wastewater definition and characteristics
❑ Domestic wastewater is a water that is generated from human
and animal wastes, cooking, bathing and cleaning.

❑ Industrial wastewater is a disposed water from industrial

manufacturing and cleaning in industrial process

❑ Wastewater is a combination of domestic and industrial

wastewater in addition to storm and infiltration water that could
inter to wastewater collection system.

❑ Wastewater,” also known as “sewage,” originates from

Wastewater is 99.94% water by weight and the remaining 0.06%
is material dissolved or suspended in water
Wastewater definition and characteristics
❑ The wastewater contains suspended and dissolved substrate and it
is characterized in terms of physical, chemical and biological
parameters.

❑ Wastewater substrate contains organic and inorganic constituents.

❑ The wastewater contains mainly carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and

sulfur.

❑ The concentration of wastewater pollutants is commonly analyzed

by BOD5, COD, TSS, TN and TP.

❑ Total suspended solid of raw wastewater consists of organic (̴70%)

and inorganic solids (̴ 30%), while volatile suspended solid present
as only organic solids in wastewater
Wastewater definition and characteristics
❑ BOD5 test is used to determined carbonaceous organic matter in
wastewater, where the dissolved oxygen utilized by organisms to
oxidize organic matter of wastewater is the BOD value.

❑ Also COD is used to determine carbonaceous organic matter in

wastewater by measuring chemical oxygen demand in COD test.
BOD5 only considers biodegradable organic matter unlike COD that
considers both biodegradable and non-biodegradable organic matter

❑ Nitrogen concentration in wastewater is measured as TN, NH4-N,

NO3-N, NO2-N and organic.

❑ Total phosphorus test measure both dissolved and particulate

phosphorus in wastewater
Wastewater definition and characteristics

Typical characterization of untreated wastewater

Parameter, mg/L Low strength Medium strength High strength

TSS 120 210 400

BOD5 110 190 350
COD 250 430 800
NH4-N 12 25 45
Org. N 8 15 25
TN 20 40 70
TP 4 7 12
Wastewater treatment methods
Thank You for Your Attention