Design of Water Treatment Plant at Ponuk

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International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

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Volume:03/Issue:08/August-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com
DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT AT PONUKUMADU VILLAGE

U. Pallavi*1, K.N.D.V. Prasad*2, J. Tarun Manikanta*3, B. Vijaya Lakshmi*4, A. Jyothsna*5
*1Assistant Professor, Department Of Civil Engineering, Gudlavalleru Engineering College,
Gudlavalleru, Andhra Pradesh, India.
*2,3,4,5UG Student, Department Of Civil Engineering, Gudlavalleru Engineering College, Gudlavalleru,
Andhra Pradesh, India.
ABSTRACT
Ponukumadu a village in Nandivada Mandal in Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh state, India. Ponukumadu is
surrounded by Gudivada Mandal towards South, Only the surface water i.e., pond water is the source of water is
collected from Krishna river through Nehrelli channel for the ponukumadu. The area of the pond is 5 acres and
the depth of the pond having 6 feet at the centre and having 4 feet at the boundary. The population of
ponukumadu village is 650 As per 2021 census. The water tank capacity of ponukumadu village is 40,000 litres.
The study was carried out to assess the surface water quality and its suitability for drinking purpose.
Water quality parameters consist of chemical, physical, and biological properties and can be tested based on the
desired water parameters of concern. Traditional drinking water treatment plant consists of coagulation,
flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration and disinfection units. Depending on water quality influent, each
unit are often optimized to realize the specified water quality effluent, both in design and operation
stages.
Keywords: Water Treatment Unit, Sedimentation, Filtration, Water Quality Parameters.
I. INTRODUCTION
Water treatment is that the process of improving the standard of water by passing it through various processes.
It includes the removal of suspended solids and other harmful chemicals in order that it's safe for applications
or for reintroducing it back to the ecological system. Treatment for potable production involves the removal of
contaminants and/or inactivation of any potentially harmful microbes from raw water to provide water that’s
pure enough for human consumption with none short term or future risk of any adverse health effect. In
general terms, the best microbial risks are related to ingestion of water that’s contaminated with human or
animal (including bird) faeces. Faeces are often a source of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoa and
helminths. The removal or destruction of microbial pathogens is important, and commonly involves the
utilization of reactive chemical agents like suspended solids, to get rid of bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi, and
minerals including iron and manganese. The processes involved in removing the contaminants include physical
processes like settling and filtration, chemical processes like disinfection and coagulation, and biological
processes like slow sand filtration. A combination selected from the subsequent processes reckoning on the
season and contaminants and chemicals present within the raw water is employed for municipal potable
treatment worldwide. The adopted water treatment units in our case is:
Aeration - this is often adopted to get rid of objectionable tastes and colour and also to get rid of the dissolved
gases like carbon di-oxide, hydrogen sulphide etc. The iron and manganese existing in water also oxidized to
some extent. This process is optional and isn't adopted in cases where water doesn't contain objectionable taste
and odour. In our case we adopted cascade aerator. with cascade aerators, aeration is accomplished by natural
draft units that blend cascading water with air that’s naturally inducted into the water flow. Cascade water is
pumped to the highest of the aerator, and cascades over a series of trays. Air is of course inducted into the
water flow to accomplish iron oxidation and a few reductions in dissolved gasses.
Clariflocculator – Clariflocculator, a combination of flocculation and clarification during a single tank. It has
two concentric tanks where inner tank’s, a flocculation basin and therefore the outer tank acts as clarifier. In
the Clariflocculator, the water pass in the flocculator, where the flocculating paddles improve flocculation of the
feed solids. As heavy particles settle to rock bottom, the liquid flows radially upward within the clarifier zone.
The clarified liquid is discharged over an exterior weir into the peripheral launder. The deposited sludge is
raked to rock bottom near the central weir from where it's routed to the sludge chamber and discharged.
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Filtration – Filtration can be defined as the process for separating suspended and colloidal impurities from
water by passage through a porous medium or porous media. Removal of turbidity is important not only from
the need of aesthetic acceptability but also for efficient disinfection which is difficult within the presence of
suspended and colloidal impurities that serve as hideouts for the microorganisms. Filters can be classified
according to 1. The direction of flow 2. Types of filter media and beds 3. The driving force 4. The method of flow
rate control and 5. The filtration rate. Filtration of municipal water supplies normally is accomplished using (a)
Slow sand filters (b) Rapid sand filters. For the design purpose we adopted slow sand filters. The filter bed
consists of natural sand with an effective size of 0.25 mm to 0.35 mm and uniformity coefficient of 3 to 5. For
best efficiency, the thickness of filter bed should be not less than 0.4 – 0.5 m. As a layer of 10 – 20 mm sand are
going to be removed whenever the filter is cleaned, a replacement filter should be given an initial sand depth of
about 1.0 m. Resanding will then become necessary just one occasion in 2 – 3 years.
Disinfection - Disinfection is that the reduction within the number of bacteria, viruses, or fungi to a desired
concentration. Disinfection is required for surface water sources, and it's also necessary for a few groundwater
sources so as to kill or inactivate potentially harmful organisms. Several techniques are used for this purpose,
including ultraviolet (UV) light treatment, ozonation, chlorination, dioxide treatment, and chloramination. The
efficacy of a given disinfectant depends on the concentration of disinfectant, contact time, temperature,
turbidity, particulate concentration, and specific microorganisms. Chlorine may also be applied in the form of
compounds such as bleaching powder or as calcium or sodium hypochlorite which make the chlorine available
when they come into contact with water. These are used for disinfection of small water supplies having
capacities up to 0.5 MLD. We adopted bleaching powder, as our water capacity is less than 0.5 MLD.
II. METHODOLOGY
Population Forecasting
The design population will have to be assessed with due regard to all the aspects leading the future growth and
development of the project area in the industrial, commercial, educational, social and administrative spheres.
Special issues causing sudden emigration or entry of population should also be estimated to the extent possible.
A decision based on these aspects would help in choosing the most suitable method of deriving the probable
trend of the population growth in the area or areas of the project from out of the following mathematical
methods, graphically interpreted where necessary. In our case, for population forecasting, decreasing rate of
growth method is adopted as the rate of growth of population shows a downward trend. Forecasted population
for the next 30 years is estimated to be 750 i.e., for the year 2051.
Year Population as per census
1991 1500
2001 1000
2011 800
2021 650
Water Demand
The quantity of water required by a community, society or industry is named water demand. It is generally
expressed as litres per person per day or LPCD. While designing the water system scheme for a neighbourhood,
it's necessary to work out the entire quantity of water required for various purposes.
For an average Indian town, the requirement of water in various uses as under:
Domestic use 135 LPCD
Industrial use 40 LPCD
Public use 25 LPCD
Business or Trade 15 LPCD
Losses, Wastage and thefts 55 LPCD

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Total 270 LPCD

Per capita water requirement is 270 LPCD, Total water demand is
Water Quality Parameters
The following guidelines are suggested as per Indian standard 10500- 2012 for Physical and Chemical quality of
Drinking Water.
Acceptable limit in the
Required Desirable
SN. Substance or characteristic absence of alternate
limit
Source
Colour Hazen
1. 5 25
Units, Max
2. Odour Unobjectionable -
3. Taste Agreeable -
4. Turbidity (NTU) Max 5 10
5. pH value 6.5 to 8.5 No relaxation
Total
6. Hardness(mg/L) 300 600
CaCO3
7. Iron (mg/L, Fe) Max 0.3 1.0
Chlorides 250
8. 250 1000
(mg/L, Cl) Max
Residual free
9. 0.2 -
Chlorine (mg/L), Max
10. Dissolved solids mg/L. Max 500 2000
11. Calcium (mg/L, Ca) Max. 75 200
12. Magnesium (mg/L, Mg) Max 30 100
13. Copper (mg/L, Cu) Max 0.05 1.5
Manganese
14. 0.1 0.3
(mg/L, Mn) Max
Sulphate
15. 200 400
(mg/L, SO4) Max.
16. Nitrate (mg/L, NO3) Max. 45 100
17. Fluoride (mg/L, F) Max. 1.0 1.5
Phenolic
18. 0.001 0.002
Compounds (mg/L C6H5OH) Max.
19. Mercury (mg/L Hg) Max 0.001 No Relaxation.
Cadmium
20 0.01 No Relaxation.
(mg/L, Cd) Max
Selenium
21. 0.01 No Relaxation.
(mg/L, Se) Max
22. Arsenic 0.05 No Relaxation

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(mg/L, As) Max.
23. Cyanide 0.05 No Relaxation
24. Lead (mg/L Pb) Max. 0.05 No Relaxation
25. Zinc (mg/L, Zn) Max. 5 15
26. Anionic detergents (mg/L, MBAS) Max 0.2 1.0
Acceptable limit in the
Sl. Required Desirable
Substance or characteristic absence of alternate
No. limit
Source
Chromium
27. 0.05 -
(mg/L, Cr6+)
Polynuclear
Aromatic
28. - -
Hydrocarbons
(mg/L, PAH) Max
Mineral oil
29. 0.01 0.03
(mg/L)
30. Pesticides (mg/L) max Absent 0.001
31. Alpha emitters Bq/L Max - -
Beta emitters
32. - -
Pci/L Max
III. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
The analysis of water of the source is done to determine the several impurities present in it. On the base of
these impurities, the treatment plant will be planned. Therefore, the analysis of water is very essential before
designing any water supply scheme. Similarly, after the treatment of water, its analysis is again done to find out
that water has been purified or not. Treated water before supply to the public is checked for its quality whether
it satisfy the requirements of the standards laid down by the public health department. As the quality of source
water differs daily and every season, it is necessary that the water samples for analysis should be collected
frequently and over a long period of time. Affording to the quality of water it should be treated. The following
are the tests which are done during analysis of water:
 Physical tests
 Chemical tests
 Biological tests
The tests are done in the water treatment plants laboratory, by carrying out a series of tests in the efficient
manners.
Test Results
Obtained Acceptable
SN. Parameters Units
Results Limits
1 pH - 8.75 6.5-8.5
2 Fluorides mg/L 0 1.0

3 Nitrates mg/L 5 45
4 Iron mg/L 3 0.3

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5 DO mg/L 6.1 -
6 Chlorides mg/L 31.20 250

7 Turbidity NTU 36.0 1
8 Sulphates mg/L 87.55 200
9 TDS mg/L 1175 500
10 Total Alkalinity mg/L 20 200
11 Total Hardness mg/L 165 200
12 Residual chlorine mg/L 0.1 0.2
IV. DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT UNITS

Cascade Aerator
Thumb Rules:
Surface over flow rate = 0.02 to 0.05 m2/m3/hr
Total height of aerator = 1.5 to 7 m
Height of steps or rise per step = 150 to 300 mm
Length of steps (for rectangular arrangement) = 300 to 600 mm
Inlet water velocity for centre pipe = 0.6 to 1 m/s
Inlet flow rate = 10
Surface overflow rate = 0.02 to 0.05 m2/m3/hr (Taken 0.03 m2/m3/hr)
Surface area of cascade aerator = Flow x SOR
= 10 x 0.03
= 0.3 m2
Discharge velocity of water = 1.2
Area of discharge pipe = Flow rate x discharge velocity
= 10/3600 x 1.2
= 0.003 m2
Diameter of discharge pipe
= 0.003
d = 0.061 m ≅ 100 mm
Diameter of central pipe = 100 mm
Central shaft wall thickness = 100 mm
Outer diameter of central shaft = 100 + 100 + 100
= 300 mm
Area of central shaft = = = 0.07 m2
Total area of cascade aerator = (total area of central shaft + surface area of cascade aerator)
= 0.3 + 0.07
= 0.37 m2
Diameter of cascade aerator
= 0.37
d = 0.686 m
d ≅ 700 mm

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Rise per step = 150 mm to 300 mm (Taken 150mm)
Number of steps =
= = 10 steps
Width of drop = = = 20 mm
If, total diameter of cascade aerator = 700 mm

Outer diameter of central shaft = 300 mm
Diameter of 1st step = diameter of central shaft + width of drop x 2
= 300 + (20 x 2)
= 340 mm
Calculation of diameter of steps of cascade aerator
Step No Calculation Diameter
1 300 + (20 x 2) = 340 340 mm
2 340 + (20 x 2) = 380 380 mm
3 380 + (20 x 2) = 420 420 mm
4 420 + (20 x 2) = 460 460 mm
5 460 + (20 x 2) = 500 500 mm
6 500 + (20 x 2) = 540 540 mm
7 540 + (20 x 2) = 580 580 mm
8 580 + (20 x 2) = 620 620 mm
9 620 + (20 x 2) = 660 660 mm
10 660 + (20 x 2) = 700 700 mm
Calculation of channel around the width of cascade aerator
Design = 10 , channel W/D = 1, velocity = 0.6 to 1.0 (Taken 0.6 )
Calculated width = = 0.068 m
≅ 0.07 m
Combined liquid depth = 0.07 m
Provide for collecting channel,
width = 0.07 m, liquid depth = 0.07 m
The inflow rate of cascade aerator is 10 with Surface overflow rate 0.03 m2/m3/hr and discharge
velocity of water is 1.2 . The Diameter of central pipe is 100 mm and outer diameter of Central shaft is 300
mm with wall thickness of 100mm. The Diameter of cascade aerator is 700 mm with 10 no. of steps. Rise per
step is 150 mm and Width of drop is 20 mm.
Clariflocculator
Total outlet = water + solid (Consider solid as 3%)
For outlet of 10
Inlet = 10 + 0.3 ≅ 10.5
Thumb Rules:
For design of centre pier Inlet velocity = 1.2 m/s
For design of flocculator zone detention time = 30 minutes
For design of clarifier zone SOR = 1.2 to 4.5 m3/m2/hr (Taken 3.0 m3/m2/hr)
For Volume of clariflocculator, Side water depth = 3 to 4.5 m (Taken 3.5 m)
Design of central Inlet pipe
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Velocity = 1.2 m/s
Inlet flow rate = 10.5
Area of pipe =
= 0.00243
Diameter of centre pier pipe
0.00243 =
d = 80 mm
Design of flocculator zone
Detention time = 30 min
Volume of flocculator zone = flow x Detention time
= 10.5 x 0.5 = 5.25
Area of flocculator zone =
=
= 1.5
Diameter of flocculator zone, 1.5 =
d = 1.38 m
Design of clariflocculator zone
Area of clarifier zone =
=
= 3.5
Diameter of clarifier zone, 3.5 =
d = 2.11 m
Diameter of clariflocculator = 0.08 + 1.38 + 2.11
= 3.57 m
≅
For wall thickness of center pipe and flocculator both side 0.4 m is additionally added
Diameter of clariflocculator = 3.6 + 0.4
= 4.0 m
Actual area of clariflocculator =
= 12.56
Volume of clariflocculator = Area x depth
= 12.56 x 3.5
= 43.98 ≅
The Inlet flow rate is 10.5 and the Velocity of central inlet pipe 1.2 m/s with diameter of pipe 80 mm.
The diameter of flocculator zone is 1.38 m with detention time 30 min and side water depth is 3.5 m. The
diameter of clarifier zone is 2.11m and the diameter of clariflocculator is 4m with actual area of 12.56 .
Slow Sand Filter
According to CPHEEO manual Table 7.3
Normal operations = 0.1
Filter Area =
=
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= 100
No. of filter beds = 0.5 x
= 0.5 x = 2.32 ≅
Depth of supernated water = 1.0 m
Free board = 0.2 m
Depth of filter sand = 1.0 m
Gravel (3-4 layers) depth = 0.3 m
Under drains = 0.2 m
Total depth of filter = 2.7 m
Area = 100
= 100
d = 11.2 m
Diameter of filter, d ≅
Volume of filter = 100 x 2.7
= 270
Area of slow sand filter is 100 with 3 no. of filter beds and the diameter of filter is . Total depth of
filter is 2.7 m having depth of supernated water 1.0 m, free board 0.2 m, depth of filter sand 1.0 m, Gravel depth
of 0.3 m, and under drains depth is 0.2m.
Disinfection
If chlorine content is greater than 30% in bleaching powder the 5 grams should be used for 1000 litres of water.
For, Water demand of 2,40,000 litres
Amount of bleaching powder = 1.2 kg of bleaching should be added.
V. CONCLUSIONS
The forecasted population for the year 2051 is 750 maximum daily water demand of Ponukumadu village is
found as 0.24 MLD. The average ranges of physical, chemical and biological characteristics of raw water quality
are experimented and found out as physical properties are Turbidity - 36NTU, and chemical proprieties are pH
– 8.75, TDS - 1175 mg/L, D.O – 6.1 ppm, Total hardness – 165 mg/L, chlorides 31.20 mg/L, Total alkalinity - 20
mg/L, Nitrates - 5mg/L, and sulphates 87.55 mg/L. Some of the physical, chemical characteristics of raw water
were found to be greater than permissible limit. To overcome this consequence on public, it is better to design
suitable water treatment plant. In this aspect we design water treatment plant to Ponukumadu village
according to necessity. The cascade aerator dimensions are 700mm diameter, 1.5m height. Clariflocculator
dimensions is 4.0 m diameter, 3.50 m height, and filter system total height is 2.7 m.
VI. REFERENCES
[1] Water supply & sanitary engineering by G.S. Birdie and J.S. Birdie.
[2] CPHEEO “Manual on Water Supply & Treatment” Third Edition published by Ministry of Urban
Development, New Delhi (May, 1999).
[3] IS 10500: 2012 Indian standard “DRINKING WATER - SPECIFICATION” 2nd revision.
[4] IS 11401 (Part 2): General Requirements for Slow Sand Filters (Reaffirmed 2019).
[5] “Wastewater Engineering treatment and reuse” by Metcalf & Eddy, 4 th edition.
[6] Endah Angreni, Presented A Research Paper On 2009 “REVIEW ON OPTIMIZATION OF
CONVENTIONAL DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANT”
[7] Mudassir M Inamdar & Salman Sheikh Presented A Research Paper on March 2018, “PERFORMANCE
OF DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANT”,
[8] Ashwin Alias, Nazneen Nazeer, Reshma Jose, Sritha Ravi, Soorya R, Presented A Research Paper on Feb
2018, “STUDY ON DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT AT PAINGOTTOOR”

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[9] Haritha M, Rajalakshmi R S, Presented A Research Paper on March 2021, “DESIGN OF WATER
TREATMENT UNITS FOR KUMARAKOM PANCHAYATH KERALA”
[10] Ms. Sneha Jayawantrao Sankpal, Mr. G. S. Kulkarni, Mr. B. R. Bagane, Presented A Research Paper on
December 2019, “DRINKING WATER ANALYSIS OF POKHALE VILLAGE AND ENGINEERING
SOLUTIONS FOR ITS UPGRADATION”
[11] Annmol Mechery, Jayakrishnan C, Jinuraj K R, Stebin K Shaji, Boby Jacob, Presented A Research Paper
on April 2019, “DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT”
[12] https://www.earthreminder.com/water-treatment-plant-its importance/
[13] http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=2576

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e-ISSN: 2582-5208

International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT AT PONUKUMADU VILLAGE

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Total 270 LPCD

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2 Fluorides mg/L 0 1.0

4 Iron mg/L 3 0.3

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6 Chlorides mg/L 31.20 250

8 Sulphates mg/L 87.55 200

9 TDS mg/L 1175 500

10 Total Alkalinity mg/L 20 200

11 Total Hardness mg/L 165 200

12 Residual chlorine mg/L 0.1 0.2

IV. DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT UNITS

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If, total diameter of cascade aerator = 700 mm

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